Iyini i-Voltage Drop?

Ukwehla kwamandla kagesi ukuncishiswa kwamandla kagesi okwenzeka lapho i-current igeleza kumakhondakta kusekethe. Lokhu kwenzeka ngoba wonke amakhondakta{1}}kusuka ezintanjeni zethusi kuya kumatheminali ebhethri-anokumelana okungokwemvelo okuphikisana nokugeleza kwamanje, okuguqula amandla athile kagesi abe ukushisa.

I-Mechanics yesikhungo sokwehla kwamandla kagesi kumgomo oyisisekelo kagesi. Lapho ama-electron ehamba kunoma iyiphi i-conductor, ahlangabezana nokuphikiswa kwesakhiwo se-athomu. La mandla okumelana nawo abangela ukulahlekelwa kwamandla, okubonakala njengokubili ukukhiqizwa kokushisa kanye ne-voltage encishisiwe endaweni okuyiwa kuyo uma kuqhathaniswa nomthombo.

I-Ohm's Law ihlinzeka ngohlaka lwezibalo lwalesi simo: V=I × R. Ukwehla kwamandla kagesi kulingana nowamanje ophindwe ngokumelana. Ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo, intambo ephethe ama-ampere angu-10 eno-0.5 ohms wokumelana izoba nokwehla okungu-5-volt ngobude bayo.

Ubudlelwano phakathi kwalokhu okuguquguqukayo abumile. Imithwalo yamanje ephezulu inyusa ukwehla kwamandla kagesi ngokulinganayo. Ngokufanayo, ukumelana kushintsha nezakhiwo ze-conductor{2}}uhlobo lwezinto ezibonakalayo, ezinqamula{3}}indawo yesigaba, ubude, nezinga lokushisa zonke izindima zidlala. Amakhondatha ethusi abonisa ukumelana okungaba ngu-1.68 × 10⁻⁸ ohm-amamitha ku-20℃, kuyilapho i-aluminium ibonisa ukumelana okuphezulu kumamitha angu-2.82 × 10⁻⁸ ohm-.

Imiphumela yezinga lokushisa ihlanganisa inkinga. Kukho konke izinga lokushisa elingu-1 degree, ukumelana kwethusi kukhuphuka ngo-0.393%. Ikhondatha esebenza ku-75℃esikhundleni sama-degree angu-20 ihlangabezana cishe no-21.5% ngaphezulu, inyusa ukwehla kwamandla kagesi ngokuqondile.

Kumasistimu amanje ashintshanayo, ukubala kuba nzima kakhulu. Amasekhethi e-AC afaka i-impedance esikhundleni sokumelana okumsulwa-inhlanganisela yokumelana nokusabela okuvela kuma-elementi e-inductive kanye ne-capacitive. Ifomula ishintshela ku-V=I × Z, lapho u-Z emele ukungaphumeleli. Amanani okusabela ancike ebuningini, ngamafrikhwensi aphezulu akhulisa ukusabela kwe-inductive.

Ubude bomqhubi bumele imbangela eqondile kakhulu. Ukumelana nogesi kuhambisana ngokuqondile nobude bekhondatha{1}}ukuphinda kabili ubude bezintambo kuphinda kabili ukumelana futhi ngenxa yalokho nokwehla kwamandla kagesi. Ukugijima kwekhebula elingamamitha angu-100 kuzobhekana nokwehla kabili kwamandla kagesi kokugijima okungamamitha angu-50 ngaphansi kwemithwalo efanayo yamanje.

I-wire gauge idala umehluko omkhulu ekusebenzeni. Izindinganiso ze-American Wire Gauge (AWG) zibonisa ukuthi izintambo zethusi ezingu-14 AWG zinokuphikiswa okungu-2.5 ohms ngamafidi angu-1,000, kuyilapho u-10 AWG wehla uye ku-1.0 ohm ngamafidi angu-1,000. Igeyiji ngayinye{10}}enciphayo{10}}incipha cishe ngokuphindwe kabili indawo enqamulayo{11}}yesigaba, isika ukumelana ngohhafu.

