Yini i-lithium-ion?

Ingxenye "ye-lithium-iyoni" isho nje ukuthi sihambisa i-lithium ion endaweni, njengama-ion omthofu (-amabhethri e-asidi) noma ama-nickel ion (amabhethri e-NiMH). I-lithium ilula futhi ipakisha amandla engeziwe ngegremu ngalinye. Izizathu ze-Physics.

Ilungelo elilula? Ngaphandle kokuthi akukho lutho mayelana nalawa mabhethri empeleni kulula uma uqala ukumba imininingwane, engizokwenza ngoba angikwazi ukuzibamba.

Inombolo ye-Element 3. I-Hydrogen, i-helium, i-lithium. Yilokho oda. I-athomu encane kakhulu ngoba inamaphrothoni ama-3 kuphela.

Futhi nansi into nge-lithium - ethi NGEMPELA ifuna ukukhipha i-electron yayo yangaphandle. Njengokuthi ufuna ngempela. Kuyinto engazinzile ngaleyo ndlela. Uyawazi lawo mavidiyo abantu bejikijela i-sodium emanzini bese ishunqa futhi ibambe umlilo? I-Lithium iyakwenza lokho kodwa OKUNINGI. Ngabuka othile ephonsa i-chunk yensimbi ye-lithium ebhakedeni lamanzi kanye embukisweni wokuphepha ngo-2011 (noma ngo-2012?) Ibhakede lancibilika.

Lindani cha, ibhakede alincibilika. Amanzi abila futhi i-lithium yavutha phezulu. Ibhakede belilungile. Inkumbulo yami shit.

Noma kunjalo iphuzu liwukuthi: insimbi ye-lithium ehlanzekile iyingozi. Yingakho amabhethri e-lithium yesimanje-engasebenzisi i-lithium metal emsulwa - asebenzisa i-lithium IONS. I-lithium eseyiyi-oxid. Ifomu le-Li+. Indlela ezinzile.

I-voltage oyitholayo icishe ibe ngu-3.6-3.7V iseli ngalinye elihloniphekile. Ingcono kune-alkaline (1.5V) noma i-NiMH (1.2V). Kusho ukuthi udinga amaseli ambalwa ukuze ushaye i-voltage yakho eqondiwe. Kungakho ibhethri yelaptop yakho inamaseli ayi-6 esikhundleni sika-15.

Futhi - nami bekumele ngikhulume ngalokhu kuqala - i-lithium IYOKUKHANYA. Isici sesithathu esilula kakhulu. Ngakho uthola ukuminyana kwamandla aphezulu ngaphandle kwesisindo sohlanya. Yingakho ama-EV esebenzisa i-lithium-ion hhayi i-lead-asidi. Ibhethri{{8}le-asidi eliholayo elinamandla afanayo lingaba nesisindo esiphindwe izikhathi ezingu-5-6 ngaphezulu. I-Tesla yakho izodinga i-forklift ukuze ushintshe ibhethri.

lithium-ion

I-Anode (uhlangothi olubi):

Ngokuvamile i-graphite. Yebo, izinto ezifanayo ezikumapensela, ngaphandle kokuhlanzeka nokucutshungulwa ngokuhlukile.

I-graphite inalesi sakhiwo sekristalu enezingqimba - cabanga ngedekhi yamakhadi ezingeni le-athomu. Izendlalelo zihlanganiswe ndawonye amandla abuthakathaka e-van der Waals (ikhemistri yesikole samabanga aphezulu ibuya izokuhlupha). Ama-lithium ions angashelela phakathi kwalezi zingqimba futhi nje... ahlale lapho. Igama lobuchwepheshe lithi "intercalation" kodwa ngicabanga ngalo njengokupaka izimoto-egaraji elinezitezi eziningi.

