Yini Amandla Akhethekile?

Amandla athile alinganisa ukuthi mangakanani amandla akhiqizwa idivayisi ngeyunithi ngayinye yesisindo, abalwa ngokuhlukanisa amandla okukhipha amandla (ngama-watts) ngesamba sengqikithi (ngamakhilogremu). Onjiniyela basebenzisa le metric ukuze baqhathanise ukusebenza emithonjeni yamandla ehlukene, ikakhulukazi uma isisindo sibalulekile ekusebenzeni kahle kwesistimu iyonke.

Ifomula iqondile: Amandla Aqondile (W/kg)=Okukhipha Amandla (W) ÷ Isisindo (kg). Idivayisi ekhiqiza ama-watts angu-500 kuyilapho inesisindo esingamakhilogremu angu-2 inamandla athile angu-250 W/kg. Le nombolo eyodwa yembula okwengeziwe{6}}ngokusebenza komhlaba kwangempela kunokukhishwa kwamandla kuphela.

Amabhethri amabili angase alethe ama-watts angu-1000, kodwa ukusebenza kwawo kwehluka ngokuphawulekayo ngokusekelwe esisindweni. Ibhethri elilula linikeza amandla athile angcono, avumela izinhlelo zokusebenza lapho izithiyo ezinkulu zinquma ukukhetha kwedizayini.

Onjiniyela bezindiza babeka phambili amandla athile ngoba ikhilogremu ngayinye ithinta ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli namandla okulayisha. Isistimu yebhethri enamandla aqondile angu-300 W/kg ivumela indiza esebenza ngogesi ukuthi ithwale abagibeli abaningi noma inwebe ibanga lendiza ngokuqhathaniswa nenye engu-150 W/kg enesisindo esiphelele esifanayo.

Izimoto zikagesi zibhekene-nokuhweba okufanayo. Amandla athile aphezulu ahumushela ukusheshisa ngokushesha ngaphandle kokwengeza isisindo semoto. Amabhethri e-lithium athuthukisiwe{3}}esimanje abonisa amandla athile angaphezu kuka-3500 W/kg ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile zokukhipha, avumela ukusebenza okungqubuzana nezinjini ezivuthayo.

Imethrikhi iba bucayi uma iqhathaniswa nobuchwepheshe obuhluke kakhulu. Ama-turbines azuza izilinganiso zamandla akhethekile ngoba asebenza ngesivinini esiphezulu kakhulu. Izinjini eziyinhloko ze-Space Shuttle zasebenzisa ama-turbopump anesisindo esicishe sibe ngu-320 kg akhiqize cishe u-70,000 hp ukuze abe namandla{{5}kuya{6}}isilinganiso sesisindo esingu-164 kW/kg.

Specific Power

Ubuchwepheshe bebhethri bubonisa ukuthi amandla athile athonya kanjani izinhlelo zokusebenza ezingokoqobo. Ukuze siqonde ukuthi kungani le metric ibalulekile ekugcinweni kwamandla, sidinga kuqala ukucacisaliyini ibhethri ye-lithium ion: umthombo wamandla ophinde ushajwe ogcina amandla ngokuhlangana okubuyiselekayo kwe-lithium ion kuzinto eziqinile eziqhutshwa ngogesi, okubonakala ngamandla athile aphezulu, ukuminyana kwamandla, nokonga kwamandla uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo zebhethri ezingashajwa kabusha.

Amandla athile anquma ukuthi amabhethri angaletha ngokushesha kangakanani amandla agciniwe. Ibhethri ye-lithium{1}}yeyoni enesisindo esingu-1 kg namandla athile angu-300 W/kg ingagcina ama-watts angu-300 okukhiphayo. Izinhlelo zokusebenza ezidinga ukuqhuma kwamandla okusheshayo zidinga amabhethri anezilinganiso zamandla eziqondile eziphakeme, ngisho noma lokho kusho ukwamukela isamba esiphansi sesitoreji samandla.

Amakhemikhali e-lithium{0}}ehlukene ahlinzeka ngezici zamandla ezihlukile. Amabhethri e-lithium iron phosphate (LFP) abeka phambili ukuphepha nokuphila isikhathi eside ngaphezu kwamandla athile aphezulu. Izinhlobonhlobo ze-nickel manganese cobalt (NMC) zibhalansisa ukuminyana kwamandla nokulethwa kwamandla. Intuthuko yakamuva kumasistimu e-silicon anode ifinyelela amazinga okukhishwa angu-10C kuyilapho igcina amandla okuminyana angu-400 Wh/kg, iletha ukusebenza okucishe kube ngu-200% okuphezulu kunamaseli e-graphite endabuko.

