Kuyini Ukukhipha Okujulile?

Ukukhipha okujulile kwenzeka lapho ibhethri isebenzisa u-80% noma ngaphezulu womthamo walo usuwonke ngaphambi kokushajwa kabusha. Lokhu kwehluka emaphethini avamile okuphuma lapho amabhethri ngokuvamile esebenza ngaphakathi kuka-20-50% womthamo wawo. Lapho amabhethri ekhishwa ngokujulile, ukuhlangana kwamakhemikhali okungahlehliseki kuyaqala okunciphisa unomphela amandla awo okugcina nokuletha amandla.

Ukujula Kokukhipha kulinganisa iphesenti lomthamo webhethri elisetshenzisiwe ngokuqhathaniswa nesamba somthamo otholakalayo. Uma ibhethri elingu-100 amp-ihora (Ah) likhipha u-80 Ah, lifinyelela ku-80% DoD.

Isibalo siqondile:

I-DoD (%)=(Umthamo Osetshenzisiwe / Umthamo Ophelele) × 100

I-DoD iphikisana ngokuqondile ne-State of Charge (SoC). Lapho i-DoD ingama-80%, i-SoC ingama-20%. Lawa mamethrikhi amabili asebenza ndawonye ukuze anikeze isithombe esiphelele sesimo sebhethri{4}}I-DoD ikutshela ukuthi yini esetshenzisiwe, kuyilapho i-SoC ibonisa okusele.

Abakhiqizi bebhethri babeka imikhawulo ethile ye-DoD kumakhemistri ahlukene. Amabhethri omthofu{{1}ngokujwayelekile akufanele eqe u-50% we-DoD ukuze asetshenziswe njalo, kuyilapho amabhethri e-lithium-ion akwazi ukuphatha ngokuphephile u-80-90% DoD. Le mikhawulo ikhona ngoba ukukhishwa okujulile kusheshisa ukuguga ezingxenyeni zangaphakathi.

Deep Discharge

Uma amabhethri ekhishwa ngokujulile, izinqubo zamakhemikhali ezihlukile zidala umonakalo unomphela ngokuya ngekhemikhali yebhethri.

Kumabhethri{{0}e-asidi omthofu, inqubo yokukhipha iguqula i-lead dioxide nesipontshi sibe i-lead sulfate ngokusabela nge-sulfuric acid. Ngesikhathi sokukhishwa okuvamile, lawa makristalu e-lead sulfate ahlala emancane futhi aguqule kalula emuva ngesikhathi sokushajwa kabusha. Nokho, ukukhishwa okujulile kubangela ukunqwabelana kwe-lead sulfate ngokweqile.

Lawa makristalu e-sulfate ayaqina futhi akhule abe makhudlwana ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-sulfation. Uma amakristalu esefinyelele usayizi othile, aba nenkani futhi anqabe ukuguqula abuyele ezintweni ezisebenzayo ngesikhathi sokushajwa kabusha. Ucwaningo oluvela ku-Midtronics lubonisa ukuthi ibhethri engu-12-volt lead-acid ewela ngaphansi kuka-10.5 volts ngaphansi komthwalo ingena endaweni yokukhipha amanzi ejulile lapho ukucwenga kushesha ngokushesha.

Uma ibhethri lihlala isikhathi eside esimweni sokuchithwa kakhulu, yilapho le sulfation iba unomphela. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, izingcezu zezinto ezisebenzayo ziyahlukana kumapuleti ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi ukuchithwa kwamapuleti, okuholela kumasekhethi amafushane kanye nokwehluleka okuphelele kwebhethri.

Amabhethri e-Lithium-ion abhekana nezinkinga ezihlukile kodwa ezinzima ngokulinganayo. Lapho ikhishwa ngaphansi komkhawulo we-voltage ephephile (imvamisa engu-2.5V ngeseli), ithusi elisuka kumqoqi wamanje we-anode liqala ukuncibilika libe ku-electrolyte.

