Kuyini Ukushefa Okuphakeme?

Ukushefa okuphezulu kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kukagesi ngezikhathi zesidingo esikhulu ukuze kugwenywe izindleko zesidingo ezibizayo kanye nobunzima begridi. Amabhizinisi akufeza lokhu ngokwehlisa okwesikhashana ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, ngokuvula{1}}amasistimu okukhiqiza isayithi, noma ngokukhipha isitoreji sebhethri ngezikhathi eziphakeme kakhulu.

Lo mkhuba ubhekana nezindleko ezibucayi zezikweletu zikagesi wezohwebo nezimboni. Izindleko ezifunwayo, ezisekelwe esikhawulweni esiphezulu sokusetshenziswa kwamandla okuyimizuzu engu-15-inyanga ngayinye, ngokuvamile zibalelwa ku-30-70% wesamba sezindleko zikagesi. Indawo yokukhiqiza ingase isebenze ngokujwayelekile inyanga yonke, kodwa uhhafu wehora-lokukhuphuka-ukusuka ekuqaliseni imishini eminingi ngasikhathi sinye noma ukukhiqiza ngomthamo ogcwele-kungabangela izinkulungwane zamadola kwezinye izindleko eziqhubekayo unyaka wonke.

Umthelela wezezimali udlulela ngale kwezikweletu zanyanga zonke. Ezifundeni eziningi, ikakhulukazi e-United States, izinsiza zinquma umthamo waminyaka yonke kanye nezinkokhelo zokudlulisela ngokusekelwe ekusebenzeni kwesikhungo phakathi nezinsuku ezinhlanu eziphezulu ezibucayi. Lezi zindleko ziqhubekela phambili izinyanga eziyi-12, okusho ukuthi izinqumo ezenziwa ngamahora ambalwa zilolonge izindleko zakho zikagesi unyaka wonke.

Ama-opharetha egridi abhekana nezinselelo zawo ngezikhathi eziphakeme kakhulu. Ngomhla ziyi-16 kuJulayi, 2024, i-New England ihlangabezane nesidingo sayo esikhulu sikagesi onyakeni, safinyelela ku-25,000 MW-cishe umthamo wesistimu ophindwe kabili ovamile. Izintengo zezitolo ezinkulu zikhuphuke zafinyelela ku-$280 i-MWh ngayinye (amasenti angama-28 kWh ngayinye). Phakathi nalesi senzakalo, uwoyela negesi yemvelo kubale u-67% wengxube kaphethiloli yantambama, nesamba se-CO2 esikhishwayo sifinyelele amathani angu-152.09 metric ngehora eliphakeme kakhulu.

Ukushefa okuphezulu kusiza izinhlangothi zombili. Izinsiza zinciphisa ukuchayeka kwazo ezindlekweni eziguquguqukayo nezifunwayo. Abasebenzisa igridi bagwema ukudubula izitshalo eziphakeme kakhulu nezingcolisayo. Ukuxhumanisa kudala uhlelo lukagesi oluzinzile, olusebenza kahle.

Ukuqonda izindleko zokufunwa kudinga ukuqonda umehluko phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwamandla nesidingo samandla. Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kukala isamba sikagesi osetshenziswe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, alandelelwa ngama-kilowatt-amahora (kWh). Isidingo sikala isilinganiso esiphezulu sokusetshenziswa kukagesi nganoma yisiphi isikhathi, esilandelelwa ngama-kilowatts (kW).

Imboni ingase isebenzise u-10,000 kWh ngenyanga ngenani lokusetshenziswa elingu-$0.10/kWh, ikhiqize u-$1,000 wezindleko zokusebenzisa. Kodwa uma leso sikhungo sidonsa u-100 kW ngesikhathi esiphezulu semizuzu engu-15, futhi sibhekene nezindleko ezifunwayo zika-$10/kW, lokho kwengeza omunye u-$1,000 owuphinda kabili umthethosivivinywa ngokusekelwe emizuzwini engu-15 nje yokusebenza.