Ukukhetha izinto ezibalulekile kubaluleke kakhulu. Ikhopha ne-aluminium zibusa izinhlelo zikagesi ngenxa yezindleko-zokusebenza kahle, kodwa ukusebenza kwazo kwehluka ngokuphawulekayo. I-Copper ihlinzeka ngokumelana okuphansi okungama-61% kune-aluminium, okusho ukuthi amakhondaktha e-aluminium adinga amadayamitha amakhudlwana ukuze afane nezici zokwehla kwamandla kagesi ethusi.

Ukulayisha kwamanje kudala amandla okushayela ukwehla kwamandla kagesi. Okokusebenza ukudweba i-amperage ephezulu kukhiqiza ukwehla kwamandla kagesi amakhulu ngokulinganayo kuwo wonke ukumelana okufanayo. Isekethe ingase isebenze ngendlela eyamukelekayo kuma-amperes angu-10 kodwa ibe nenkinga yokwehla kwamandla kagesi lapho umthwalo ukhuphuka ube ngu-30 amperes.

Ikhwalithi yokuxhuma ivamise ukubangela izinkinga zokwehla kwamandla kagesi ezigeja izibalo. Izikulufu zetheminali ezixegayo, uxhumo olugqwalile, noma ama-crimp anganele adala izindawo{1}}eziphakeme zokungezwani. Lezi zindawo eziyinkinga zikhiqiza ukushisa okudlulele kanye nokulahleka kwamandla kagesi okugxiliswe endaweni eyodwa kunokuba kusatshalaliswe kubude bekhondatha.

Amasistimu e-lithium ephakethe lebhethri abhekana nezinselele ezithile zokwehla kwamandla kagesi phakathi nemijikelezo ephezulu-yamanje yokukhipha. Ukumelana kwangaphakathi ngaphakathi kwamaseli e-lithium, ngokuvamile angu-20-50 milliohms kumaseli ekhwalithi ephezulu, kuhlanganisa ukumelana nokuxhumeka kulo lonke iphakethe. Ukucushwa kochungechunge lwamaseli angu-24 anama-miliohm angu-40 iseli ngalinye kudala ukumelana kwangaphakathi okuphelele okungu-960 milliohms ngaphambi kokucabangela ukumelana nokuxhumana.

Voltage Drop

Ukulinganisa kufanele kwenzeke ngaphansi kwezimo zomthwalo. Ngaphandle kokugeleza kwamanje, akukho ukwehla kwamandla kagesi okukhona ukuze kulinganiswe. Isekhethi evulekile izobonisa amandla kagesi omthombo nganoma isiphi isikhathi, inganikezeli ulwazi oluwusizo mayelana nokusebenza kwesistimu ngaphansi kwezimo zangempela zokusebenza.

Indlela efanele ihlanganisa ukubekwa kwe-multimeter ezindaweni ezimbili ezihlukene ngenkathi isekethe isebenza ngomthwalo ogcwele noma ojwayelekile. Beka i-probe yokuqala endaweni ye-voltage yomthombo{1}}itheminali yebhethri noma okukhiphayo kwe-circuit breaker. Misa uphenyo lwesibili kutheminali yokufaka umthwalo. Umehluko kagesi phakathi kwalokhu kufundwa umele ukwehla kwamandla kagesi kuleyo ngxenye yesekethe.

Ukuze uthole ukuhlaziya okubanzi kwesistimu, ochwepheshe benza izilinganiso zokwehla kwamandla kagesi ngezigaba. Hlola kusuka emthonjeni kuya ku-circuit breaker, i-breaker kuya ku-junction box, ibhokisi le-junction ukuya endaweni yokugcina noma ukulayisha. Le ndlela ikhomba izindawo ezithize eziyinkinga kunokuba iqinisekise ukuntuleka kwesistimu iyonke.

Ama-multimeter edijithali ahlinzeka ngokunemba okwanele kwezinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi, nakuba amamitha e-RMS eqiniso eletha ukufundwa okunembe kakhudlwana kumasekhethi e-AC-ngamagagasi e-sinusoidal angewona. Amamitha okubamba avumela ukulinganisa kwamanje ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka kwesekethe, okuwusizo ekubaleni ukwehla kwamandla kagesi okulindelekile uma kuqhathaniswa namanani akalwayo.

