Kuyini Ukuzinza Kwe-Thermal?

Ukuzinza kwe-thermal kuchaza ikhono lempahla lokugcina ukwakheka kwayo kwamakhemikhali kanye nezakhiwo ezibonakalayo lapho kuvezwe amazinga okushisa aphakeme. Lokhu kumelana nokushisa{1}}okubangelwa ukuwohloka kunquma ukuthi izinto zingasebenza ngokuthembekile-ezindaweni zezinga lokushisa eliphezulu ngaphandle kokubola, ukulahlekelwa amandla, noma ukuhlangana kwamakhemikhali okungafuneki.

Kungani I-Thermal Stability Ibalulekile

Imiphumela yokunganzinzi kahle kwe-thermal idlulela ngalé kokwehluleka kwezinto ezilula. Uma izinto ziphuka ngaphansi kokushisa, imiphumela ingasukela ekuncishisweni kwesikhathi sokuphila komkhiqizo kuya ezehlakalweni zokuphepha eziyingozi.

Ezinhlelweni zokugcina amandla, ukungazinzi kokushisa kubangela izingozi ezinkulu kakhulu.Ibhethri lithiumizingxenye ezingenakho ukuqina okwanele kwe-thermal zingadala ukuphuphuma kokushisa{0}}ukusabela kweketango lapho ukukhiqizwa kokushisa kushesha ngokungalawuleki, okungase kuholele emililo noma ukuqhuma. Ucwaningo lwango-2024 lubonisa ukuthi ukubaleka okushisayo kumabhethri e-lithium{3}}i-ion kuqala emazingeni okushisa aphansi afika kuma-degree angu-80 lapho izinto ze-electrode ziqala ukuzwa ukusabela kwe-exothermic.

Izinqubo zokukhiqiza nazo zincike kakhulu ekuzinzeni kokushisa. Ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okwenziwa emazingeni okushisa aphakeme kudinga ama-reagents nemikhiqizo engeke ibole kungazelelwe. Into ebonakala izinzile ezingeni lokushisa legumbi ingase yehle ngokushesha ku-150 degree, ibeke engcupheni amaqoqo okukhiqiza futhi idale izimo eziyingozi.

Ukuphila isikhathi eside komkhiqizo kuxhuma ngqo ekuphikisweni okushisayo. Imishini ye-elekthronikhi ikhiqiza ukushisa okusebenzayo okwehlisa kancane kancane izingxenye ezinokuzinza okushisayo. Izingxenye ze-Aerospace zibhekana nezinga lokushisa lisuka ku--55 degrees liye ngaphezu kuka-150℃phakathi nomjikelezo wendiza eyodwa. Izinto ezingakwazi ukumelana nalezi zimo ziholela ekuhlulekeni ngaphambi kwesikhathi nokushintshwa okubizayo.

Izinto Ezinquma Ukuzinza Kwe-Thermal

Ukuqonda ukuthi yini eyenza into eyodwa izinze ngendlela eshisayo kuyilapho enye yonakalisa kudinga ukuhlola izici eziningana ezixhumene.

Ukwakheka Kwekhemikhali namandla Ebhondi

Ama-athomu namabhondi ngaphakathi kwento akha isisekelo sokuziphatha kwayo okushisayo. Izinhlanganisela ze-inorganic ezifana ne-ceramics ngokuvamile zibonisa ukuzinza okushisayo okuphakeme uma kuqhathaniswa nezinhlanganisela eziphilayo. Umehluko usemandleni ebhondi-amabhondi aqinile aqinile ezintweni zobumba ezifana ne-silicon carbide ingamelana nezinga lokushisa elingaphezu kuka-1,000℃, kuyilapho amapholymer amaningi e-organic eqala ukubola ku-200-300 degree.