Isibalo siyaqina-ezimeni zomhlaba zangempela. Cabangela indawo yokushaja i-EV enamashaja asheshayo ayisithupha angu-150 kW. Uma zonke zisebenza kanyekanye, isidingo esikhulu sifinyelela ku-900 kW. Ezinkokhelweni ezifunwayo zika-$10/kW, leso senzakalo esisodwa esiye saqondana senza u-$9,000 ezinkokhelweni ezifunwa nyanga zonke ngaphambi kokubala ugesi wangempela osetshenzisiwe.

Isici samandla senza izinto zibe nzima nakakhulu. Uma okokusebenza kusebenzisa amandla ngendlela engafanele-ebonisa isici samandla esingaphansi kuka-90%-izinsiza zisebenzisa iziphindaphinda zika-1.2 kuya ku-1.5 ukuze zifune izindleko. Isikhungo esinesidingo esikhulu esingu-100 kW kanye nesici samandla esingu-80% sibhekene nezindleko ezilungisiwe ezingu-120 kW, okwandisa izindleko ngo-20% ngenxa yokungasebenzi kahle kukodwa.

I-Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) ivele njengobuchwepheshe obusebenza kahle kakhulu bokushefa. Lawa masistimu ashaja ngezikhathi eziphansi-zesidingo lapho ugesi ushibhe kakhulu, bese uyaphuma ngezikhathi eziphakeme kakhulu ukuze ungezelele noma ushintshe amandla egridi.

Amabhethri e-lithium iron phosphatelawula imakethe ye-BESS yezohwebo neyezimboni yezicelo zokushefa okuphezulu. I-chemistry inikeza izinzuzo eziningana kunezinye izindlela. Amabhethri e-LiFePO4 amelana nezinkulungwane zezindleko-zemijikelezo yokukhipha{4}}ibalulekile uma amasistimu ejikeleza izikhathi ezingu-10 noma ngaphezulu nsuku zonke. Isistimu ye-photovoltaic ingase ibe nesilinganiso semijikelezo engu-0.5 ngosuku (1,800 eminyakeni eyishumi), kodwa amabhethri aphezulu okushefa abhekana nemijikelezo engu-36,500 ngesikhathi esifanayo.

Ukuzinza kwamabhethri kubalulekile kuzilungiselelo zentengiso. I-Lithium iron phosphate isebenza ngokupholile kunobunye ubuchwepheshe be-lithium, ngokushisa kwangaphakathi okuncane phakathi-nemicimbi yamanje yokukhishwa okuphezulu. Lapho isikhungo sidinga ukucisha ngokushesha i-spike yesidingo esingu-500 kW, ukuphathwa kwe-thermal kuvimbela ukuwohloka kwesistimu nezigameko zokuphepha.

Ukuminyana kwamandla cishe ku-150 Wh/kg kunikeza umthamo owanele wokufakwa kwezentengiso ngenkathi kugcinwa impilo yomjikelezo. Amakhemikhali -aphakeme kakhulu afana ne-NMC (250+ Wh/kg) ehla ngokushesha ngaphansi kwezidingo zebhayisikili zokushefa okuphezulu, ngokuvamile okufika esiphethweni--sempilo ngomthamo ongu-80% ngemva nje kwamakhulu emijikelezo. Amabhethri e-LiFePO4 ngokuvamile asinda emijikelezweni eyizinkulungwane ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokuwohloka okufanayo.

Ucwaningo lwango-2023 eWestern Sweden lubonise ukusebenza okungokoqobo. Isiteshi esincane se-LV sifake i-75 kW/75 kWh LiFePO4 BESS ukuze ilawule iziqongo zokulayisha ezivela ekushintshashintsheni kwamandla avuselelekayo kanye nokushajwa kwe-EV. Isistimu ishefe ngempumelelo iziqongo ngokuhlukaniswa komthwalo kumasegimenti amahlanu, ishaja noma nini lapho umthwalo uwela ngaphansi kwezinga lokushefa futhi uyadedela ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuphulwa komkhawulo.