Ngesikhathi sokushajwa okulandelayo, la ma-ion ethusi ancibilikisiwe angabuyisela ku-anode, enze ama-dendrites{0}}amadevu ensimbi amancane akhula ngaphakathi kwebhethri. Ucwaningo lwango-2016 ku-Scientific Reports lwathola ukuthi ukukhipha ngokweqile okungaphezu kwe--12% yesimo senkokhelo kubangela amasekhethi amafushane angaphakathi ngale ndlela yokubeka ithusi.

Ukwengeza, ukukhishwa okujulile kulimaza ungqimba lwe-Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI), ifilimu evikelayo ku-anode. Lesi sendlalelo ngokuvamile sivimbela ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okungafuneki. Uma yonakele, okuhlangenwe nakho kwebhethri kwenyusa ukumelana kwangaphakathi nokuncipha komthamo. Idatha ye-IEEE ibonisa ukuthi amabhethri angaphansi kwemijikelezo yokukhishwa okujulile evamile alahlekelwa amandla ngokushesha ngo-40% kunalawo agcinwe ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo enconyiwe.

Amakhemistri ebhethri ahlukene anonqanyulwa kagesi ahlukene achaza ukukhishwa okujulile:

Amabhethri-E-acid:

Ishajwe ngokugcwele: 12.6-12.8V (yebhethri elingu-12V)

I-50% ekhishwe: 12.2V

Umkhawulo wokukhipha ojulile: 10.5V

Izinga lomonakalo obalulekile: Ngaphansi kwe-10.5V

Amabhethri e-Lithium-Ion:

Ishajwe ngokugcwele: 4.2V iseli ngalinye

Ibanga elijwayelekile lokusebenza: 3.7-4.0V iseli ngalinye

Umkhawulo wokukhipha ojulile: 3.0V iseli ngalinye

Ingozi yomonakalo yaphakade: Ngaphansi kuka-2.5V ngeseli

Amabhethri e-LiFePO4:

Ishajwe ngokugcwele: 3.65V iseli ngalinye

Ibanga elijwayelekile lokusebenza: 3.2-3.4V iseli ngayinye

Indawo yokukhipha ephephile: 2.5V iseli ngalinye

Umkhawulo womonakalo: Ngaphansi kuka-2.0V ngeseli

Uma amandla kagesi ebhethri ehla ngaphansi kwalezi zisekelo, ukumelana kwangaphakathi kukhula kakhulu. Lokhu kwenza ukushajwa kabusha kube nzima kakhulu futhi kudala ukushisa okudlulele phakathi nenqubo yokushaja, okuhlanganisa umonakalo.

Ubudlelwano phakathi kokujula kokukhipha kanye nempilo yomjikelezo -kubhalwe phansi kodwa ngokuvamile abuqondwa kahle.

Ibhethri{{0}le-asidi elilahliwe elikhishelwe ku-50% DoD lingase lilethe imijikelezo engu-800 ngaphambi kokufinyelela ku-80% womthamo wangempela. Lelo bhethri elifanayo elikhishelwe ku-80% DoD lizohlinzeka kuphela cishe imijikelezo engama-350. Izibalo zibonakala ziphikisana{8}akufanele yini ukukhishwa okujulile kunikeze amandla engeziwe phezu kwempilo yebhethri?

Iqiniso lihluke kakhulu. Ngenkathi umjikelezo wokukhipha okujulile ngamunye ukhipha amandla engeziwe, ukuwohloka okusheshisa kunciphisa ukulethwa kwamandla empilo yonke. Okwesibonelo{2}se-asidi esingenhla esiholayo:

50% DoD: 800 imijikelezo × 50%=400 inani lokukhishwa elilingana

80% DoD: 350 imijikelezo × 80%=280 inani lokukhishwa elilingana

Iphethini yokukhipha engashoni kakhulu iletha amandla angu-43% ngaphezulu ngesikhathi sempilo yebhethri.