Umthamo omkhulu wetiyori ungama-372 milliamp-amahora ngegremu. Umhlaba-wangempela uthola u-340-360 mAh/g uma ukukhiqiza kungamunyisi. Ngibone amaseli avela kubakhiqizi abathile baseShayina angakwazi ukushaya u-310 mAh/g. Ngeke uqambe amagama kodwa uma uhlela kabusha izinhlamvu kokuthi "BYD" uthola... kulungile ngiqamba amagama. Amaseli abo okuqala ayemahhadlahhadla. Sebengcono kakhulu kusukela ngo-2018 nokho.

Manje wonke umuntu ulokhu ekhuluma ngama-silicon anode ngoba i-silicon ingabamba i-lithium engu-10x ngaphezulu kune-graphite. Kuzwakala okumangalisayo kwesokudla? 3700+ umthamo wetiyori mAh/g.

Inkinga - futhi lena inkinga "eyacishe yaxazululeka" kusukela ngaqala kulo mkhakha - ukuthi i-silicon ikhula cishe ngo-300% uma uyikhiqiza. Izinhlayiya ziqhekeka ngokoqobo. Zibone ngeso lengqondo ufutha ibhaluni ngaphakathi kwebhlokhi likakhonkolo. Ukhonkolo awugobi, uyaphuka nje.

U-Tesla usebenzisa i-silicon manje, exutshwe ne-graphite. Mhlawumbe i-silicon engu-5-10%? Ngizwile ukuthi ngu-8% kodwa kungenzeka ukuthi nginephutha. Iphuzu ukuthi yimali encane. Ama-silicon anode ahlanzekile awakalungi naphezu kwezimangalo zedekhi ye-Series A yokuqalisa.

I-Cathode (uhlangothi oluhle):

Awu mfana. Kulapho-ke kuba nesiphithiphithi ngoba kunamakhemikhali e-cathode ahlukene angu-6 futhi wonke umuntu unemibono ngokuthi iyiphi engcono kakhulu futhi wonke anephutha ngoba kuya ngesicelo sakho.

Eyokuqala evela kwa-Sony ngo-1991 kwakuyi-lithium cobalt oxide - i-LiCoO₂. Siyibiza ngokuthi "LCO" ngamafuphi. Ukuminyana kwamandla kuhle kakhulu - 150-200 mAh/g kuye ngokuthi ubani owenze. Kodwa ukuzinza kwe-thermal kubi. Uma uyikhokhisa ngokweqile noma uyishisa kakhulu, isakhiwo sekristalu sikhipha umoya-mpilo. I-oksijeni + i-organic electrolyte + ukushisa=usuku olubi. Ifoni yakho kungenzeka isebenzisa i-LCO noma kunjalo ngoba amafoni awadingi ukuhlala iminyaka eyi-10 futhi awusheshi{13}}ukuwashaja ngo-10C.

Bese kuba ne-NMC - i-nickel manganese cobalt oxide. Yilokhu okusetshenziswa ama-EV amaningi manje. Isilinganiso se-nickel ne-manganese ne-cobalt silokhu sishintsha. Kuqalwe ngokuthi 1:1:1 (izingxenye ezilinganayo). Abakhiqizi base bethuthela ku-5:3:2. Bese kuba ngu-6:2:2. Manje sesifana no-8:1:1 noma u-9:0.5:0.5 kwamanye amaseli{20}}aphakeme.

Kungani kushintshwa? I-Cobalt iyabiza. Njengokubiza ngempela. Futhi iningi le-cobalt livela e-DRC (Democratic Republic of Congo) futhi isimo sezimayini lapho... sinzima. Ukusetshenzwa kwezingane, izimo ezingaphephile, yonke isiphithiphithi. Ngakho wonke umuntu uzama ukusebenzisa i-cobalt encane.

I-nickel eyengeziwe=umthamo owengeziwe kodwa ukuqina okuncane kokushisa. I-manganese eyengeziwe=eshibhile futhi izinzile kodwa umthamo omncane. I-cobalt eyengeziwe=impilo yomjikelezo ezinzile futhi engcono kakhulu kodwa i-$$$ nezindaba zokuziphatha.