Peak Shaving

Izikhungo zisebenzisa ukushefa okuphezulu ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezintathu eziyinhloko, ngokuvamile ngokuhlanganiswa.

Funa-Ukuphathwa Kohlangothikunciphisa ukusetshenziswa ngokubuyisela emuva imisebenzi okwesikhashana. Izitshalo ezikhiqizayo zingase ziphazamise ukuqaliswa kwemishini esikhundleni sokunika amandla amasistimu amaningi ngesikhathi esisodwa. Izikhungo zedatha zingasusa imithwalo yokusebenza yekhompyutha iye{2}}emahoreni aphakeme. Amasistimu e-HVAC{4}}abanikeli abakhulu emithwalo yezakhiwo zentengiso-bangandulela-izikhala ezipholile noma{7}}zokushisa kuqala ngaphambi kwezikhathi eziphakeme, bese benciphisa ukusebenza ngamahora abizayo.

Le ndlela idinga ukutshalwa kwezimali okuncane kodwa idinga ukuguquguquka kokusebenza. Imboni yokucubungula amakhemikhali okumele igcine ukukhiqizwa okuqhubekayo ayikwazi ukuvele yehle ngesikhathi samahora aphakeme. Indlela isebenza kangcono emithwalweni enokuvumelana nezimo.

Ukunikezela-Ukuphathwa Kohlangothiyengeza imithombo yamandla yasendaweni ukuze kuncishiswe ukuncika kwegridi phakathi neziqongo. -Esikhungweni sesayithi i-solar, ama-wind turbines, noma amajeneretha avamile angezelela amandla egridi uma isidingo sikhuphuka. Imakethe ka-2024-2025 yamasethi ejeneretha okwakha ukushefa okuphezulu ifinyelele ku-$1,218 million futhi kulindeleke ukuthi ikhule ifinyelele ku-$2,215 million ngo-2031, okubonisa izinga lokukhula elihlanganisiwe lonyaka elingu-8.9%.

Amajeneretha ahlinzeka ngomthamo onokwethenjelwa kodwa ethula izinto ezikhishwayo, umsindo, kanye nezidingo zokunakekelwa. Izindleko zikaphethiloli zingakuphikisa ukonga uma zisetshenziswa njalo. Ukukhiqizwa kwelanga akuhambisani kabi nezikhathi eziningi zokukhuphuka{2}}ikakhulukazi kusihlwa lapho ukukhiqizwa kwehla njengoba ilanga lishona.

Izindlela Ezihlanganisiweukuhlanganisa isitoreji sebhethri ne-solar kuzuza imiphumela emihle. Amabhethri ashaja nge-solar phakathi nosuku futhi kusukela emandleni egridi ashibhile ngobusuku obubodwa. Ngezikhathi eziphakeme kakhulu, isistimu isebenzisa amandla agciniwe kungakhathaliseki isimo sezulu noma isikhathi. Lokhu kuqeda inkinga yezikhawu zelanga kuyilapho kukhulisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla avuselelekayo.

Iphrojekthi yokushefa esezingeni eliphezulu eShayina ifake uhlelo lwe-lithium iron phosphate engu-250 kW/2 MWh. Indawo iqeda ukushaja okuphelele{3}}komjikelezo wokukhipha nsuku zonke, igcina ugesi ngo-0-8 AM (isikhathi senani eliphansi) futhi ishajwa ngo-8 AM-12 PM no-5 PM-9 PM (izikhathi zamanani aphezulu). Ukulungiselelwa kuhlangabezane nezidingo zokusebenza kuyilapho kukhiqiza i-ROI elinganisekayo ngokusebenzisa i-peak-valley arbitrage.

Imbuyiselo ku-investimenti iyahlukahluka ngokusekelwe kumazinga enkokhiso efunwayo, amaphethini omthwalo ophezulu, nezindleko zesistimu. Isitoreji sebhethri siyathandeka ngokwezomnotho lapho izinsiza zibhekene nezindleko zokufunwa ngu-$15/kW noma ngaphezulu{2}}umkhawulo ofinyelelwe ezimakethe zezwe lase-US ezingu-19 njengokuhlaziya kwakamuva.