Amabhethri e-Lithium-ion abonisa ukuqina okungcono. Ibhethri lekhwalithi ye-LiFePO4 lingakwazi ukuphatha imijikelezo engu-2,{4}} ku-80% DoD uma kuqhathaniswa nemijikelezo engu-200-300 yomthofu-ekujuleni okufanayo. Lokhu kubekezelela kokukhishwa okujulile okuphakeme kwenza ubuchwepheshe be-lithium buthandeke ezinhlelweni ezidinga ukuhamba ngamabhayisikili okujulile njalo.

Deep Discharge

Ukukhipha okungajulile kuhilela ukusebenzisa kuphela u-10-30% womthamo webhethri ngaphambi kokushajwa kabusha. Le ndlela yehlisa kakhulu ingcindezi ezingxenyeni zebhethri.

Ucwaningo oluvela kubakhiqizi bebhethri abaningi luqinisekisa ukuthi ukuhamba ngebhayisikili okungajulile ngamanani aphansi akhiqiza ukuwohloka okuncane okulinganisekayo. Ucwaningo lwamabhethri e-LiFePO4 luthole ukuthi esimweni sokushajwa esingu-50% kanye nezinga lokushisa elingu-25 degree, amabhethri agcine umthamo olinganiselwa ku-80% iminyaka engu-23.8{6}}edlula kude iziqinisekiso ezijwayelekile.

Ukukhipha okujulile kunikeza amandla aphezulu asebenzisekayo ngokushesha kodwa kusheshisa ukuguga. Ukucindezelwa komshini ezintweni ezisebenzayo phakathi nemijikelezo yokukhishwa okujulile kwandisa amazinga okuphelelwa amandla. Ezimotweni zikagesi nezinto zikagesi eziphathwayo, amaphethini okukhipha angajulile ngokuvamile ahlinzeka ngenani elingcono lesikhathi eside-naphezu kokudinga ukushajwa njalo.

Nokho, umongo ubalulekile. Amasistimu okugcina amandla elanga ngokuvamile adinga amandla ajulile okukhipha amandla ukuze kwandiswe ukutholakala kwamandla ebusuku lapho ilanga lingashi. Kulezi zinhlelo zokusebenza, ikhono lokufinyelela ku-80-90% womthamo webhethri lithethelela ukuphila komjikelezo okwehliswe kancane.

Amaphakethe ebhethri esimanje ahlanganisa Amasistimu Okulawula Ibhethri (i-BMS) aklanyelwe ngokuqondile ukuvimbela umonakalo ojulile wokukhishwa.

I-BMS ihlale iqapha amapharamitha ambalwa abalulekile:

Ukuqapha I-Voltage:I-BMS ilandelela ama-voltage eseli ngalinye futhi inqamule umthwalo lapho noma iyiphi iseli isondela ku-cutoff voltage yayo. Kumabhethri e-lithium{1}}ion, lokhu ngokuvamile kwenzeka ku-2.5-3.0V ngeseli ngayinye. Isistimu ivimbela ibhethri ukuthi lingashayi ngaphezu kwemikhawulo ephephile ngisho noma idivayisi iqhubeka nokuzama ukudweba amandla.

Umkhawulo Wamanje:Ukukhishwa okuphezulu kwemisinga kusheshisa ukwehla kwamandla kagesi futhi kukhuphule ukukhiqizwa kokushisa. I-BMS ikhawulela ukukhishwa kwamanje kumaleveli aphephile ngokusekelwe kuzinga lokushisa kwebhethri nesimo sokushajwa.

Ukuphatha izinga lokushisa:Ukukhishwa okujulile kudala ukushisa okwengeziwe ngenxa yokwanda kokumelana kwangaphakathi. I-BMS iqapha izinga lokushisa futhi yehlise noma imise ukukhishwa uma imikhawulo yokushisa yeqiwe.

