Yini Amandla Ebhethri?

Umthamo webhethri ukala isamba senani lokushajwa kukagesi ibhethri elingagcina futhi lilethe, ngokuvamile lichazwa ngamahora angu-ampere-amahora (Ah) noma ama-milliampere-amahora (mAh). Le metric inquma ukuthi ibhethri linganika amandla isikhathi esingakanani idivayisi ngaphambi kokudinga ukushajwa kabusha.

Umthamo webhethri awukalwa ngendinganiso eyodwa yendawo yonke. Iyunithi efanelekile incike kukho kokubili usayizi webhethri nomongo wohlelo lokusebenza.

Amahora we-Ampere-(Ah) amelela isilinganiso somthamo esiyinhloko samasistimu amaningi ebhethri. I-One Ah isho ukuthi ibhethri ngokwalo linganikeza i-ampere eyodwa yamanje ihora elilodwa. Ibhethri engu-100Ah inganikeza ama-amps angu-100 ihora elilodwa, ama-amps angu-50 amahora amabili, noma ama-amps ayi-10 amahora ayishumi ngaphansi kwezimo ezikahle.

Amabhethri amancane asebenzisa amahora angu-milliampere-(mAh), lapho u-1,000 mAh olingana no-1 Ah. Amabhethri e-smartphone ngokuvamile asukela ku-3,000 kuya ku-5,000 mAh, kuyilapho amabhethri ekhompyutha ephathekayo angase abe no-40,000 kuya ku-100,000 mAh. Lawa mayunithi amancane enza ukucaciswa kwamandla kusebenze kakhudlwana kuma-electronics omthengi.

Watt-amahora (Wh) anikeza isithombe esiphelele ngokubala kokubili kwamanje kanye ne-voltage. Isibalo siqondile: phindaphinda ama-amp{2}}amahora nge-voltage. Ibhethri elingu-12V elilinganiselwe kokuthi 100Ah ligcina u-1,200Wh wamandla. Lesi silinganiso sifakazela ukuthi sibalulekile uma siqhathanisa amabhethri anama-voltage ahlukene, njengoba i-Ah iyodwa ayisho indaba yamandla aphelele.

Imakethe yesitoreji sebhethri yase-US yabonisa isikali salezi zilinganiso ngo-2024, lapho ukufakwa kwesikali{3}}kungaphezu kuka-26 GW womthamo oqongelelwe-omele ukukhuphuka okungu-66% kusukela onyakeni odlule. Lokhu kukhula kuhumushela kuzigidigidi zamawatt{8}}amahora omthamo wokugcina amandla manje asekela igridi kagesi.

Isilinganiso somthamo sibonisa ukushajwa kukagesi okugciniwe, kodwa ukufinyelela kulowo mthamo ogcwele kuncike ekutheni ulisebenzisa kanjani ibhethri. Kucabange njengethangi likaphethiloli lapho inani elisebenzisekayo lihluka ngokuya ngezimo zokushayela.

Ukusabela kwamakhemikhali ngaphakathi kwebhethri kudala amandla agciniwe. Izinto ezisebenzayo ngaphakathi kwama-electrode zinquma ukushaja okuphezulu okungagcinwa futhi kukhishwe. Phakathi kuibhethri ye-lithium, i-lithium ions shuttle phakathi kwe-cathode ne-anode phakathi nemijikelezo yokushaja nokukhipha. Ubuningi nekhwalithi yalezi zinto ezisebenzayo zikhawulela ngokuqondile umthamo-okwengeziwe kusho umthamo ophakeme, kucatshangwa ukuthi ezinye izici zihlala zingashintshi.

Ubudlelwano phakathi kwamanje nomthamo abunamugqa. Ukudweba amandla aphezulu ebhethri kunciphisa umthamo osebenzayo ongawukhipha. Ngenani lokukhishwa elingu-0.1C (lapho u-C emele umthamo webhethri), ungase ubuyise u-100% womthamo olinganiselwe. Khuphukela ku-2C, futhi umthamo osebenzayo ungase wehle ufike ku-95-96%. Phusha uye ku-3C, futhi ukulahlekelwa kugqama kakhulu.

Lokhu kwenzeka ngoba ukusabela kwe-electrochemical kudinga isikhathi. Uma ukhipha ngokushesha, ama-ion awabi naso isikhathi esanele sokuhamba ku-electrolyte futhi ufinyelele kumasayithi okusabela. Okunye okusebenzayo kuhlala kungasetshenzisiwe, kwehlisa ngempumelelo umthamo otholakalayo. Amazinga okukhipha kancane avumela ukusabela okuphelele kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla aphezulu.