Ubunkimbinkimbi be-molecular budlala indima futhi. Ama-molecule amancane anezakhiwo ezilula avame ukuba nokuzinza okuphansi kokushisa ngenxa yokuthi asengozini enkulu yokuphuka kwebhondi lapho ukushisa kunikeza amandla anele okunqoba amandla amangqamuzana. Ama-molecule amakhulu, ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu anokusebenzelana okuzinzisa okuningi ngokuvamile amelana nokuwohloka kokushisa ngokuphumelelayo.

I-Crystalline vs. Isakhiwo se-Amorphous

Ukuhlelwa ngokomzimba kwama-athomu kuthinta kakhulu ukuzinza kokushisa. Izinto ze-crystalline, nesakhiwo sazo se-athomu esihlelekile esivamile, ngokuvamile zidlula izinto ezi-amorphous ngokusetshenziswa{1}}kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu. Lokhu kuvamile kwesakhiwo kunikeza ubuqotho obukhulu{3}}iphethini ehleliwe imelana nokuphazamiseka okuvela kumandla okushisa ngokuphumelelayo kunohlelo olungahleliwe olutholakala ezintweni ze-amorphous.

Ucwaningo lwakamuva kuma-cellulose nanomaterials lubonise ukuthi inkomba yecrystallinity ihlobana ngokuqondile nokuzinza kwe-thermal. Izinto ezinokuqukethwe kwekristalu ephakeme zibonise amazinga okushisa okubola angama-30-50 degrees ngaphezu kozakwabo be-amorphous.

Ukungcola kanye Nezithasiselo

Ngisho nenani elincane lokungcola lingashintsha kakhulu ukuzinza kokushisa. Ukungcola kuvame ukusebenza njengama-catalyst, kusheshisa ukubola okungeke kwenzeke kalula ezintweni ezimsulwa. Ucwaningo lwango-2024 kuma-electrolyte ebhethri ye-lithium{3}}i-ion luthole ukuthi amazinga okungcoliswa kwamanzi aphansi njengezingxenye ezingu-50 ngesigidi angehlisa ukuqina kokushisa ngaphezu kwama-degree angu-40.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izithasiselo zamabomu zingathuthukisa ukuzinza kokushisa. Iziqinisi ezishisayo ezingezwe kuma-polymers zivimbela ukuwohloka kwe-oxidative ngesikhathi sokucubungula nokusebenzisa. Isibonelo, i-phosphorus ekhethekile-equkethe izinhlanganisela inganweba umkhawulo wokuzinza kokushisa koketshezi oluthile ukusuka ku-300℃kuya cishe ku-650 degree.

Izimo Zemvelo

Ukuzinza kokushisa akukalwa endaweni engenalutho-ezicini zemvelo kunethonya elikhulu endleleni izinto ezisebenza ngayo lapho kushisa. Ukuba khona komoyampilo kusheshisa ukuwohloka kokushisa ezintweni eziningi ngokusabela kwe-oxidative. Izinto ezihlala zizinzile kumadigri angu-200 endaweni ene-nitrogen engasebenzi zingase zibole ku-150℃lapho zivezwe emoyeni.

Umswakama kanye nomswakama wethula ezinye izinkinga. Umhwamuko ungadala ukubola noma ubambe iqhaza ngokuqondile ezinqubweni zokuwohloka kwamakhemikhali. Ukuhlola ukuzinza kwe-thermal kudinga ukucacisa izimo zomoya ukuze uthole imiphumela enengqondo, ephindaphindekayo.

Ukuthi Ukuzinza Okushisayo Kukalwa Kanjani

Ukulinganisa ukuqina kwe-thermal kudinga amasu okuhlaziya ayinkimbinkimbi alandelela ukuthi izinto zisabela kanjani ekushiseni okulawulwayo.

Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Thermogravimetric (TGA)

I-TGA iqapha izinguquko ezinkulu njengoba izinto zishisa. Ithuluzi likala ngokunembile ukwehla kwesisindo ngenkathi izinga lokushisa likhuphuka ngamanani alawulwayo, ngokuvamile angu-10-20 degrees ngomzuzu. Uma into iqala ukubola, izingxenye eziguquguqukayo ziyahwamuka noma zisabele, okubangela ukuncipha kwesisindo esilinganisekayo.