Cabangela indawo-enosayizi omaphakathi enomthamo oyisisekelo ongu-4,000 kW nezinkokhelo zegridi zonyaka ezingu-$50/kW. Ku-$200,000 ngonyaka, izindleko zihlala zizinzile. I-oda elikhethekile lokukhiqiza lidala ukuphakama kwemizuzu engu-30{15}yesidingo esingeziwe esingu-500 kW. Ngaphansi kwezakhiwo eziningi ezisetshenziswayo, leso sikhala esifushane sinyusa isisekelo senhlawulo yegridi yonyaka sibe ngu-4,500 kW, sengeza u-$25,000 ngezindleko-futhi lokhu akubandakanyi amandla angempela asetshenzisiwe.

I-BESS enosayizi ofanelekile ivimbela lesi simo. Uma isistimu ikwazi ukuletha u-500 kW imizuzu engu-30 (umthamo wama-250 kWh), ifinyelela isidingo esisobala sesikhungo ku-4,000 kW. Ukonga konyaka okungu-$25,000 uma kuqhathaniswa nezindleko zesistimu (inkokhelo yeminyaka engu-3-5 ngokuvamile enezisusa) ibonisa inani elicacile.

Ukuqaliswa kwe-BESS kubonise ukwehla okungu-15% kokusetshenziswa kukagesi okuphezulu kakhulu ezimweni ezibhaliwe. Ukuhlaziya okunye kwamasistimu ebhethri e-TROES kuthole ukuthi ubuchwepheshe bunganciphisa izindleko eziphezulu zamandla ngokufika ku-30%, okuhumushela ezigidini zokonga minyaka yonke-ezimbonini ezidinga amandla. Izilinganiso ezilandelanayo ziphakamisa ukuthi ukutholwa okusabalele kunganciphisa ukukhishwa kwesisi esibamba ukushisa ngamathani angaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-100 ngonyaka.

La masu womabili asebenza ngezinhloso ezahlukene futhi afanele izimo ezihlukene. Ukushefa okuphezulu kwenza kube phansi kufuna ama-spikes ukuze kuncishiswe izindleko ezidingekayo. Ukushintsha komthwalo kuhambisa ukusetshenziswa kusukela ezikhathini ezibizayo kuye kwezishibhile ukuze kusetshenziswe isikhathi{2}so{3}}sokusebenzisa amanani.

Ukushefa okuphezulu kwenzeka ngokushesha-amabhethri noma amajeneretha asebenza phakathi nemizuzwana lapho isidingo sisondela emikhawulweni. Umgomo uvimbela noma yikuphi ukusetshenziswa okungaphezu kwezinga elinqunywe kusengaphambili, ngokuvamile elilinganiswa ngaphezu kwezikhawu zemizuzu engu-15. Impumelelo isho ukuthi ukufundwa kwesidingo esikhulu sesikhungo akuqali kubakaki abashajayo.

Ukushintshwa komthwalo kusebenza amahora amaningi. Indawo yezimboni ingase isebenzise imishini yokukhiqiza kusukela ngo-10 PM kuya ku-6 AM lapho amanani ephansi kakhulu, kunokuba phakathi kuka-3 PM kuya ku-11 PM amawindi aphakeme kakhulu. Izimoto zikagesi ezishaja amashifu ziye ezikhathini zasebusuku. Isamba samandla asetshenzisiwe sihlala sifana, kodwa izinguquko zesikhathi zithatha amanani ashibhile.

Izikhungo ezibhekene nezindleko zokufunwa kakhulu zihlomula kakhulu ekushefeni okuphezulu. Lezo ezifika ngesikhathi{{1}ze{2}}zezilinganiso zokusetshenziswa ngaphandle kwezindleko zokufunwa okukhulu kufanele zibeke phambili ukususwa komthwalo. Imisebenzi eminingi ihlanganisa womabili amasu{4}}okushintsha imithwalo yesisekelo ukuthi icishe-emahoreni aphakeme kuyilapho kusetshenziswa amabhethri ukushefa noma yiziphi izikwele ezisele.