Ihlala ihweba-isaphulelo. Njalo. Ngibe nezingxabano eziningi kakhulu nabaphathi bemikhiqizo mayelana nalokhu. Bafuna ukuminyana kwamandla aphezulu KANYE nempilo yomjikelezo omude KANYE nezindleko eziphansi KANYE nokuphepha okuhle. Ungakhetha mhlawumbe ezimbili. Kungenzeka.

Kukhona ne-NCA - i-nickel cobalt aluminium. U-Tesla usebenzise lokhu iminyaka -emaphaketheni abo ebanga elide. I-Panasonic ibenze e-Nevada gigafactory. Ngike ngavakashela ifekthri ehlukile yebhethri kanye - kungeyona leyo, kodwa indawo yesimbangi - futhi igumbi elomile lodwa lalihlanya. Isistimu yokubamba umoya cishe ibize izigidi ezingu-$50+. Konke kufanele kube ngaphansi -40℃dew point noma usawoti we-electrolyte udonsa umswakama futhi udale i-hydrofluoric acid. I-HF izodla nganoma yini. Ingilazi, insimbi, ithambo. Izinto ezimbi.

Oh ne-LFP - i-lithium iron phosphate. Lona uyabuya. Iphephile, ishibhile nge-kWh ngayinye, futhi ihlala isikhathi eside. Ngizwile ngamaseli e-LFP enza imijikelezo engu-5000+ ukuya kumthamo ongu-80%. Mhlawumbe ngisho no-6000. Okubi ukuminyana kwamandla okuphansi - kuphela njengo-120-140 mAh/g vs 180-200 we-NMC.

U-Tesla waqala ukufaka i-LFP ku-Standard Range Model 3s ngabo-2021. Imakethe yaseShayina yawathola kuqala. Kunengqondo - I-CATL ingumkhiqizi omkhulu we-LFP futhi base-China.

Abanye abantu bakhala ngokulahleka kwebanga le-LFP emakhazeni. Kubi kune-NMC. Kodwa amaseli ashibhile futhi ahlala isikhathi eside ngakho ezinhlelweni eziningi kufanelekile ukuhwebelana-. Ngingathatha iphakethe le-LFP lemoto yasedolobheni. Uma-ubanga olude lwe-cruiser onguthelawayeka mhlawumbe akunjalo.

I-Electrolyte:

Lolu wuketshezi oluphakathi nendawo. Iqhuba ama-ion kodwa hhayi ama-electron, okubalulekile ngoba uma iqhuba ama-electron ungaba nomjikelezo omfushane.

Ngokuvamile i-lithium hexafluorophosphate - I-LiPF₆ - encibilikisiwe kuzinyibilikisi zemvelo. Izincibilikisi ngokuvamile ziyingxube ye-ethylene carbonate (EC) ne-dimethyl carbonate (DMC) noma i-diethyl carbonate (DEC).

Nansi imininingwane eyinqaba: I-EC iqinile ezingeni lokushisa legumbi. Iphoyinti lokuncibilika licishe libe ngama-36 degrees. Ngakho i-EC ehlanzekile yayizoba yiqhwa ebusika. Yingakho uyixuba ne-DMC noma i-DEC ewuketshezi kuze kube -70℃noma yini. Ingxube ihlala iwuketshezi ezimeni ezifanele.

Futhi i-organic carbonates iyavutha. Akuwona uphethiloli{1}}okwazi ukusha kodwa uyavutha. Ngabona ukuhlolwa kokungena kwezinzipho kanye lapho sashayelela khona isipikili ngamabomu esitokisini esigcwele icala. Ikhiphe igesi kuqala - umsindo ophumayo - kwase kuthi amalangabi akhiphe imbobo yokukhipha umoya. Ifike ku-2 metres ukuphakama. Iseli lonke lifinyelele cishe ku-800℃ngokusekelwe kumfanekiso wekhamera eshisayo.