Izinga lokushisa lithinta kakhulu amandla athile. Izinga lokushisa lebhethri lithinta umthamo wokulethwa kwamandla, namazinga okushisa aphansi ehlisa amandla atholakalayo, futhi isamba samandla alethwa kusukela kumjikelezo wokushajwa owodwa siyahlukahluka ngokusekelwe kukho kokubili izinga lokushisa nesidingo samandla. Ukusebenza kwesimo sezulu esibandayo kudinga amasistimu okuphatha ibhethri angandulela{2}}amaseli afudumele ukuze agcine amazinga wamandla athile aqondiwe.

Lawa mamethrikhi amabili akala izici zebhethri ezihluke kakhulu. Amandla athile (Wh/kg) abonisa isamba somthamo wokugcina amandla ngeyunithi yesisindo ngasinye, kuyilapho amandla athile (W/kg) ebonisa izinga lokulethwa kwamandla okusheshayo ngeyunithi ngayinye yesisindo.

Cabanga ngamandla athile njengosayizi wethangi lamanzi namandla athile njengobubanzi bepayipi lokuphuma. Ibhethri lingagcina kuphela ukushajwa okwanele ukuze linike isibani amandla umzuzu owodwa ngenkathi iletha ama-ampere angu-100 uma kudingeka, noma ligcine amandla anele ukuze linike amandla isibani esifanayo ihora kuyilapho iletha i-ampere engu-1 kuphela.

Ubuchwepheshe bamanje be-lithium-ion yezimoto zikagesi bufinyelele amanani okuminyana kwamandla acishe abe ngu-250 Wh/kg kanye nokuminyana kwamandla okungaba ngu-400 W/L. Lezi zinombolo zimelela izici ezihlukile zokusebenza ezingavamile ukuthuthukiswa ngesikhathi esisodwa. Abaklami bebhethri bazulazula-ezinhlelweni zokuhweba phakathi kwalokhu kokubili ngokusekelwe ezimfuneko zohlelo lokusebenza.

Izinhlelo zokusebenza zomjaho zithanda amandla aphezulu athile okusheshisa ngokushesha. Ezokuthutha-zebanga elide zibeka phambili amandla athile ekusebenzeni okunwetshiwe. Amabhethri e-lithium polymer angaletha amandla amakhulu ngokwehla kwamandla kagesi amancane, kuyilapho amabhethri e-lithium{3}}ion ejwayelekile esebenza kancane kancane kodwa agcine ukushajwa okuthe xaxa ngosayizi ofanayo.

Ubudlelwano phakathi kwezinga lokukhipha kanye nawo womabili amamethrikhi kudala ubunzima obengeziwe. Amazinga aphezulu okukhipha (ukulethwa kwamandla okusheshayo) ngokuvamile anciphisa amandla athile asebenzayo ngoba ukumelana kwangaphakathi kubangela ukwehla kwamandla kagesi. Ukuminyana kwamandla okuphindaphindeka ngo-C{2}}isilinganiso kuveza ukuminyana kwamandla, ngamanani aphansi C-akhiqiza ukuminyana kwamandla aphezulu kodwa ukuminyana kwamandla aphansi.

Onjiniyela babala amandla athile ngendlela ehlukile kuye ngohlelo oluhlaziywayo. Ezinjinini, isibalo sisebenzisa amandla aphezulu okukhipha amandla ahlukaniswe ngesisindo senjini. Ezimotweni eziphelele, isisindo semoto esiphelele sithatha indawo yesisindo senjini ku-denominator.

Injini kadizili eyi-V8 ene-turbocharged ekhiqiza u-250 kW kuyilapho isisindo esingu-380 kg ibonisa: 250,000 W ÷ 380 kg=658 W/kg amandla athile.

Amasistimu ebhethri adinga ukucatshangelwa ngokucophelela ukuthi ingakanani isisindo okufanele ifakwe. Izibalo zeseli-kuphela ezihlinzeka ngobuningi bethiyori. Izibalo zesistimu-ezihlanganisa ugesi wokuphathwa kwebhethri, amasistimu wokupholisa, nezindlu ezivikelayo zikhiqiza amanani aphansi kodwa angokoqobo.