Ukushefa okuphezulu okuphumelelayo kudinga amasistimu okulawula ahlakaniphile abikezela futhi aphendule amaphethini esidingo. I-Modern Energy Management Systems (EMS) ihlaziya idatha yomlando yomthwalo, izibikezelo zesimo sezulu, namashejuli okusebenza ukuze kulindelwe iziqongo.

I-logic yokulawula ilandela i-algorithm yokubikezela. Idatha yomlando iveza amajika okulayisha ajwayelekile ezimo ezihlukene-izinsuku zeviki uma ziqhathaniswa nezimpelaviki, ukuhluka kwesizini, amashejuli okukhiqiza. Uhlelo luhlonza izinga lokushefa: umkhawulo wokufunwa okuphezulu onciphisa izindleko ngenkathi iqinisekisa umthamo owanele webhethri.

Ngesikhathi sokusebenza, i-EMS iqapha-umthwalo wesikhathi sangempela ngezikhawu zemizuzu engu-15 (okufana nezikhathi zokukalwa kwensiza). Uma isidingo esikhulayo sithambekele ekudluleleni izinga lokushefa, isistimu iqala ukukhishwa kwebhethri. Izinga lokukhipha lilungisa ngokushintshashintshayo ukuze libambe isidingo esingaphansi nje komkhawulo.

Indlela yokuthuthukisa eyimizuzu engu-15{4} iletha imiphumela engcono kakhulu. Ama-opharetha wesistimu yokusabalalisa ngokuvamile akhokhisa ngokusekelwe kumanani wamandla amaphakathi wezikhathi eziyi-15-zemizuzu. Ngaphakathi kwewindi ngalinye, i-algorithm ilawula ukugeleza kwamandla ukuze kugcinwe imikhawulo yamandla kuyilapho kuhlonishwa izingqinamba ezingokoqobo zebhethri-isimo semingcele yokushajwa, izilinganiso zokushajwa, kanye nokujula komjikelezo.

I-Battery Management Systems (BMS) isebenza ngekhonsathi ne-EMS. I-BMS iqapha i-voltage, yamanje, nezinga lokushisa lamaseli ebhethri ngalinye namamojula. Iphoqelela ukushaja okuyisivikelo kanye nokukhipha ukuvikela ukuvimbela ukugcwala ngokweqile, ukungasebenzi kahle, kanye nezindaba ezishisayo. I-BMS idlulisela isimo sebhethri ku-EMS, iqinisekisa ukuthi isu lokushefa eliphakeme alilokothi lifake engozini impilo yebhethri noma ukuphepha.

Izakhiwo ze-BMS-ezintathu zinikeza ukuvikeleka okuphelele. Amamojula okuqapha amaseli alandelela i-voltage nezinga lokushisa leqembu ngalinye lamaseli. Amayunithi okulawula izigqila ahlanganisa idatha esuka kumamojula amaningi okuqapha futhi alawule{3}}ukulinganisa kweleveli yeseli. Iyunithi yokulawula eyinhloko iqapha inani lamandla omthamo wephakethe kanye namanje, ilinganisela umthamo osele kanye nesimo sezempilo, kanye nokuxhumana ne-EMS kuyilapho ilawula ukudluliselwa kokuvikela.

Peak Shaving

Izinsiza zokukhiqiza ezinokukhiqiza okujikelezayo zimelela abantu abafanelekile ukushefa okuphezulu. Izinqubo ezidinga ukusebenza kanyekanye kwemishini eminingi ephezulu{{1}ephezulu{2}}yokunyathelisa izitembu, iziko lezezimboni, izinjini ezinkulu{3}}zakha ama-spikes adingekayo anciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwesisekelo. Isistimu yebhethri elinganiselwe ukumboza isidingo esikhulu esikhuphukayo kuyilapho ivumela imithwalo eyisisekelo ukuthi idonswe kugridi ithuthukisa kokubili izindleko zekhephithali nokonga.