Lokho kwakuwukuhlolwa okulawulwayo ngokucisha umlilo nakho konke. Kusathukile nokho.

Usawoti we-LiPF₆ uyi-hygroscopic njengesihogo. Uyawathanda amanzi. Uma iba manzi i-hydrolyzes ibe yi-HF. Kungakho ukukhiqizwa kwamabhethri kwenzeka emakamelweni ome kakhulu. Ngikhuluma iphuzu lamazolo -40℃noma ngaphansi. Isistimu yokususa umswakama ngokuvamile ingenye yabasebenzisi abakhulu bamandla efektri yamaseli.

Ngavakashela isikhungo lapho igumbi elomile lalomile kwaze kwabuhlungu ukuphefumula. Ikhala lakho liyoma phakathi nemizuzu. Wonke umuntu owayesebenza lapho kwakudingeka asebenzise isifutho se-saline njalo. Akuyona indawo yokusebenza ejabulisayo.

Isihlukanisi:

Ingxenye ekhohliwe. Kuwulwelwesi oluncane lwe-polymer kodwa lubalulekile.

Ngokuvamile i-polypropylene (PP) noma i-polyethylene (PE). Kwesinye isikhathi i-trilayer ene-PP-PE-PP. Ubukhulu ngokuvamile buyi-20-25 microns. Kuncane lokho. Mncane kunezinwele zomuntu (70-100 microns).

Inezimbotshana ezincane kakhulu - ezifana nobubanzi be-nanometer engu-100 - obuvumela ama-ion ukuba adlule kodwa avimbe ama-electron. Futhi igcina i-anode ne-cathode ihlukene ngokomzimba. Uma bethinta=i-short circuit=izinto ezimbi zenzeka ngokushesha.

Khumbula imililo ye-Samsung Galaxy Note 7? 2016. Lokho bekungenxa yokulimala kwesihlukanisi. AbakwaSamsung baklame ibhethri ngendlela enamandla kakhulu. Izacile kakhulu, iqine kakhulu, ayikubekezeleli ukunwetshwa. Amanye amaseli abe nesihlukanisi esicindezelwe kakhulu ekhoneni elilodwa. Indawo ebuthaka ithuthukile. Ekugcineni ngithole imbobo yokukhonkotha. Isifushane sangaphakathi. Ukubaleka okushisayo. Umlilo.

Bakhumbula amafoni angu-2.5 million. Kuvinjelwe ezindizeni. Kubize izigidigidi ze-Samsung. Konke kungenxa yocezu lwepulasitiki oluncanyana kunephepha.

Nginemibono mayelana nedizayini yebhethri enolaka. Abakhiqizi balokhu bephusha kancane kancane ukuze banqobe umncintiswano. Kodwa kunomkhawulo. I-Physics ayinandaba neshejuli yokwethulwa komkhiqizo wakho.

Iyashaja:

Uxhuma ifoni yakho. Ishaja iphoqa ama-electron ku-anode bese iwakhipha ku-cathode. Lokhu kwenza i-cathode ikhiphe i-lithium ions. Ama-ion ahamba nge-electrolyte aye ku-anode. Zihlanganiswa nesakhiwo se-graphite.

Cabanga ngakho njengokucindezela isiphethu. Ama-ion e-lithium awafuni ukuba ku-anode ngokwemvelo - azinzile ku-cathode. Kepha ubaphoqa lapho ngokusebenzisa i-voltage. Amandla agciniwe.

Iyakhipha:

Ukhipha futhi usebenzise ifoni yakho. Ukukhishwa kwentwasahlobo. I-lithium ion igeleza ibuyela ku-cathode nge-electrolyte. Ama-electron ageleza kumjikelezo wefoni yakho ukusuka ku-anode kuya ku-cathode. Lokho kugeleza kwe-electron kunika amandla idivayisi yakho.