Battery Capacity

Izinga lokushisa lidala ukuhluka okukhulu kwamandla. Ku-25℃(77℃F), amabhethri asebenza ngokucaciswa kwawo okulinganiselwe. Yehlela ku--18℃(0℃F), futhi amabhethri amaningi aletha kuphela u-50% womthamo olinganiselwe. Ukusabela kwamakhemikhali kuhamba kancane ezimeni ezibandayo, okwandisa ukumelana nangaphakathi nokunciphisa ukugeleza kwamanje.

Ngokuphambene, ngo-50℃(122℃F), umthamo ungase ukhuphuke ngo-10-15%, kodwa lokhu kuhambisana nezindleko ezinzima. Amazinga okushisa aphezulu asheshisa ukuwohloka, okungenzeka anciphise ubude bebhethri ngohhafu kukho konke ukukhuphuka okungu-10 degrees ngaphezu kwezinga lokushisa elilungile lokusebenza. Umthetho we-Arrhenius ulinganisa lezi zilinganiso zokubola kobudlelwano ngokuphindwe kabili ngokunyuka kwezinga lokushisa elingu-10 degree.

Kuzinhlelo zebhethri ye-lithium ngokuqondile, umthamo ubonisa impendulo yokushisa engaqondile. Ngo-0℃, umthamo ngokuvamile wehla ufike ku-80%{3}}wesilinganiso sezinga lokushisa legumbi. Ku--20℃, umthamo ungase wehle ufike ku-60%. Ngaleso sikhathi, amazinga okushisa angaphezu kuka-45 degrees abangela ukukhathazeka kokuphepha futhi asheshise amandla aphela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Izinga lokukhishwa lithinta kakhulu ukuthi yimaphi amandla ongawasebenzisa. Ibhethri elilinganiselwe ngo-10Ah uma lilahlwa ngaphezu kwamahora angu-20 lingase likhiqize kuphela u-9.5Ah uma lilahlwa emahoreni angu-2, futhi mhlawumbe no-8.5Ah lapho likhishwa emizuzwini engu-30. Umthelela we-Peukert, owaqala ukuchazwa ngo-1897 kumabhethri omthofu{9}e-asidi, uchaza lesi simo ngokwezibalo.

Iminyaka yebhethri nakanjani inciphisa umthamo. Umjikelezo ngamunye wokushaja{1}}wokukhipha udla into ethile esebenzayo futhi udale izinguquko zesakhiwo sangaphakathi. Ibhethri ye-lithium ingase igcine u-80% womthamo wangempela ngemva kwemijikelezo engu-500, nakuba lokhu kuhluka kakhulu ngokusekelwe kumakhemikhali namaphethini okusetshenziswa. Amabhethri e-Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) angadlula imijikelezo engu-2,000 ngaphambi kokufinyelela umthamo we-80%, awenze adume ezinhlelweni ezidinga ukuphila isikhathi eside.

Ifomula eyisisekelo ibonakala ilula: Amandla (Ah)=Okwamanje (A) × Isikhathi (amahora). Ibhethri elihlinzeka ngama-amps angu-5 amahora angu-4 linamandla angu-20Ah. Nokho, izinhlelo zokusebenza zangempela zidinga ukulungiswa kuzinto ezixoxwe ngenhla.

Ukuguqula phakathi kwama-amp-amahora namahora we-watt-: Wh=Ah × Voltage. Ibhethri engu-48V, 20Ah igcina amandla angu-960Wh. Lesi sibalo sibalulekile lapho ulinganisa amasistimu wamandla ayisipele noma uqhathanisa amabhethri anezilinganiso zamandla kagesi ezihlukene.

Kumaphekhi ebhethri le-lithium, abakhiqizi ngokuvamile bacacisa umthamo omncane-umthamo olinganiselwe ngaphansi kwezimo zokuhlola ezijwayelekile (imvamisa engu-25℃, izinga lokukhipha elimaphakathi). Umthamo wangempela osebenzisekayo uzohluka. Ibhethri le-smartphone engu-3,500 mAh elingase lilethe u-3,200 mAh ngokusetshenziswa kwangempela, ikakhulukazi uma ifoni isebenza ezimeni ezibandayo noma idinga amandla aphezulu ngesikhathi somsebenzi onzima.