Izinga le-ASTM E2550 lichaza ukuzinza kwe-thermal "njengezinga lokushisa lapho okubalulekile kuqala ukubola noma ukusabela, kanye nezinga lokushintsha kwesisindo." Nge-acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), i-TGA iveza ukuzinza okushisayo kufika ku-102℃ngaphansi komkhathi we-nitrogen ngaphambi kokubola kuqale.

Imingcele yokuhlola ithinta kakhulu imiphumela. Ubuningi besampula, izinga lokushisa, ukwakheka kwe-atmosphere, nohlobo lwe-crucible kumele kuhlale kufana lapho kuqhathaniswa izinto ezisetshenziswayo. Isampula le-5-milligram elishisiswe nge-10℃/ min ku-aluminium oxide crucible likhiqiza idatha ehlukile kunesampula ye-20-milligram ku-20℃/ min ku-crucible yensimbi.

I-Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

I-DSC ikala ukugeleza kokushisa ukuya noma ukusuka kusampula ngesikhathi sokushintsha kwezinga lokushisa elilawulwayo. Le nqubo ithola ukuguquka kwesigaba, amaphuzu ancibilikayo, kanye nokusabela kokubola kwe-exothermic. Uma izinto zibola ngokushisayo, ngokuvamile ziyakhulula noma zimunce ukushisa{2}}I-DSC ilinganisa lezi zinguquko zamandla ngokuzwela okukhulu.

I-DSC ihamba phambili ekuhlonzeni izinga lokushisa lokuqala lokubola, okubalulekile ekusunguleni izimo zokusebenza eziphephile. Umsebenzi wakamuva wezinhlanganisela zemithi osetshenziswe i-DSC ukuthola ukuthi i-ciprofloxacin igcina ukuqina okushisayo kuze kube ngu-280 degree, kuyilapho ibuprofen iqala ukubola ku-152 degree.

I-Accelerating Rate Calorimetry (ARC)

I-ARC ihlinzeka ngedatha ngaphansi-kwezimo ze-adiabatic, lapho isampula lihlangabezana nokulahlekelwa ukushisa okuncane endaweni ezungezile. Lokhu kusetha kulingisa{2}}izimo ezimbi kakhulu zokuhlola ukubaleka kwe-thermal. Ithuluzi lishisisa amasampula ngamanani alawulwayo ngenkathi liqapha izinga lokushisa nokuthuthukiswa kwengcindezi ngaphakathi kwemikhumbi evaliwe.

I-ARC ibonakale ibalulekile kakhulu ekuhloleni izinto zebhethri. Ukuhlolwa kuma-electrolyte ebhethri ye-lithium-ion esebenzisa i-ARC kwembula ukuthi ama-electrolyte avamile e-LiPF₆ aqala ukubola cishe ngo-138.5℃ngaphansi kwengcindezi, nokubola okuphelele okwenzeka ku-271 degree. Lezi zilinganiso zisiza onjiniyela baklame amasistimu okuphatha okushisayo anamamajini okuphepha afanelekile.

Izicelo Kuzo zonke Izimboni

Izidingo zokuzinza kwe-thermal ziyahlukahluka kuye ngohlelo lokusebenza, kodwa ukubaluleka okuyisisekelo kuhlala kungashintshi.

Isitoreji Amandla namabhethri

Ubuchwepheshe bebhethri buphusha izidingo zokuzinza kwe-thermal emikhawulweni yazo. Amabhethri e-Lithium-ion asebenza kahle ngaphakathi kwamafasitela okushisa amancane, kodwa ukushaja, ukushajwa, nezimo zangaphandle kungashayela izingxenye ezingaphezu kwemikhawulo yazo yokuqina kwe-thermal.