Ukulinganisa Kweseli:Kumaphakethe-amaseli amaningi, amaseli awaphumi ngokufanayo. Ngaphandle kokulinganisa, ingqamuzana elilodwa lingaphuma lijule kuyilapho amanye agcina ukushaja. I-BMS iqinisekisa ukuthi wonke amaseli aphuma ngokulinganayo, avimbele amaseli ngamanye ukuthi angangeni emazingeni kagesi ayingozi.

Ikhwalithiishaja yebhethri ye-lithium ionisebenza ngokuhambisana ne-BMS ngokulinganisa ugesi weselula ngaphambi kokuqala ukushaja. Uma amandla ogesi ehla ngaphansi kuka-2.5V ngeseli, amashaja esimanje asebenzisa imodi yokushaja ethi "boost" noma i-trickle charge, esebenzisa amandla amancane (ngokuvamile angu-0.05C) ukuze akhuphule kancane amandla kagesi emazingeni okushaja aphephile. Lokhu kuvimbela ukwakheka kwama-dendrite angenzeka uma ngabe ukushaja kwamanje okugcwele kusetshenziswe kuseli elikhishwe ngokujulile.

Ngokusho kwe-Battery University, amashaja angenaso lesi sici sokuvikela azovele enqabe amabhethri alahlwe ngokujulile "njengokuthi awasebenzi," nakuba ukululama ngokucophelela kungase kwenzeke ngezisetshenziswa ezifanele.

Impumelelo yokuthola kabusha incike kakhulu ekutheni ibhethri yahlala isikhathi esingakanani isesimweni sokushajwa kakhulu kanye nobukhulu bokulimala kwamakhemikhali.

Kumabhethri-e-asidi omthofu abanjwe phakathi nezinsuku zokuchithwa okujulile, amanani okuthola kabusha afinyelela ku-70% ezinhlotsheni ze-AGM kanye no-30% kumabhethri agcwele amanzi. Inqubo idinga isineke:

Sebenzisa ishaja ehlakaniphile enemodi ye-desulfation

Faka isicelo samanje esiphansi (0.1C noma ngaphansi) amahora angama-24-48

Qapha ukukhuphuka kwamandla kagesi{0}kufanele akhuphuke kancane kancane aye ku-12.6V

Uma i-voltage plateaus ingaphansi kuka-12V ngemva kwamahora angu-48, kwenzeke umonakalo unomphela

Amashaja akhethekile afana nochungechunge lwe-NOCO Genius ahlanganisa ama-algorithms e-desulfate asebenzisa ukushaja kwe-pulse ukuze aphule amakristalu e-sulfate aqinile. Kodwa-ke, uma ibhethri lihlezi lishajwe ngokujulile amasonto noma izinyanga, ukucwebezela kuvame ukungakwazi ukuhlehliswa.

Ukutholwa kwe-Lithium{0}}kuyingozi futhi kudinga ukuqapha okwengeziwe. Ungalokothi uzame ukubuyisela amabhethri e-lithium abengaphansi kuka-1.5V ngeseli isikhathi esingaphezu kweviki-ukulahlwa kuyinketho ephephile.

Kumabhethri e-lithium asanda kuchithwa (amandla kagesi aphakathi kuka-2.0-2.5V ngeseli):

Faka amandla okushaja angu-0.05C kuze kube yilapho i-voltage ifinyelela ku-3.0V

Gada izinga lokushisa ngokuqhubekayo-ima uma ibhethri lifudumala

Uma i-voltage isizinzile ngaphezu kuka-3.0V, shintshela kuphrothokholi yokushaja evamile

Yenza imijikelezo embalwa ephelele yokushaja/yokukhipha ukuze ubuyisele umthamo

Ucwaningo mayelana nokutholwa kwebhethri ye-LiFePO4 lubonisa ukuthi izinqubo zokutakula ezenziwe kahle zingabuyisela kufika ku-70% wamandla okuzisholo, nakuba ukusebenza kungabuyeli ngokugcwele ekucacisweni kwebhethri okusha.