Isilinganiso esiphezulu ngokumelene namandla athile asimeme nakho kubalulekile. Amabhethri athuthukisiwe athola amandla amakhulu angaphezu kuka-4400 W/kg ekujuleni okuphansi-kokuthi{3}}ukukhipha, namandla aqhubekayo angu-3000 W/kg ekujuleni okungu-30%-kokukhulula{7}}. Abakhiqizi bavame ukucaphuna amanani aphezulu, kodwa ukusebenza okuqhubekayo kunquma{9}}ukusebenziseka kwangempela komhlaba.

Abagibeli bamabhayisikili abangochwepheshe basebenzisa amamethrikhi wamandla athile ukukala ukusebenza. Umshayeli webhayisikili okhiqiza ama-watts angu-400 kuyilapho enesisindo esingu-80 kg ukhiqiza ama-5 W/kg. Abagibeli bamabhayisikili aba-Elite bangakwazi ukuthwala u-6-7 W/kg ukuze bakhuphuke isikhathi eside.

Imikhakha ehlukene isungula izilinganiso zamandla ezithize ezisuselwe ezidingweni zokusebenza. Indiza kagesi idinga amandla akhethekile-o{2}}okulinganisa isisindo ngoba indiza ilwa namandla adonsela phansi. NgoDisemba 2024, ososayensi baseShayina babonise ibhethri ye-lithium engu-400 Wh/kg ku-400 Wh/kg ukuminyana kwebhethri eyinhlanganisela ye-drone ephiko, efinyelela{7}}izikhathi zendiza zamahora amathathu kuwo wonke amazinga okushisa ukusuka ku--40℃ukuya ku-60℃.

Izimoto zikagesi zibeka phambili ukusebenza okulinganiselayo. Izimoto ezigibela abagibeli zidinga amandla athile anele okuhlanganisa umgwaqo onguthelawayeka nokuqwala amagquma ngaphandle komthamo webhethri oweqile wokunciphisa ukusebenza kahle. Amabhethri e-Lithium-ion ezimotweni zikagesi anikeza amandla aphezulu-kuya{4}}isilinganiso sesisindo, ukusebenza kahle kwamandla aphezulu, ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu{5}}kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu, nokuphila okunwetshiwe.

Izinto zikagesi eziphathwayo zibekezelela amandla athile aphansi ngoba izithiyo ezinkulu zincane kunezokuthutha. Ibhethri ye-smartphone ingase ilethe u-150-200 W/kg, eyanele izidingo zedivayisi ngaphandle kokuthuthukisa ukuminyana kwamandla okukhulu kakhulu.

Amathuluzi amandla amelela indawo ephakathi. Ama-drill angenantambo adinga amandla akhethekile aphezulu okubhola ngezinto eziminyene kodwa asebenza ngezikhathi ezithile, okuvumela ukutholwa kwebhethri phakathi{1}}nokuqhuma kwamandla aphezulu. Lezi zinhlelo zokusebenza zivame ukusebenzisa amakhemikhali ebhethri alungiselelwe amandla phezu kokugcinwa kwamandla.

Igridi-yesikali sokulondoloza amandla sisebenza ngokuphambene nezimo zokusebenzisa izinto zokuhamba. Amasistimu ebhethri ye-lithium-enyakazayo asebenzisa i-NMC ne-LFP chemistries agxila ezindlekweni nge-kilowatt-ngehora ngalinye eligcinwe kunamandla athile, njengoba isisindo sokufakwa sinomthelela omncane ekusebenzeni.

Specific Power

Ukuthuthukisa amandla athile ngaphandle kokufaka engcupheni ezinye izici zebhethri kuseyinselelo emaphakathi ku-electrochemistry. Amabhethri e-lithium iron phosphate ajwayelekile njengamanje aletha ukuminyana kwamandla angaphansi kuka-200 Wh/kg, kuyilapho amabhethri e-lithium{2}}ion e-ternary asukela ku-200 ukuya ku-300 Wh/kg.

Abacwaningi baphishekela izindlela eziningi zokuthuthukisa amandla athile. Ama-Silicon anode angahlanganisa ama-ion e-lithium amaningi kune-graphite evamile, okungenzeka akhulise kokubili amandla namandla. Kodwa-ke, i-silicon iyakhula ngesikhathi sokushaja, idale ingcindezi yemishini eyehlisa impilo yomjikelezo.