Izikhungo zedatha zibhekana nezinselele ezahlukene. Imithwalo yekhompyutha iyahlukahluka ngokuya ngezidingo zokucubungula, okudala iziqongo ezingalindelekile. Izikhungo zedatha zesimanje ziya ngokuya zisebenzisa i-BESS hhayi nje ukuthola amandla okulondoloza kodwa nokushefa okuphakeme okuqhubekayo. Amabhethri abushelelezi adinga ukuhlukahluka ngenkathi enikeza amandla okulondoloza ikhophi yezimo eziphuthumayo.

Izindawo zokugcina ezibandayo zinezinzuzo eziyingqayizivele. Izinto zesiqandisi zimelela umthwalo oguquguqukayo-izindawo zingase{2}}zipholile phakathi{3}}namahora aphakeme kakhulu, bese zinciphisa ukusebenza kwe-compressor phakathi neziqongo ngaphandle kokufaka engcupheni izinga lokushisa lesitoreji. Kuhlanganiswe nesitoreji sebhethri ukuze kusingathwe imithwalo ephezulu engagwemeki, lezi zindawo zithola ukwehliswa kwezindleko ezidingekayo.

Izakhiwo zezentengiselwano ezinabaqashi abaxubile zihlangabezana namaphethini esidingo angalindelekile. Uma abaqashi abaningi ngesikhathi esisodwa bedonsa amandla aphezulu-izindawo zokudlela ngesikhathi sokulungiselela ukudla, izitolo ezidayisa i-HVAC, izindawo zamahhovisi zivuleka ekuseni{2}}isibalo sokukhuphuka kwesidingo sebhilidi. I-BESS ephakathi nendawo esebenzela yonke indawo isabalalisa izindleko ngenkathi ithuthukisa ukonga.

I-landscape elawulayo ibumba umnotho wokushefa kakhulu kakhulu. Izakhiwo zesilinganiso ziyahlukahluka kakhulu kuzo zonke izinsiza nasezifundeni. Ezinye izinsiza zisebenzisa isikhathi{2}}so{3}}sokukhokhiswa kwesidingo sokusetshenziswa, zisebenzisa izilinganiso ezihlukile ngokusekelwe lapho iziqongo zenzeka nini. Abanye basebenzisa izigatshana ze-ratchet, lapho inani eliphakeme lenyanga eyodwa libeka amazinga amancane okukhokha ezinyangeni ezilandelayo.

I-Massachusetts imise i-Clean Peak Standard edinga izinsiza ukuthi zihlangabezane nemithwalo ephakeme kakhulu ngamaphesenti athile wamandla ahlanzekile, okuhlanganisa amandla agciniwe. Lokhu kudala ukusakazwa kwenani okwengeziwe kwamasistimu ebhethri angaphezu kokugwema ukushajwa kwesidingo esiyisisekelo.

Izinqubomgomo ze-Net metering zithinta amasu okushefa okuphezulu ezikhungweni ezikhiqiza amandla elanga. Njengoba izinsiza zishintsha izikhathi eziphezulu ziye emahoreni akusihlwa (lapho ukukhiqizwa kwamandla elanga kwehla), amabhethri aba abalulekile ukuze athwebule futhi akhiphe amandla elanga phakathi kwamawindi aphakeme kakhulu.

Izikhungo zikahulumeni zibhekana nezidingo ezithile. Umyalelo kaJulayi 2000 ovela kuNobhala Wamandla ugunyaza ukulayisha{2}}izinhlelo zokunciphisa ezivumela izikhungo zikahulumeni ukwehlisa okwesikhashana isidingo sikagesi uma izinsiza zicela. Lokhu kuqinisa ukubaluleka kwekhono lokushefa kakhulu emisebenzini kahulumeni.