I-voltage incike kumakhemikhali kanye nesimo sokushaja. Okwe-NMC noma i-NCA:

Ishajwe ngokugcwele: ~4.2V

Okuyisisekelo: ~3.7V

Ikhishwe ngokuphelele: ~ 3.0V

Ungehli ngaphansi kwe-3.0V noma uqala ukucwenga insimbi ye-lithium okuyingozi. Ungeqi ngaphezu kuka-4.2V noma uzibeka engcupheni yokubaleka ngokushisa. Yingakho amasistimu okuphatha ibhethri (BMS) ekhona. Baqapha i-voltage nezinga lokushisa kanye ne-current futhi bavale izinto uma kukhona okungalungile.

Idizayini enhle ye-BMS inzima. Impela kunzima. Udinga izikhathi zokuphendula ezisheshayo, izinzwa ezinembile, ukuhlolwa kokuphepha okungafuneki. I-BMS eshibhile ingenye yezindlela ezisheshayo zokuguqula ibhethri elihloniphekile libe ingozi yomlilo.

lithium-ion

Inkinga 1: Ukwehliswa kwesithunzi akunakugwenywa

Wonke umjikelezo wokukhishwa{0}}wokukhipha ulimaza ibhethri. Akunakugwenywa. I-Thermodynamics.

Kunale nto ebizwa ngokuthi isendlalelo se-SEI - esiqinile se-electrolyte interphase - esakha endaweni ye-anode. Kuyadingeka ngempela ukuze ibhethri lisebenze. Kepha ilokhu ikhula ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi idla i-lithium esebenzayo. Ngemuva kwemijikelezo engu-500 ungase ube nomthamo ongu-90% osele. Ngemuva kwe-1000 mhlawumbe i-80%. Ngemuva kuka-2000 ... kuncike.

Ngine-MacBook evela ku-2015 esabonisa impilo yebhethri engu-78%. Ngiyayinganesa nakuba - ngingajwayele ukuyidedela ibe ngaphansi kuka-40%, igcine ixhunyiwe uma kungenzeka, ungalokothi uyishaje emotweni eshisayo. Umkami une-MacBook ka-2018 enempilo engu-62% ngoba uyiqhuba kanzima. Imijikelezo egcwele nsuku zonke, iyishiya ishaja ubusuku bonke, uyisebenzise emathangeni akhe ngenkathi kushisa. Indlela ophatha ngayo ibhethri ibaluleke KAKHULU.

I-cathode nayo iyancipha. I-High-nickel NMC yimbi kakhulu. Ngaphezulu kuka-4.3V indawo ye-cathode iqala ukusabela nge-electrolyte. Ama-ion ensimbi enguquko (nickel, manganese, cobalt) angancibilika futhi athuthele ku-anode lapho angcolisa khona i-SEI. Kukhona futhi le nto ebizwa ngokuthi i-cathode densification lapho isakhiwo se-crystal sihlangana kancane futhi silahlekelwa i-porosity.

Ayikwazi ngempela ukuvimbela lokhu. I-chemistry nje. I-Entropy ihlezi iwina.

Inkinga 2: Izinga lokushisa libhubhisa yonke into

Ngaphansi kuka-0℃i-electrolyte iba ne-viscous njengoju olubandayo. Ukuhamba kwe-ion kuhamba kancane. Ulahlekelwa mhlawumbe ngu-20-30% womthamo -ngo-10℃. Okubi nakakhulu, uma uzama ukusheshisa ibhethri elibandayo uzofaka i-metallic lithium ku-anode esikhundleni sokuyihlanganisa. Lokho kudala ama-dendrites - izakhiwo ezifana nenaliti ze-lithium metal ezingakhula futhi ekugcineni zibhoboze isihlukanisi. Isifushane sangaphakathi. Umlilo.

Ngaphezulu kwama-40-45 degrees, konke ukusabela kokuwohloka kuyashesha. Umthetho wesithupha: njalo ukukhuphuka kwe-10℃kuphinda kabili izinga lokuphendula. Ngakho-ke ibhethri eku-45℃lehlisa izinga cishe ngo-4x ngokushesha kunamadigri angu-25.