Amabhethri e-lithium okuhlola athole ukuminyana kwamandla adonsela phansi angu-711.3 Wh/kg kanye nokuminyana kwamandla evolumu angu-1653.65 Wh/L kusetshenziswa i-lithium{2}}i-manganese ecebile{3}asekelwe ama-cathodes kanye ne-lithium metal anode ezacile. Lezi zimpumelelo zaselabhorethri zibonisa imikhawulo yethiyori, nakuba ukusebenza kwezentengiselwano kudinga ukubhekana nokuphepha kanye nokwanda kokukhiqiza.

Ukumelana kwangaphakathi kubeka umkhawulo wamandla athile. Ukusabela kwamakhemikhali ezindaweni zama-electrode kuqhubeka ngamanani alinganiselwe, futhi ukuqhutshwa kwe-electrolyte kucindezela ukunyakaza kwe-ion. Ukunciphisa lokhu kumelana nezinto ezithuthukisiwe kanye nezakhiwo zamaseli ezithuthukisiwe kuthuthukisa ukulethwa kwamandla ngaphandle kokwengeza ubukhulu.

Amasistimu okuphatha okushisayo engeza isisindo esinciphisa{0}}amandla athile esistimu. Amabhethri akhiqiza amandla amakhulu adala ukushisa okufanele kususwe ukuze kuvinjelwe umonakalo. Isisindo sesistimu yokupholisa simelela phezulu okungabambi iqhaza ngokuqondile ekuphumeni kwamandla.

Izibaseli zithatha indawo ethokozisayo endaweni ethile yamandla. Amaseli esibaseli namaseli agelezayo awaqukethe indawo yokugcina amandla noma uphethiloli, okuvumela ukukhiqizwa kwamandla okuqhubekayo inqobo nje uma uphethiloli nokugeleza kwe-oxidant kuqhubeka. Izibalo zabo ezithile zamandla zihlanganisa kuphela ukuguqulwa kwe-hardware mass, hhayi isisindo sikaphethiloli.

Izinjini ezivuthayo zithola amandla athile ahloniphekile naphezu kobunzima bemishini. Izinjini zesimanje zikaphethiloli zifinyelela ku-1-2 kW/kg, nezinjini zomjaho ezikhuphukayo. Kodwa-ke, uhlelo oluphelele lokuqhubela phambili okuhlanganisa ithangi likaphethiloli, i-exhaust, kanye nokupholisa kunciphisa amandla athile akhethekile ngokuphawulekayo.

Ama-Ultracapacitor ahamba phambili ngamandla athile kodwa asala emandleni athile. Amandla-kuya{2}}isilinganiso sesisindo sama-capacitor ngokuvamile sidlula amabhethri ngenxa yokuthi ukuthutha kweshaji ngaphakathi kwamaseli kusebenzisa ama-electron amancane kunama-ion, nakuba isilinganiso samandla{3}}kuya{4}}siya{4}}sesisindo siphansi ngokuphambene. Izinhlelo zokusebenza ezidinga ukuqhuma kwamandla kafushane, okukhulu zihlanganisa ama-ultracapacitor namabhethri.

Ukuqhathanisa kuba nenjongo kuphela ngaphakathi kwezicelo ezifanayo. Amandla athile enjini yejethi awabalulekile ekwakhiweni kwemoto kagesi. Onjiniyela bakhetha ubuchwepheshe obususelwe kokuthi amandla aphezulu, amandla aqhubekayo, amandla aphelele, noma ezinye izidingo zesistimu yokushayela okuhlanganisiwe.

Isidingo sebhethri ye-lithium-yomhlaba wonke sidlule ihora le-terawatt-eli-1 ngonyaka ngasekupheleni kuka-2024, namandla okukhiqiza adlula inani eliphindwe kabili. Lesi sikali sokukhiqiza sivumela ukutshalwa kwezimali okuqhubekayo kumakhemistri webhethri athuthukile acindezela imingcele ethile yamandla.

Amabhethri esimo esiqinile-amelela isiqondiso esisodwa esithembisayo. Ukushintsha i-electrolyte ewuketshezi ngamakhondaktha aqinile kunganika amandla ama-voltage aphezulu okusebenza kanye ne-lithium metal anode. Abacwaningi e-Germany bakha amabhethri e-lithium-sulphur solid{4}}esifundazwe aqondise ukuminyana kwamandla afika ku-600 Wh/kg anezici zokuphepha ezithuthukisiwe, nakuba amamethrikhi wamandla athile alindele ukubonakala okugcwele.