Amasistimu okuphatha ibhethri (BMS) enza ukubalwa kwamandla kube nzima nakakhulu ngokuvimbela ukuchithwa okugcwele. Amasistimu amaningi webhethri ye-lithium akhawulela umthamo osebenzisekayo ukuya ku-80-90% wesilinganiso esivamile ukuze andise ubude bempilo. Ibhethri elingu-100Ah lingavumela kuphela ukufinyelela ku-85Ah ekusebenzeni okuvamile.

Amakhemikhali ebhethri ahlukene abonisa izici zamandla ahlukile. Amabhethri omthofu-ngokuvamile anikeza amandla okuminyana angu-30-50 Wh/kg. Amabhethri e-nickel-e-metal hydride athuthukisa lokhu ukuze abe ngu-60-120 Wh/kg. Amabhethri esimanje e-lithium-ion afinyelela ku-150-250 Wh/kg, echaza ukubusa kwawo kuma-electronics aphathwayo nasezimotweni zikagesi.

Ngaphakathi kwezigaba zebhethri ye-lithium, amakhemikhali athile enza ama-tradeoffs ahlukene. Amabhethri e-lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2), ajwayelekile kuma-smartphones, abeka phambili ukuminyana kwamandla. Amabhethri e-lithium iron phosphate adela ukuminyana okuthile kwamandla ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuphepha nokuphila komjikelezo. Amabhethri e-lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) abhalansisa lezi zici, azenza zidume ezimotweni zikagesi.

Umthamo wethiyori omkhulu we-lithium metal anode ufinyelela ku-3,860 mAh/g. Empeleni, amabhethri e-lithium{3}}entengiso e-ion asebenzisa i-graphite anode afinyelela cishe ku-372 mAh/g we-anode. Leli gebe eliphakathi komthamo wethiyori kanye nongokoqobo liqhuba ucwaningo oluqhubekayo kuma-silicon anode, anikeza amandla okucabanga angaphezu kuka-4,000 mAh/g.

Amandla okukhiqiza amabhethri emhlabeni wonke afinyelele ku-3 TWh ngo-2024, nokuqagela okusikisela ukuthi lokhu kungase kuphindwe kathathu ngo-2029 uma izindawo ezihleliwe ziqala ukusebenza. I-China ilawula cishe u-75% wamandla okukhiqiza, nakuba umthamo wase-US uphindwe kabili phakathi kuka-2022 no-2024 ngemva kokusetshenziswa kwekhredithi yentela.

Ukukhetha umthamo webhethri ofanele kudinga ukufanisa izidingo zamandla namaphethini okusetshenziswa. Ibhethri eliqalayo lezimoto lingase lilinganisele ku-54-60Ah, elithuthukiselwe ukuletha ukuqhuma kwamanje okuphezulu. Ibhethri-elijulile lomjikelezo wamasistimu elanga lingase linikeze isilinganiso esifanayo sehora le-amp-hora kodwa izici ezihlukene zokukhishwa ezifanele ukulethwa kwamandla okuzinzile, okuthatha isikhathi eside.

Kuzinto zikagesi eziphathwayo, umthamo uhumusha ngokuqondile esikhathini sokusebenzisa. Ibhethri ye-smartphone engu-5,000 mAh enika amandla idivayisi edonsa isilinganiso esingu-500 mA ngokusobala ingahlala amahora ayi-10. Isikhathi sokusebenza sangempela ngokuvamile siba sifushane ngenxa yezidingo zamandla ahlukahlukene, ukukhanya kwesikrini, ukuxhumeka okungenantambo, nezinqubo zangemuva.

Izimoto zikagesi zibonisa umthamo ngesilinganiso esikhulu. I-Tesla Model 3 Standard Range ihlanganisa cishe u-50-60 kWh womthamo webhethri. Ngokwesilinganiso sokusebenzisa isilinganiso esingu-150 Wh ngemayela, lokhu kunikeza cishe amamayela angu-270 ububanzi ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele. Izinga lokushisa, isitayela sokushayela, nokusetshenziswa kwezisetshenziswa kuthinta kakhulu ububanzi bangempela.

Izinhlelo zokugcina amandla zamandla avuselelekayo zidinga ukubalwa komthamo ngokucophelela. Ukufakwa kwe-solar yasekhaya kungase kudinge amabhethri anesamba esingu-10-20 kWh ukuze kugcinwe ukukhiqizwa kwelanga lasemini ukuze kusetshenziswe kusihlwa. Ukufakwa kwezentengiso kukala ukuya kuma-megawatt{4}}emahoreni, ngamaphrojekthi angawodwana manje afinyelela emahoreni ama-megawatt angamakhulu.