Izinto ze-cathode kumabhethri acebile-ze-nickel ziletha izinselelo ezithile. Emazingeni okushisa aphakeme angaphezu kwama-degree angu-40 , ama-cathode akhokhiswayo awonakala okukhipha umoya-mpilo{3}}isinyathelo esibalulekile ekuqhubekeleni phambili kokubaleka kwe-thermal. Izakhiwo zokusanhlamvu zobunjiniyela kanye nokusebenzisa izigqoko zokuzivikela kuye kwathuthukisa ukuzinza kwe-cathode ezishisayo, nezinye izinto ezithuthukisiwe manje ezigcina ukuzinza kuze kufike ku-250℃uma kuqhathaniswa ne-130℃ye-lithium cobalt oxide cathodes yangaphambili.

Ama-electrolyte ebhethri adinga ukwakheka okucophelelayo ukuze kube nokuzinza okwanele kokushisa. I-LiPF₆-ama-electrolyte asekelwe avamile abola emazingeni okushisa aphansi uma kuqhathaniswa (60-85℃), okukhawulela ububanzi bokusebenza obuphephile. Ama-electrolyte akamuva anosawoti okabili ahlanganisa i-lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) ne-lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate (LiODFB) akhombisa ukuqina okushisayo okuthuthuke kakhulu, nokubola kwamazinga okushisa angaphezu kuka-360 kanye namandla okuvuselela angu-53.25 kJ/mol.

Imiklamo yebhethri yesimo esiqinile-imele intuthuko enkulu ekuphepheni okushisayo. Ucwaningo oluqhathanisa nokucushwa kwe-lithium okuyisikhombisa okuhlukile{2}}okusekelwe kwebhethri kutholwe ukuthi amasistimu aqinile-esimo asebenzisa i-oxide electrolyte njenge-LLZO (lithium lanthanum zirconium oxide) abonisa ukuzinza okuphakeme okushisayo uma kuqhathaniswa nemiklamo evamile enezihlukanisi ze-polypropylene. Izinto zobumba zimelana nokuncipha nokuncibilika okudala amasekhethi amafushane kumabhethri endabuko.

I-Aerospace kanye{0}}Nezinhlelo Zezinga Lokushisa Eziphezulu

Izingxenye ze-Aerospace zisebenza ezindaweni ezishisayo kakhulu. Ama-turbine blades endiza amelana nezinga lokushisa elingaphezu kuka-1,000℃kuyilapho egcina ubuqotho besakhiwo. Izinto ezisetshenziswayo zalezi zinhlelo zokusebenza-ikakhulukazi ama-superalloy aqukethe i-nickel, i-cobalt, nezinsimbi ze-refractory-zikhethelwa ngokukhethekile ukuqina kwazo kwe-thermal.

Ama-alloys e-aluminium ethula izinselele ezithakazelisayo zokuzinza kokushisa emkhathini. Nakuba i-aluminium inikeza amandla amahle kakhulu-ku{2}}izilinganiso zesisindo, imikhawulo yokuqina kwe-thermal ikhawulela ukusetshenziswa kwayo{3}}ezindaweni zokushisa eziphezulu. Ingxubevange ye-aluminium ye-AA2618 ithola ukusetshenziswa kuma-impeller e-turbocharger asebenza ku-150-180℃, kodwa ukwelula umkhawulo wokuzinza kwe-aluminium ube ngaphezu kwama-degree angu-400 kusalokhu kuwukugxila kocwaningo okuqhubekayo. Impumelelo izovumela i-aluminium ukuthi iqhudelane ne-titanium esindayo kanye nama-nickel alloys ezinhlelweni ezifunwa kakhulu.

Izihlangu zokushisa zokungena kabusha kwemikhumbi-mkhathi zibhekana nezidingo zokuzinza okushisayo okwedlulele kakhulu. Lezi zinto kumele zimelane namazinga okushisa asondela ku-1,650℃ngenkathi zivimbela ukudluliswa kokushisa esakhiweni semoto. Inhlanganisela yekhabhoni-nezinto ezivuthayo ezibola ngezindlela ezilawulwayo zihlangabezana nalezi zidingo, nakuba ukuthuthukiswa kwesizukulwane esilandelayo-izinhlelo zokuvikela ukushisa kuyaqhubeka nokuphusha imingcele yesayensi yezinto.