Ingozi ngokululama kwe-lithium ukwakheka kwe-dendrite. Uma izakhiwo zethusi ezilimele noma i-lithium sezivele zikhona kusukela ekukhishweni okujulile, ukusebenzisa amandla okushaja kunganweba lawa ma-dendrite kuze kube yilapho evala isihlukanisi futhi kubangele amasekhethi amafushane angaphakathi. Yingakho ochwepheshe abaningi bencoma ukuthi kuliwe nemizamo yokuthola kabusha uma amandla kagesi ehla ngaphansi kuka-2.0V ngeseli.

Ukuqonda ukuthi amabhethri afinyelela kanjani ekukhishweni okujulile kusiza ukukunqanda.

Imithwalo yeParasitic:Izimoto zesimanje namadivayisi adonsa amandla ngisho noma "cishiwe." Amasistimu okuphepha, amawashi, nezinhlelo zenkumbulo yekhompuyutha kudala ukudonsa amanzi njalo. Ibhethri elinempilo liyayibekezelela le mithwalo, kodwa izikhathi ezinwetshiwe ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa-ikakhulukazi emakhazeni{3}}zingaholela ekuphumeni okujulile. Idatha evela ezikhungweni zesevisi yezimoto ibonisa ukuthi izimoto ezihlezi zingasetshenzisiwe amaviki angu-3-4 ngokuvamile zenza amabhethri akhishwe ngokujulile.

I-Alternator noma Ukuhluleka Kwesistimu Yokushaja:Uma i-alternator yemoto yehluleka, ibhethri kufanele linike amandla wonke amasistimu kagesi ngaphandle kokushajwa kabusha. Abashayeli abaningi ababoni ngokushesha ukwehluleka kwe-alternator, baqhubeke nokusebenzisa imoto kuze kube yilapho ibhethri seliqedwa ngokuphelele. Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi ibhethri lemoto elivamile elinika amandla isistimu kagesi yemoto ngaphandle kosekelo lwe-alternator lizophuma ngokujulile phakathi kwemizuzu engu-30-90 yokushayela.

Isitoreji Ngaphandle Kokunakekela:Amabhethri azikhipha{0}}noma kungekho mthwalo oxhunyiwe. Amabhethri omthofu-alahlekelwa ngu-3-20% wokushajwa nyanga zonke kuye ngezinga lokushisa. Amabhethri e-Lithium-ion ayazikhipha kancane (1-5% ngenyanga) kodwa asadinga ukushajwa ngezikhathi ezithile phakathi nesitoreji. Amabhethri agcinwe izinyanga ezingu-6-12 ngaphandle kokushajwa kwesondlo ngokuvamile awela ekukhishweni okujulile.

Ukusebenzisa ngokweqile Phakathi Kwezindleko:Izimoto zikagesi ezishayelwa ngaphezu kwebanga lazo elilinganiselwe, amabhange ebhethri elanga asekela imithwalo phakathi nenkathi yamafu enwetshiwe, noma izinto zikagesi eziphathwayo ezisetshenziswa ngokuqhubekayo ngaphandle kokushajwa kabusha konke ukukhishwa okujulile kwengozi. Ingcuphe eyinhloko yenzeka lapho abasebenzisi beziba{1}}izixwayiso zebhethri eliphansi futhi baqhubeke nokusebenza.

Ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza zidinga ngokukhethekile amabhethri akwazi ukuphatha ukuhamba ngebhayisikili okujulile okujwayelekile.