Battery Capacity

Ukulinganisa umthamo onembile kudinga ukuhlolwa kokukhishwa okulawulwayo. Inqubo ihlanganisa ukushaja ibhethri ngokugcwele, bese uyikhipha ngamandla angaguquki kuze kube yilapho ifinyelela ku-voltage ecacisiwe yokunqamuka. Ukuphindaphinda kwamanje kokukhipha ngesikhathi esidlulile kuveza umthamo olinganiselwe.

Izinqubo zokuhlola ezijwayelekile zicacisa izinga lokuchithwa-ngokuvamile izinga lamahora angu-20 (C/20) lamabhethri amakhulu noma u-1C wamaseli amancane. Ibhethri elilinganiselwe ku-100Ah lisebenzisa izinga lamahora angu-20 lizohlolwa ekukhishweni kwama-amps angu-5 kuze kube yilapho i-voltage yehla ifika endaweni yokunqamuka. Uma lokhu kuthatha amahora angu-20 ngqo, umthamo ulingana no-100Ah olinganiselwe.

Ukulawula izinga lokushisa ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kufakazela ukuthi kubalulekile. Izilinganiso eziningi zamandla zithatha izinga lokushisa le-ambient elingu-25 degrees. Ukuhlola kwamanye amazinga okushisa kukhiqiza imiphumela ehlukene, abakhiqizi ngezinye izikhathi abahlinzeka ngayo njengamajika okunciphisa umthamo okubonisa umthamo wamaphesenti uma uqhathaniswa nezinga lokushisa.

Izihlaziyi zebhethri zenza le nqubo ngokuzenzakalelayo ngenkathi zikala amapharamitha engeziwe njengokumelana kwangaphakathi nezici zejika likagesi. Ukuhlola okuthuthukisiwe kufaka phakathi izilinganiso zamandla ngamanani amaningi okukhipha kanye namazinga okushisa ukuze kubonakale ngokugcwele ukusebenza kwebhethri kuzo zonke izimo zokusebenza.

Izinqubo zokushaja ezifanele zigcina umthamo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Gwema ukushajwa ngokugcwele amabhethri e-lithium uma kungenzeka-ukugcina ishaji phakathi kuka-20-80% kunweba impilo yomjikelezo. Ukukhipha okugcwele ngezikhathi ezithile kusiza ukulinganisa kabusha isistimu yokuphatha ibhethri kodwa akufanele kube umkhuba ovamile.

Ukuphathwa kwezinga lokushisa kubaluleke kakhulu. Gcina amabhethri ezindaweni ezipholile uma engasebenzi. Ngesikhathi sokusebenza, qinisekisa ukupholisa okwanele{2}kuzinhlelo zokusebenza zamandla aphezulu. Amanye amaphakethe ebhethri le-lithium ahlanganisa amasistimu okuphatha okushisayo ukuze agcine amazinga okushisa alungile.

Ibhalansi yokukhethwa kwezinga lokukhokhisa kulula ngokumelene nokuphila isikhathi eside. Ukushaja okusheshayo ngamanani adlula u-1C kusheshisa ukuwohloka uma kuqhathaniswa nokushaja okunensayo cishe ku-0.5C. Kuzinhlelo zokusebenza lapho impilo yebhethri ibaluleke kakhulu kunesivinini sokushaja, ukushaja okunensayo kukhokha{4}}izinzuzo zesikhathi eside.

Ukufanisa umthwalo kuvimbela amazinga okukhipha ngokweqile. Ukusebenzisa ibhethri elinomthamo owanele wohlelo kugwema ubunzima obuvela kumaza okukhipha aphezulu. Ibhethri elingu-50Ah eliletha ngokuqhubekayo i-25A lisebenza ku-0.5C-isilinganiso esimaphakathi. Umthwalo ofanayo we-25A kubhethri le-10Ah umele i-2.5C, igcizelela ibhethri kakhulu kakhulu.

Thola isilinganiso samanje sedivayisi yakho nesikhathi sokusebenza osifunayo. Phindaphinda lawa manani, bese wengeza u-20-30% wemajini wokulahlekelwa umthamo ngenxa yobudala, izinga lokushisa, nemiphumela yezinga lokukhishwa. Uma idivayisi yakho idonsa i-2A futhi udinga amahora angu-5 wesikhathi sokusebenza, bala (2A × 5h) × 1.25=12.5Ah ubuncane bomthamo.