Ukukhiqiza Amakhemikhali Nokucubungula

Izinqubo zamakhemikhali ngokuvamile zihlanganisa amazinga okushisa aphakeme lapho ukuqina kokushisa kuba bucayi. Ukusabela okwenziwa ku-200-300℃kudinga ama-reagents azinzile, imikhiqizo, nezinto zokuphendula. Ukubola okungalindelekile kungase kubangele ukusabela, kubangele ukushisa okukhulu nokucindezela okuphazamisa ukuphepha.

Ukuhlola ukuzinza kwe-thermal sekuyinkambiso evamile ekukhiqizeni amakhemikhali. Ukuhlola okuhlukile kwe-calorimetry yokuskena kukhomba izingozi ezingaba khona kusenesikhathi ekuthuthukisweni kwenqubo. Ukubuyekezwa kwango-2024 kugcizelele ukuthi ukuqonda izindlela zokubola{3}}ukuthi ukulandela izindlela ze-autocatalytic noma kuqala{4}i-oda kinetics-kubalulekile ekuklameni izimo zokusebenza eziphephile kanye nokulinganisa ngokufanele amasistimu okusiza.

Ama-Catalysts nama-sorbents asetshenziswa emazingeni okushisa aphezulu kumele agcine ukusebenza kwawo ngaphandle kokuwohloka kwesakhiwo. I-Platinum-elayishiwe ama-zeolite alungiswe ngezinhlanganisela ze-organotin abonisa ukuzinza kwe-thermal ngaphezu kwama-degree angu-300 , okuvumela ukusetshenziswa kwawo{3}}ezinqubweni ze-catalytic eziphezulu.

Ama-Polymers namaPlastiki

Ukuzinza kwe-polymer kunquma izimo zokucubungula futhi kuqede-izinhlelo zokusebenza. Ama-polymer amaningi athola ukuwohloka kwe-oxidative lapho eshiswa ngesikhathi sokukhipha noma sokubumba. Abakhiqizi bangeza ama-thermal stabilizer{3}e-antioxidant kanye nezinzinzisi zokushisa{4}}ukuze bavimbele ukuguquguquka kweketango nokugcina izici zomshini.

I-Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE, ngokuvamile eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Teflon) ibonisa ukuzinza okumangalisayo kokushisa, okuhlala kuzinzile ngaphezu kwama-degree angu-400. Lokhu kusebenza okukhethekile kuvela ekushiseni kwayo kwe-polymerization (-47 kcal/mol) kanye ne-entropy of polymerization (-45 entropy units/imvukuzane), ethandeka kakhulu kune-polymers evamile njenge-polyethylene.

Izinhlelo zokusebenza zokupakisha ukudla zidinga ama-polymer agcina ukuqina kokushisa ngesikhathi sokuvala inzalo kanye nezinqubo ezishisayo-zokugcwalisa. I-Polypropylene, i-polyethylene terephthalate (PET), kanye{2}}ne-polyethylene enamandla kakhulu ngokuvamile isebenzisa lezi zinhlelo zokusebenza, {3}ezinama-stabilizer agunyaziwe e-FDA (ngokuvamile i-calcium{4}}esekelwe ku-zinc) eqinisekisa ukuphepha phakathi nokucubungula okushisayo.

Ukuthuthukisa Ukuzinza Kwe-Thermal

Ososayensi bezinto ezibonakalayo basebenzisa amasu amaningana okuthuthukisa ukuzinza kokushisa lapho izakhiwo zemvelo zintula izidingo.