Isitoreji Samandla Elanga:Amasistimu elanga angasebenzi{{0}yegridi kumele anikeze amandla ubusuku bonke esebenzisa amandla aqoqwe emini. Lokhu ngokwemvelo kudinga amandla okukhipha ajulile. Amabhange ebhethri elanga asebenzisa amabhethri ebhethri agcwele amanzi-ajulile nge-asidi{4}}(alinganiselwe ngo-50% DoD) noma amabhethri e-LiFePO4 (alinganiselwe ngokungu-80-90% DoD). Isistimu yelanga yokuhlala ejwayelekile ingase ijikeleze ku-60-80% womthamo webhethri ngobusuku.

Izicelo Zasolwandle:Izikebhe zidinga amandla asizayo athembekile okuzulazula, ukukhanyisa, kanye nemishini yokuxhumana. Amabhethri omjikelezo we-Marine deep{1}abekezelela imijikelezo yokukhishwa ephindaphindiwe kusukela ekusetshenzisweni kwansuku zonke kanye nokulayishwa kwamahhotela ebusuku. Amabhethri olwandle e-AGM anikeza inzuzo yokwakhiwa okuvaliwe (akukho ukuchitheka olwandle olugubhayo) kuyilapho ephatha i-50-60% DoD njalo.

Izimoto zokungcebeleka:Ibhethri yendlu ye-RV izinto zikagesi zamandla, izibani, nezinto zikagesi uma zingaxhumekile kumandla ogwini. Njengezinhlelo zokusebenza zasolwandle, ama-RV adinga amabhethri akwazi ukukhishwa okujulile. Ama-RV esimanje aya ngokuya asebenzisa amabhange ebhethri e-lithium ikakhulukazi ngokujula kwawo okuphezulu-okubekezelela ukukhishwa kanye nempilo yomjikelezo omude.

Izimoto zikagesi:Ama-EV ngokuvamile achitha u-20-80% womthamo webhethri phakathi nemijikelezo evamile yokushayela. Lokhu kumelela ukukhishwa okujulile uma kuqhathaniswa nenjini{5}}eqala amabhethri asebenzisa kuphela u-2-5% ekuqaleni. Amaphakethe ebhethri e-EV asebenzisa amakhemikhali e-lithium-ion (ngokuvamile i-NMC noma i-NCA) anamasistimu e-BMS ayinkimbinkimbi ukuze alawule lawa maphethini okukhipha kuyilapho kukhulisa isikhathi sokuphila.

Backup Power Systems:Amayunithi Wokuhlinzeka Ngamandla Angaphazamiseki (i-UPS) avikela okokusebenza okubalulekile ngesikhathi sokunqamuka kukagesi. Amabhethri ahlala eshajwe ngokugcwele isikhathi esiningi kodwa kufanele alethe umthamo wawo ogcwele ngesikhathi sokucisha okunwetshiwe. Amasistimu e-Commercial UPS ngokuvamile asebenzisa amabhethri e-valve-e-lead elawulwayo{3}}e-asidi (VRLA) adizayinelwe ukuphatha ukukhipha okujulile ngezikhathi ezithile ngaphandle kokwehluleka ngokushesha.

Deep Discharge

Ngezinye izikhathi, kodwa hhayi njalo. Kumabhethri-e-asidi yomthofu, uma amandla ogesi ehlala engaphezulu kuka-10.5V, ukutakula ngokuvamile kungenzeka ngokusebenzisa ukushaja okunensayo ngaphezu kwamahora angu-24-48. Amazinga empumelelo ehla kakhulu uma ibhethri lihlashiwe isikhathi esingaphezu kwezinsuku ezimbalwa. Amabhethri e-lithium-ion angaphansi kuka-2.5V ngeseli kwesinye isikhathi angatholwa kusetshenziswa ukushajwa kwe-boost okukhethekile, kodwa ingozi yokwakheka kwe-dendrite yenza lokhu kube yingozi. Amashaja esimanje avame ukwenqaba amabhethri angaphansi komkhawulo kagesi othile njengesinyathelo sokuphepha.