Izinto ezimbalwa zinciphisa umthamo ofinyelelekayo ngaphansi kwesilinganiso. Izinga lokushisa elibandayo yilona cala elivame kakhulu, okungenzeka linciphise umthamo ngo-20-50%. Amazinga aphezulu okukhipha anciphisa umthamo osebenzayo. Iminyaka yebhethri ngokwemvelo yehlisa umthamo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Imikhawulo ye-BMS ingase ikhawulele umthamo osebenzisekayo ukuze kuvikelwe isikhathi eside sebhethri.

Umthamo weseli yebhethri ngalinye ulungiswa yikhemistri nokwakhiwa kwalo. Awukwazi ukukhulisa umthamo webhethri elilodwa. Nokho, ukuxhuma amabhethri amaningi ngokuhambisana kuhlanganisa amp{2}}izilinganiso zehora. Amabhethri amabili angu-50Ah ahambisanayo anikeza umthamo ophelele we-100Ah ku-voltage efanayo.

Umthamo omncane umele isilinganiso somkhiqizi ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile zokuhlola-ngokuvamile izinga lokushisa elingu-25℃kanye nezinga lokukhipha elimaphakathi. Umthamo wangempela uyahlukahluka kuye ngezimo zokusebenza. Ibhethri lakho lingase lidlule umthamo ojwayelekile ngaphansi kwezimo ezikahle noma lilethe kancane kakhulu emakhazeni noma{4}}ezimweni zokuphuma okuphezulu.

Battery Capacity

Intuthuko yakamuva yephule imingcele yamandla kakhulu. I-CATL yethule ibhethri layo le-Shenxing Plus ngo-Ephreli 2025, okumaka ibhethri lokuqala le-lithium iron phosphate elibiza ibanga elingaphezu kuka-1,000 km ngokushajwa okukodwa. Le mpumelelo ibonisa ukuthuthuka kokuminyana kwamandla, manje isifinyelela emazingeni ngaphambilini akhethekile-kumakhemistri entengo aphezulu.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwebhethri-eliqinile kuthembisa izinzuzo zamandla ezengeziwe. Ngokufaka esikhundleni se-electrolyte ewuketshezi ngezinto eziqinile, lawa mabhethri angase anikeze ukuminyana kwamandla aphezulu kanye nokuphepha okuthuthukisiwe. I-China okwamanje ilawula ngaphezu kuka-80% womthamo wokukhiqiza amabhethri wezwe aqinile ahleliwe kuze kube u-2025, nakuba abakhiqizi baseNtshonalanga betshala imali eningi ukuze bavale lesi sigebe.

Amakhemikhali esizukulwane esilandelayo afaka i-lithium-amabhethri e-ion e-lithium-ne-sodium{2}}nesodium ayavela kulabhorethri yocwaningo. I-Lithium-i-sulphur inikeza ukuminyana kwamandla okucatshangelwayo okudlula i-lithium-iion evamile izikhathi ezimbalwa. I-sodium-iyoni inikeza enye-izindleko ezihlukile kusetshenziswa izinto ezitholakala ngobuningi, nakuba inciphisa amandla okuminyana uma kuqhathaniswa namabhethri e-lithium.

Amandla ebhethri ayaqhubeka nokuthuthuka ngokuthuthukiswa okuthuthukisiwe kwezinto zokwenziwa kwama-electrode, ukwakheka kwe-electrolyte, nokwakheka kwamaseli. Ukuminyana kwamandla kuphindeke kathathu kusukela amabhethri e-lithium{1}}angena ekukhiqizeni ukuhweba ngo-1991, kanti izindleko zehle ngo-90%. Lawa mathrendi awabonisi izimpawu zokwehla, okuqhutshwa ukufunwa kwezimoto zikagesi, indawo yokugcina amandla avuselelekayo, nezinto zikagesi eziphathwayo.

Ubudlelwano phakathi kwezilinganiso zamandla nokusebenza{0}kwangempela komhlaba kudinga ukuqonda izici eziningi ezisebenzisanayo. Izinga lokushisa, izinga lokuphuma, ubudala, nokuphathwa kwebhethri konke kuthinta ukuthi angakanani amandla ongawakhipha ebhethrini. Ngokubala ngalezi zimo lapho ukhetha futhi usebenzisa amabhethri, uzozuza ukusebenza okubikezelwe okwengeziwe nempilo ende yesevisi kumasistimu akho okugcina amandla.