Amabhethri{0}}esodium ion anikezela ngenye indlela. Nakuba amandla athile namandla kusalela ngemuva kwe-lithium-i-ion, ukuchichima kwe-sodium kunganika amandla-ukusetshenziswa kwesikali esikhulu ezinhlelweni zokusebenza lapho isisindo sibaluleke ngaphansi kunezindleko.

Intuthuko yesayensi yezinto ezibonakalayo ekuthuthukisweni kwe-cathode iyaqhubeka. I-nickel-i-lithium metal oxide ecebile ihlinzeka ngamandla athile aphezulu kodwa ibhekana nezinselele zokuzinza, okugqugquzela ucwaningo ukuze kuncishiswe okuqukethwe kwe-cobalt kuyilapho kwandiswa okuqukethwe kwe-nickel. Ukulungiswa ngakunye kwekhemikhali kuthinta ibhalansi ethambile phakathi kwamandla, amandla, ukuphepha, nesikhathi sokuphila.

Isofthiwe yokuphatha ibhethri iya ngokuya inxephezela ukulinganiselwa kwezingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha. Ama-algorithm aqagelayo angandulela{{1}abeka ama-ion e-lithium ngaphakathi kwamaseli ngaphambi kokufunwa kwamandla aphezulu, akhuphule ngempumelelo amandla athile atholakalayo phakathi nezikhathi ezibucayi ngaphandle kokushintsha ikhemistri eyisisekelo.

Specific Power

Amandla athile alinganisa amandla ngeyunithi yobunzima (W/kg), kuyilapho ukuminyana kwamandla kukala amandla ngevolumu yeyunithi ngayinye (W/L noma W/m³). Amandla athile abalulekile lapho isisindo sibusa umklamo, njengendiza. Ukuminyana kwamandla kubalulekile lapho izithiyo zevolumu zibusa, njengama-electronics aphathwayo adinga izici zefomu elihlangene.

Izinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlukene zibeka phambili amamethrikhi ahlukene. Amandla athile anquma ukuthi ibhethri lisebenza isikhathi esingakanani ngaphambi kokushajwa kabusha. Amandla athile anquma ukuthi angaletha ngokushesha kangakanani lawo mandla agciniwe. Imoto kagesi idinga kokubili: amandla athile anele ebangeni elamukelekayo namandla athile anele okusheshisa umgwaqo onguthelawayeka.

Amazinga okukhipha aphezulu anciphisa amandla athile asebenzayo ngoba ukumelana kwangaphakathi kubangela ukwehla kwamandla kagesi endaweni yamanje ephakeme. Ibhethri elilinganiselwe ngo-300 W/kg ekukhishweni okungu-1C lingase ligcine kuphela u-250 W/kg ekukhishweni okungu-3C. Izinga lokushisa, ubudala, kanye nesimo sokukhokhiswa kuphinde kube nomthelela kulobu budlelwano.

Yebo, ngezindlela eziningi. Ukunciphisa ukumelana kwangaphakathi kuthuthukisa ukulethwa kwamandla ngaphandle koshintsho olukhulu. Izinto ezithuthukisiwe ze-electrode zisiza ukunyakaza kwe-ion ngokushesha. Isakhiwo seseli esithuthukisiwe sinciphisa izingxenye ezingasebenzi. Nokho, indlela ngayinye ihilela ukuhwebelana{4}}nobunjiniyela ngamandla wamandla, ukuphepha, noma izindleko.

Amandla athile alinganisa ubudlelwano obuyisisekelo phakathi kokuphuma kwamandla nesisindo sohlelo. Ukuqonda le methrikhi kusiza onjiniyela nabathengi ukuthi bahlole ukuthi umthombo wamandla uyazifanela yini izinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlosiwe. Amabhethri azoqhubeka ecindezela imingcele ethile yamandla njengoba ukufakwa kukagesi wezokuthutha kufuna njalo-ukukhanya, amasistimu okugcina amandla anekhono. Imethrikhi isebenza njengelensi eyodwa esingalandelela ngayo inqubekelaphambili eya endaweni yokugcina amandla eqhudelana noma eyeqa ezinye izindlela ezivamile.