Izikweletu zentela yotshalomali kanye nokwehla kwenani okusheshisiwe kunciphisa izindleko zangaphambili zamasistimu okugcina ibhethri. Izinhlelo zezwe-zokukhuthaza ziyahlukahluka, kodwa ezinye izimakethe zinikeza izaphulelo ezifaka u-20-40% wezindleko zesistimu. Lezi zisusa ngokuvamile zithuthukisa izikhathi zokukhokha kusukela eminyakeni engu-5-7 ukuya eminyakeni emi-3-5.

Ukucekelwa phansi kwebhethri kusewukukhathazeka okuyinhloko kwezicelo zokushefa okuphezulu kakhulu. Ukubalwa komjikelezo ophezulu okuhambisana nokuhamba njalo kwamabhayisikili nsuku zonke kusheshisa ukufiphala kwamandla. Ukukhetha nokuphatha kahle ibhethri kunciphisa le miphumela.

Ukujula kokukhipha kuthinta kakhulu impilo yomjikelezo. Ukusebenza phakathi kuka-20-80% wesimo sokushaja kunobubanzi obugcwele obungu-0-100% kungaphinda kabili noma kathathu imijikelezo esebenzisekayo. Izilawuli zesimanje zisebenzisa le mingcele ngokuzenzakalelayo, zidela amandla athile okwandisa ubude besistimu.

Ukuphathwa kwezinga lokushisa kubonakala kubucayi. Kukho konke ukukhuphuka okungu-10℃ngaphezu kwezinga lokushisa elilungile lokusebenza, ukonakaliswa kwebhethri ye-lithium{2}}ion cishe kuphinda kabili. Amasistimu okuphatha okushisayo{4}}noma ngabe ukupholisa komoya, ukupholisa uketshezi, noma ukucwiliswa emanzini{5}}agcina amazinga okushisa ebhethri esezindaweni eziphephile ngisho nangenkathi yokushajwa okusheshayo{6}}komjikelezo wokukhipha.

Ukunemba kokubikezela kunquma ukusebenza kahle kokushefa. Isidingo esiphezulu sokuphakama kwesilinganiselo simosha umthamo webhethri ongasebenzela ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza. Ukulinganisa kancane kuvumela iziqongo ukuthi zeqe okuhlosiwe, kunqabe ukonga. Ama-algorithms okufunda komshini athuthukisa ukunemba ngokuhlonza amaphethini kumaphrofayela omthwalo wesikhungo kanye nokuhlobana kwesimo sezulu.

Ukungaqini kwegridi ngezikhathi eziphakeme kakhulu kungadala ukushintshashintsha kwamandla kagesi okuthinta amasistimu wokushaja amabhethri. Imishini yokubeka amandla kagesi igcina i-voltage ezinzile kanye nemvamisa kumabhethri ngenkathi isekela ikhwalithi yamandla ekulayishweni kwendawo.

Ukushefa okuphezulu kuyindlela ethile ngaphakathi kwesigaba esibanzi sokulawulwa komthwalo ophezulu. Ukushefa okuphezulu kugxile ekwehliseni ukusetshenziswa ngesikhathi seziqongo, kuyilapho ukuphathwa komthwalo ophakeme kuhlanganisa wonke amasu okuphatha isidingo{1}}okuhlanganisa nokushintshwa komthwalo, izinhlelo zokuphendula isidingo, nokuthuthukiswa kokusebenza kahle.

Yebo, nakuba ezomnotho zihluka ezimweni zezentengiselwano. Izindleko zokufunwa kwendawo yokuhlala zihlala zingajwayelekile ezimakethe eziningi zase-US, kodwa ezinye izinsiza manje sezizisebenzisa{3}}ikakhulukazi kumakhasimende elanga. Isikhathi-so-sokusebenzisa amanani enza ukushefa okuphezulu kusebenze ezindlini ngokuxabanisa phakathi kwamahora ashibhile nabizayo kunokugwema izindleko ezifunwa kakhulu. Amasistimu ebhethri okuhlala ngokuvamile asukela ku-10-20 kWh umthamo.