Ngihlala eTexas. Amazinga okushisa asehlobo afinyelela ku-100 degrees F+ (38℃+). Ngibone amabhethri e-EV alahlekelwe amandla angu-15% eminyakeni engu-3 ngenxa nje yokuchayeka ekushiseni. Ngaleso sikhathi ama-EV e-Minnesota awehlisi neze ehlobo - kodwa alahlekelwa yibanga ebusika ngenxa yamakhaza. Awukwazi ukunqoba.

Izinga lokushisa elilungile lokusebenza lifana ne-20-25 degrees. Ngikufisela inhlanhla ngokugcina lokho emhlabeni wangempela.

Inkinga 3: Ukushaja ngokushesha kuyinkinga ngokwemvelo

Wonke umuntu ufuna ukushaja kwe-EV eyimizuzu engu-10-njengegalaji likaphethiloli. Kodwa ukuphusha amandla amakhulu ngebhethri kudala ukushisa. Ukulahlekelwa kwe-I²R - ukumelana kwamanje kwezikhathi eziyisikwele. Ukumelana kuncane kodwa hhayi ku-zero. Ngokushaja okungu-250kW ukhiqiza ukushisa okukhulu.

Futhi ukushaja okusheshayo kugcizelela izinto ze-electrode ngomshini. Iphoqa ama-ion ukuthi ahambe ngokushesha esakhiweni. Kungabangela ukuqhekeka nokuphuka kwezinhlayiyana ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Ama-Tesla Supercharger (V3) angenza ukuphakama okungu-250kW. Kodwa zikhula ngokushesha. Mhlawumbe u-250kW imizuzu emihlanu, bese kuba ngu-150kW, bese kuba ngu-100kW, bese kuba ngu-50kW. Leyo yi-BMS evikela amaseli.

Amasistimu amasha angu-800V akwaPorsche nakwaHyundai angenza amandla angu-350kW. Kodwa kafushane nje. I-physics i-physics.

Kukhona ucwaningo ngemiklamo{0}}eshajayo{1}}elungiselelwe ama-electrode. Ama-electrode azacile, izinhlayiya ezincane, izimbotshana ezingcono. Kuyasiza. Kodwa awukwazi ukukopela i-thermodynamics.

Inkinga 4: Umlilo

Amabhethri e-Lithium{0}}ion awabasi njalo. Indlela engaphansi kwezimoto zikaphethiloli. Kodwa uma bekwenza kuyamangaza.

Ukubaleka okushisayo. Uma iseli lifinyelela izinga lokushisa elibalulekile - liyahlukahluka ngokwekhemistri, mhlawumbe 150-200℃- ukusabela kwe-exothermic kuqala. I-SEI iyabola. Isihlukanisi siyancibilika. Amathumba e-Electrolyte. I-Cathode ikhipha umoya-mpilo. Ukusabela ngakunye kukhiqiza ukushisa okubangela ukusabela okwengeziwe. Iluphu yempendulo enhle.

Awukwazi ukuwucisha ngamanzi njengomlilo ojwayelekile. Ngisho ukuthi ungakwazi ukuthela amanzi kuyo ukuze iphole kodwa iseli lilokhu liphehla ukushisa ngaphakathi. Iminyango yezomlilo iyayizonda imililo ye-EV. Thatha amahora ukuvala. Ingabusa kamuva.

Amaseli esimanje anezici zokuphepha nokho. Vala izihlukanisi ezivala lapho kushisa. Izimbobo zokucindezela. Iziphazamiso zamanje. Amafuse ashisayo. Futhi i-BMS ibuka yonke into.

Kusenzeka noma kunjalo. Yenza izindaba ngaso sonke isikhathi nakuba ngokwezibalo ama-EV aphephe kakhudlwana kunezimoto zegesi. Inkinga ye-PR.