Ukulungiswa Kobuso Nezingubo

Ukusebenzisa izendlalelo ezingaphezulu ezivikelayo kuvimbela ukusabela kokucekelwa phansi okuqala ezindaweni ezibonakalayo. Kuma-cathode ebhethri, ukumbozwa kwendawo ene-aluminium oxide noma ezinye izinto zobumba kucindezela ukukhululwa komoyampilo futhi kuvimbela ukuthintana okuqondile phakathi kwezinto ze-electrode kanye ne-electrolyte emazingeni okushisa aphakeme.

Ugqinsi lwe-coating lubalulekile-ukuba mncane kakhulu kunikeza ukuvikeleka okunganele, kuyilapho ukunamathela okweqile kwandisa ukumelana futhi kunciphisa ukusebenza kwe-electrochemical. Ama-coatings alungile ngokuvamile asukela ku-2-5 nanometers, okwanele ukuvimba ukusabela okungafuneki ngenkathi kugcinwa ezokuthutha ze-lithium-ion.

I-Doping kanye nobunjiniyela be-Compositional

Ukwethula izakhi ezithile ezakhiweni zekristalu kungathuthukisa kakhulu ukuzinza kokushisa. Izinto zebhethri ze-doping ezinezici ezifana ne-aluminium, i-magnesium, noma i-titanium zinzinza isakhiwo esinezingqimba, zivimbela ukuguquka kwesigaba okwenzeka phakathi nengcindezi yokushisa.

Ucwaningo lwezinto ze-nickel{0}}ezicebile ze-cathode lubonisa ukuthi izinhlayiya{1}}zekristalu eyodwa zibonisa ukuzinza okungcono kwe-thermal kunezinye ze-polycrystalline ezinokwakheka kwamakhemikhali afanayo. Imingcele yokusanhlamvu ezintweni ze-polycrystalline inikeza amasayithi lapho ukukhululwa kwe-oksijini kuqala khona, okwenza kube sengozini enkulu yokuwohloka kokushisa.

Izindlela Zokuklama Kwesakhiwo

Izinto zobunjiniyela ezingeni le-microstructure zinikeza enye indlela yokuthuthukisa ukuzinza kwe-thermal. Izakhiwo eziwumgogodla-zegobolondo zibeka ungqimba lwangaphandle oluzinzile ngokushisa okushisayo endaweni engaphakathi{2}}enomthamo omkhulu wangaphakathi, okuhlanganisa ukusebenza nokuphepha. Imiklamo ye-concentration gradient ishintsha kancane kancane ukwakheka ukusuka enkabeni yezinhlayiyana kuye phezulu, kudala umphumela wokuzinzisa.

Umsebenzi wakamuva wama-alloys e-aluminium uhlola izengezo zensimbi eziguqukayo ezakha imvula ezinzile ngokushisa. Lezi zimvula zimelana nokuhwalala emazingeni okushisa aphakeme, zisiza ukugcina izakhiwo eziwumshini ebezingehlisa.

I-Smart Thermal Management

Kwesinye isikhathi ukuthuthukisa ukuzinza kwe-thermal akwanele-ukulawula okushisayo okusebenzayo kuba kudingekile. Amasistimu ebhethri aya ngokuya ehlanganisa amasistimu okupholisa ayinkimbinkimbi avimbela izingxenye ukuthi zifinyelele emazingeni okushisa lapho ukuqina kokushisa kuba sengozini.

Amasistimu okulawula ukushisa okuguquguqukayo amabhethri e-lithium-i-ion asiza ukubanda kuqale emazingeni okushisa aphansi kuyilapho kuvinjelwa ukushisa ngokweqile phakathi nokushajwa okusheshayo. Lawa masistimu awaguquli ukuqina kwe-thermal kwemvelo kwezinto kodwa azigcina esebenza ngaphakathi kwamawindi ashisayo aphephile.

imibuzo ejwayelekile ukubuzwa

Yiliphi ibanga lokushisa elichaza ukuzinza okuhle kokushisa?