Isikhathi sokuphendula sincike esikhaleni sokulinganisa sensiza, ngokuvamile imizuzu eyi-15. Ibhethri kufanele liqhume phakathi nemizuzwana yokuthola ukwephulwa kwe-threshold okuzayo, kodwa linesikhathi esigcwele semizuzu engu-15-sokwenza ukufundwa kwamandla okumaphakathi kube bushelelezi. Leli windi elide uma kuqhathaniswa lenza isitoreji sebhethri sifaneleke kahle uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye ezifana nokucisha okokusebenza.

Cha. Isitoreji sebhethri senza ukushefa okuphezulu ngokushaja kugesi wegridi ngesikhathi esiphansi-sesidingo,{2}}sezikhathi zentengo ephansi kanye nokukhipha amanzi phakathi nezinga eliphakeme. Amaphaneli elanga athuthukisa isistimu ngokunikeza amandla amahhala wokushaja, kodwa awadingeki. Izinsiza eziningi zisebenzisa{5}}amasistimu okushefa okuphezulu kuphela ngempumelelo, nakuba i-solar-i-plus{7}}isitoreji kuthuthukisa kokubili ukusetshenziswa kwemali kanye nokonga.

Peak Shaving

Ukusebenzisa ngempumelelo ukushefa okuphezulu kuqala ngokuhlaziya iphrofayili yomthwalo wendawo yakho. Ubuncane bezinyanga eziyi-12 zezikweletu zezinsiza ezibonisa ukusetshenziswa, izindleko zokufunwa, namaphethini esidingo kuzo zonke izinkathi zonyaka zinikeza isisekelo. Idatha yesikhawu eveza amaphethini okusetshenziswa amaminithi angu-15-atholakala ezinsizakalweni eziningi zamakhasimende ezentengiso-inika amandla usayizi wesistimu onembile.

Izici zomthwalo omkhulu zinquma isisombululo esifanele. Izinsiza ezineziqongo ezicijile, ezifushane zithanda isitoreji sebhethri. Imisebenzi enesidingo esiphezulu esingagudluzwa ekuhlelweni komthwalo. Izikhungo eziningi ziyazuza ngokuhlanganisa izindlela.

Ukuhlaziywa kwesakhiwo sesilinganiso kukhomba amathuba okonga. Qhathanisa izinkokhiso ezidingekayo kumashejuli wesilinganiso esihlukile esinikezwa yinsiza yakho. Amanye amakhasimende anciphisa izindleko ngokushintshela kumanani ahlukene ngaphambi kokungeza isitoreji. Bhala noma yikuphi ukuhluka kwesizini, isikhathi{{3}so{4}}sokusebenzisa izikhathi, kanye nezigaba ze-ratchet ezithinta izindleko.

Izidingo zengqalasizinda ebonakalayo zifaka isikhala samakhabethe amabhethri, okokusebenza kokuguqula amandla, nanoma yimaphi amabanga adingekayo okuhlukanisa. Isistimu engu-500 kWh ngokuvamile idinga amamitha-skwele ayi-150-200. Ukugunyazwa kokuxhumanisa igridi kungase kuthathe izinyanga ezingu-3-6 kwezinye izindawo.

Ukunakekela kuhlala kukuncane ezinhlelweni ze-lithium iron phosphate uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye. Akukho ukuchelela, akukho ukuhlolwa kokukhishwa, akukho ukuphathwa kukaphethiloli. Ukuhlolwa kwaminyaka yonke kuqinisekisa ukusebenza okufanele. Amasistimu okuphatha ibhethri ahlinzeka ngokuqapha okuqhubekayo ngezexwayiso zanoma yiziphi izinkinga.

Ukukhula okulindelwe kwemakethe yokushefa okuphakeme emhlabeni wonke kusuka ku-$1,218 million ngo-2024 kuya ku-$2,215 million ngo-2031 kukhombisa ukwanda kokuqashelwa kwenani lalezi zinhlelo. Njengoba amanani kagesi eqhubeka nokukhula kanye nezinselele zokuthembeka kwegridi ziya ziba namandla, izinguquko eziphezulu zokushefa zisuka ekwenziweni kokuzithandela ukuya esidingweni sokusebenza samabhizinisi anamandla{7}}.