Kuncike ngokuphelele kumakhemikhali ebhethri. Amabhethri e-Lithium-ion awalokothi adinge ukuchithwa okujulile ngokuzithandela{2}}le inganekwane ethathwe kubuchwepheshe be-nickel obudala{3}}be-cadmium. Amabhethri omthofu-azuza emijikelezweni ejulile yezikhathi ezithile (kanye njalo ngemva kwezinyanga ezingu-3-6) ukuze avimbele ukuhlukaniswa nokucwenga, kodwa ukukhipha okujulile okujwayelekile kusehlisa isikhathi sokuphila. Umkhuba omuhle kakhulu ukugwema ukukhipha okujulile noma nini lapho kunokwenzeka.

Amabhethri-ajulile asebenzisa amapuleti ashubile anezinto eziqinile ezisebenzayo ezidizayinelwe ukumelana nokuphuma okuphindaphindiwe ukuya ku-50% noma ngaphansi. Amabhethri aqalayo anamapuleti azacile alungiselelwe ukuletha ukuqhuma kwamanje okuphezulu kodwa alimaza kalula uma eshajwe ngokujulile. Umehluko wokwakha usho ukuthi -amabhethri omjikelezo ajulile aphatha ukuhamba ngebhayisikili okuvamile kuyilapho eqala amabhethri ahamba phambili ekuletheni amakhulu ama-amp abandayo-amakhaza abandayo kodwa angaphansi kwemijikelezo yokukhipha amanzi ajulile angu-50.

Nakanjani. Amazinga okushisa abandayo anciphisa amandla ebhethri atholakalayo-ibhethri elingu-0℃F lingaletha kuphela u-50% womthamo walo olinganiselwe. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ibhethri ifinyelela ku-voltage yokukhipha ejulile ngokushesha kakhulu esimweni sezulu esibandayo ngisho noma isetshenziswa okuvamile. Amazinga okushisa ashisayo asheshisa-amazinga okuzikhulula, okwenza amabhethri agciniwe aphume ngokushesha okukhulu. Kokubili okudlulele kwandisa ingozi yokukhishwa okujulile futhi kudinga izinqubo zokulungisa ezilungisiwe.

Ukukhipha okujulile kumelela enye yezimo ezilimaza kakhulu amabhethri abhekana nazo. Ushintsho lwamakhemikhali olwenzeka-i-sulfation kumthofu{2}}kumabhethri e-asidi kanye nokuncibilika kwethusi kumaseli e-lithium-ama-ion cell{4}}aba ngokungabuyiseleki emuva njengoba amabhethri amade ehlala eshajwa ngokujulile. Nakuba ukululama ngezinye izikhathi kungenzeka, ukuvimbela ngokuphathwa kahle kwebhethri kuhlala kusebenza kakhulu.

Izinhlelo zesimanje zokuphatha amabhethri zihlinzeka ngokuvikeleka okuhle kakhulu uma zisetshenziswa kahle, ukuqapha kwamandla kagesi, amandla amanje, kanye nezinga lokushisa ukuvimbela umonakalo ojulile wokuphuma. Lapho ukhetha amabhethri ezinhlelo zokusebenza ezidinga ukuhamba ngebhayisikili okujulile okujwayelekile, ukukhetha amakhemistri akhelwe le njongo (njenge-LiFePO4) kunokuzama ukuphoqelela amabhethri ajwayelekile ukuthi ajule-kusevisi yomjikelezo kuzonikeza ukusebenza okungcono nokuphila isikhathi eside.

Kubasebenzisi banoma iziphi-izisetshenziswa ezinamandla zebhethri, umkhuba olula wokushajwa kabusha ngokushesha ngemva kokusetshenziswa{1}}ngaphambi kokuthi i-voltage yehle ibe ngaphansi kuka-50% ukuze uthole i-lead-acid noma u-20% we-lithium-ion-izonweba impilo yebhethri ngendlela emangalisayo futhi igweme izinkinga zokutholwa kokulahlwa okujulile.