Ukuzinza okuhle kokushisa kuncike-kumongo. Kuma-polymer asetshenziswa ekufakweni kokudla, ukuzinza kufika ku-120-ku-150℃kwanele ngezinqubo zokuvala inzalo. Izingxenye ze-Aerospace turbine zidinga ukuzinza okungaphezu kuka-1,000 degree. Izinto zebhethri zidinga ukuzinza okudlula amazinga okushisa okusebenza asesimweni esibi kakhulu okungenani ngemajini yokuphepha engu-50-100 degree. Ukhiye ukufanisa ukuzinza kwe-thermal nokuchayeka kwezinga lokushisa lohlelo lokusebenza oluthile.

Ingabe ukuzinza kwe-thermal kungathuthukiswa ngemva kokukhiqizwa kwezinto?

Ukuthuthukiswa kokuthunyelwe{0}}kunomkhawulo kodwa kungenzeka. Ukwelashwa okungaphezulu njengokufakwa kwe-coating kungathuthukisa ukuzinza okushisayo kwezingxenye eziqediwe. Izithasiselo ze-Thermal stabilizer zisebenza kahle kakhulu uma zihlanganiswa ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza, nakuba ezinye{3}}izinzinzisi ezisetshenzisiwe zinikeza ukuthuthukiswa okunesizotha. Ukuguqulwa kwesakhiwo okudinga izinguquko ekubunjweni kwezinto eziyisisekelo noma ukwakheka kwekristalu kufanele kwenzeke ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza.

Ukuzinza kwe-thermal kuhluke kanjani ku-thermal conductivity?

Lezi zici zikala izici ezihluke ngokuphelele. Ukuzinza kokushisa kuchaza ukumelana nezinguquko zamakhemikhali noma zesakhiwo ngaphansi kokushisa. I-Thermal conductivity ikala ukuthi ukushisa kudlulisa kahle kangakanani ngento. Impahla ingaba ne-thermal conductivity ephezulu (ukudlulisa ukushisa ngokushesha) kuyilapho igcina ukuqina okuhle kakhulu kokushisa (hhayi ukubola). Ngokuphambene, izinto ezinokusebenza kahle kwe-thermal zingase zibe nokuzinza okuphansi kokushisa uma zibola emazingeni okushisa aphansi kakhulu.

Kungani abakhiqizi becacisa ukuzinza okushisayo ngaphansi kwe-atmospheres ehlukene?

I-atmosphere ithinta kakhulu ukuzinza kokushisa. Umoya-mpilo usheshisa ukuwohloka kwezinto eziningi ngokusabela kwe-oxidation. Ukuhlola emkhathini we-nitrogen ongenayo kulinganisa ukuzinza kwe-thermal kwangaphakathi ngaphandle kwemiphumela ye-oxidative. Ukuhlolwa kwesimo somoya kuveza ukuthi izinto zokusebenza zisebenza kanjani{3}ezindaweni eziqukethe umoya-mpilo wangempela{4}womhlaba. Ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza zenzeka endaweni engenalutho noma emkhathini olawulwayo, odinga ukuhlolwa ngaphansi kwalezo zimo ezithile. Ukucacisa isimo sokuhlola kuqinisekisa ukuhambisana kwemiphumela nezimo zangempela zokusetshenziswa.

Ukuzinza kwe-thermal kuyaqhubeka nokuvela njengokucatshangelwa okubalulekile ekukhetheni izinto zokwakha kanye nobunjiniyela. Ukuqonda ukuthi izinto ezisetshenziswayo zimelana kanjani nokushisa{1}}nokonakaliswa okudalwe kunika amandla imiklamo engcono kuzo zonke izinhlelo zokusebenza kusukela kumikhiqizo yansuku zonke yabathengi ukuya kumasistimu okugcina amandla athuthukile. Ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kwezindlela zokuhlola, amasu okuzinzisa, nezinto ezisetshenziswayo zenoveli kucindezela imingcele yalokho okungenzeka ngokufudumala, kuvula iminyango yezinhlelo zokusebenza ebezingenakufinyeleleka ngaphambilini ngenxa yokulinganiselwa kwezinga lokushisa.