Inkinga 5: Izimiso zokuziphatha ze-Cobalt

U-70% we-cobalt uvela e-DRC. Okuningi okuvela ezimayini zezandla ezinezimo zokusebenza ezimbi. Imibiko yokuqashwa kwezingane. Ukulimala kwemvelo. Kuyisiphithiphithi.

Wonke umuntu uzama ukusebenzisa i-cobalt encane. I-NMC{1}ephezulu ye-nickel isebenzisa okuncane kakhulu. I-LFP isebenzisa u-zero. Kodwa i-cobalt iyazinzisa isakhiwo se-cathode. Ngaphandle kwayo udinga ukuphathwa okungcono kwe-thermal kanye nemikhawulo eqinile kagesi.

Izintengo ze-cobalt nazo ziyahlanya. Ngaphansi kuka-$30k/ton ngo-2016. Kwenyukele ku-$90k+ ngo-2018. Iphahlazeke yafinyelela ku-$25k ngo-2020. Manje cishe cishe u-$35k/ton. Uhlela kanjani ukukhiqiza lapho izindleko zakho zempahla eluhlaza zishintshashintsha ngo-3x?

Inkinga yesi-6: Isiphithiphithi se-Supply chain

Izintengo ze-Lithium ziye zaba ngamantongomane ngo-2021-2022. $6k/ton ngo-2020. Ifinyelele ku-$80k/ton ngasekupheleni kuka-2022. Iphahlazeke yafinyelela ku-$12k/ton ngo-2024. Manje cishe i-$15k/ton ngo-2025.

I-lithium eminingi ivela e-Australia (i-hard rock mining) noma eNingizimu Melika (ukukhishwa kwe-brine kumaflethi kasawoti e-Chile/Argentina/Bolivia - "i-lithium triangle"). Kepha ukucubungula okuningi kwenzeka eChina. Njengo-75% womthamo wokucwenga we-lithium womhlaba wonke.

I-China iphinde ilawule ukukhiqizwa kwebhethri okungu-- 75% wokukhiqizwa kwamaseli emhlabeni jikelele. Futhi 90% wezinto ze-anode (graphite processing).

Kungakho i-US kanye ne-Europe belwela ukwakha amaketanga atholakala ekhaya. Kodwa kuhamba kancane. Kuthatha iminyaka ukwakha i-gigafactory. Kuthatha isikhathi eside ukwakha i-upstream chain.

Ibhethri-ibanga le-lithium lidinga ukuhlanzeka kakhulu. Ukungcola okungaphansi kuka-0.01%. Lelo zinga lokucwenga alishibhile noma liyashesha.

Naphezu kwakho konke engisanda kukhala ngakho, i-lithium-ion iseyinketho engcono kakhulu esikalini sezentengiso.

Ukuminyana kwamandla: 250-300 Wh/kg ezingeni lamaseli. Mhlawumbe 160-180 Wh/kg ezingeni lephakethe ngemva kokwengeza ukupholisa kanye nesakhiwo kanye ne-BMS. Lokho kwanele amamayela angu-300+ ama-EV ngaphandle kwesisindo esingenangqondo.

Qhathanisa:

I-asidi-eholayo: 30-50 Wh/kg (isinda njenge-fuck)

I-NiMH: 60-120 Wh/kg (okusetshenziswe uPrius)

I-NiCd: 40-60 Wh/kg (futhi inobuthi, iqedwa kakhulu)

Ukukhiqiza sekuvuthiwe. Inqwaba yabahlinzeki. Ama-gigafactory amaningi. Amaketanga okuhlinzeka asunguliwe. Umnotho wesikali.

I-Tesla's Nevada gigafactory ihlose u-35 GWh/ngonyaka. Lokho kwanele kuma-500k+ EVs. I-CATL e-China yenza okwengeziwe - Ngicabanga ukuthi 200+ GWh/year? Mhlawumbe 300? Kuzomele ngihlole.

Yonke ingqalasizinda ithatha i-lithium-ion futhi. Amazinga wokushaja (CCS, NACS, CHAdeMO). Ama-algorithms we-BMS. Imithetho yezokuphepha. Izinqubo zokugaywa kabusha. Awukwazi ukuvele ushintshe kukhemistri ehlukile ngaphandle kokuklama kabusha yonke into.

lithium-ion

Amabhethri esimo esiqinile-:Faka esikhundleni se-electrolyte ewuketshezi nge-ceramic eqinile noma ingilazi noma impahla ye-sulfide. Izinzuzo: akukho ukuvuza, ingozi yomlilo encane, mhlawumbe sebenzisa i-lithium metal anode ukuze uthole ukuminyana kwamandla okuphezulu.

I-QuantumScape, Amandla Aqinile, i-Toyota, i-Samsung - wonke umuntu osebenza ngayo. I-QuantumScape ifuna u-800 Wh/kg kumaseli zelebhu anemijikelezo engu-800+. Kuyamangaza uma kuyiqiniso.

Izinkinga: Ukumelana nesixhumi esibonakalayo phakathi kwe-electrolyte eqinile nama-electrode. Kunzima ukugcina ukuxhumana okuhle ngaphezu kwezinkulungwane zemijikelezo njengoba izinto zikhula/inkontileka. Ama-electrolyte amaningi aqinile anama-brittle - ama-dendrite akwazi ukudabula kuwo. Ukukhiqiza ngezinga akuqinisekisiwe ngokuphelele.

Nginokungabaza lokhu sizokubona ezimotweni ezijwayelekile ngaphambi kuka-2030. Mhlawumbe u-2028 uma kukhona ophumelele. Kodwa mhlawumbe kamuva. Ngizwile ukuthi "isimo esiqinile-sineminyaka engu-5 kude" kule minyaka eyi-10 edlule.

I-Lithium{0}}sulphur:Ukuminyana kwamandla okucatshangelwayo okungu-2600 Wh/kg. Isibabule ishibhile futhi sichichima.

Inkinga: umphumela we-polysulfide shuttle. Imikhiqizo emaphakathi incibilika ku-electrolyte okubangela ukufiphala kwamandla ngokushesha. Ngemva kwemijikelezo engu-50 ibhethri liyathoswa.

Lokhu "cishe sekuxazululiwe" iminyaka engu-20+. Namanje akekho.

I-sodium-ion:Empeleni kuyenzeka manje. I-CATL iqale ukukhiqiza ngo-2023. I-BYD iyasebenza kukho.

I-sodium ikhona yonke indawo (amanzi olwandle). Indlela eshibhile kune-lithium. Ingasebenzisa imishini yokukhiqiza efanayo.

Kodwa ukuminyana kwamandla kuphansi: 150-160 Wh/kg vs 250-300 ye-lithium-ion.

Kunengqondo ngesitoreji esimile kanye nama-EV ebhajethi. Ayishintshi i-lithium{1}}i-ion emikhiqizweni ye-premium noma nini maduze.

I-Lithium metal anode:Sebenzisa i-lithium metal esikhundleni se-graphite. Gcina i-electrolyte ewuketshezi. Ingashaya ku-400-500 Wh/kg ezingeni leseli.

Inkinga ye-dendrite isaqhubeka. Wonke umuntu unesixazululo sakhe - semigcobo, izithasiselo ze-electrolyte, njll. Sizobona ukuthi ubani ophumelelayo kuqala.

Oh futhiamabhethri e-lithium polymer- kufanele isho lezo. Basebenzisa ijeli noma i-polymer electrolyte eqinile esikhundleni soketshezi. Amajamo azacile, alula, avumelana nezimo. Ama-earbud akho angenantambo cishe anayo. Iphephe kancane kunoketshezi kodwa ukuminyana kwamandla kucishe kufane. Iseyi-lithium-ion tech, esanda kupakishwa ngendlela ehlukile. Iminyango yezokumaketha iyakuthanda ukuyibiza ngokuthi "LiPo" sengathi yinto eshintshashintshayo. Akunjalo.