Amasistimu ephakethe lebhethri adinga izindlela ezikhethekile. Ukulinganisa ukwehla kwe-voltage ekucushweni kwebhethri ye-lithium kuhlanganisa ukuhlola kokubili ngaphansi{1}}kokungalayishiwe kanye namaza ahlukahlukene akhiphayo. Iseli elinempilo lingase lifunde umjikelezo ovulekile ongu-3.7V{4}kodwa lehle liye ku-3.5V ngaphansi kwezinga lokukhipha elingu-1C, okubonisa cishe ukwehla okungu-0.2V kusuka ekungangeni kwangaphakathi.

Amasistimu okuphatha amabhethri esimanje ahlala eqapha amandla kagesi kuwo wonke amaseli ngamanye namasegimenti okupakisha. Lawa masistimu athola amaphethini okwehla kwamandla kagesi abonisa amaseli owonakele, uxhumo olubuthakathaka, noma amaza okukhipha amanzi amaningi ngaphambi kokuthi adale izinkinga zokuphepha.

Ukusebenza kwedivayisi kuyehla lapho amandla ogesi wehla ngaphansi kokucaciswa okulinganiselwe. Amamotho adonsa imizamo yamanje ephezulu yokunxephezela amandla kagesi aphansi, okuholela ekushiseni ngokweqile nasekunciphiseni ukusebenza kahle. Injini eklanyelwe ukusebenza kwe-240V ingase idonse u-25% wamanje ngaphezulu uma inikezwe i-216V, okusheshisa ukuguga.

Izinhlelo zokukhanyisa zibonisa imiphumela ebonakalayo. Ama-incandescent bulbs aba mnyama ngokuphawulekayo, kuyilapho ama-LED angahle acwayize noma ashintshe izinga lokushisa lombala. Izibani ze-Fluorescent zingase zehluleke ukuqala ngendlela ethembekile noma zikhiqize ukukhanya okuncishisiwe. Lezi zimpawu zibonisa ukwehla kwamandla kagesi okudlula u-5-7% wamandla kagesi okuzisholo.

Ukuzwela kwemishini kagesi kuyahlukahluka kakhulu. Amakhompyutha nama-microprocessor{1}}amadivayisi alawulwayo abekezelela ukuhluka kwamandla kagesi kabi-amaningi acisha noma angasebenzi kahle ngokwehla kwamandla kagesi angaphezu kuka-10%. Ukulawulwa kwezimboni kungase kwehle ku-15% ngaphansi kwamandla kagesi, kumise izinqubo zokukhiqiza.

Ukukhiqiza ukushisa kuyashesha ngokwehla kwe-voltage ngokweqile. Amandla alahlekile kuma-conductor aguqulela ngokuqondile ekukhipheni okushisayo. Isekhethi enokwehla okungu-10V ku-20A ihlakaza ama-watts angu-200 njengokushisa kuzintambo kunokuba ilethe lawo mandla kumthwalo. Amazinga aphezulu okushisa aqhubekayo anciphisa ukugqumisa, kudala izingozi zomlilo.

Ibhethri iphakethe lithiumthola ukuncishiswa kwamandla ukusuka ekulahlekeni kwamandla kagesi ngaphansi komthwalo. Isistimu yokuphatha ibhethri ingase inqamule ukuphuma ngaphambi kwesikhathi lapho amandla kagesi ehla aze afike kumkhawulo wokunqamuka, nakuba amaseli egcina ukushajwa okubalulekile. Lo mphumela we-"voltage sag" uzwakala{2}}ezinhlelweni zokukhishwa okuphezulu, ukwehlisa umthamo osebenzisekayo ngo-10-20% uma kuqhathaniswa nokukhipha okuphansi kwamanje.

Amaseli e-Lithium abonisa izici-ezingezona umugqa zokwehla kwamandla ejika ejikeni lawo lokuphuma. Ukusuka ekushajweni okugcwele ku-4.2V ngeseli, amathafa kagesi azungeze u-3.7V ngobuningi bebanga lamandla ngaphambi kokwehla ngokushesha ngaphansi kuka-3.4V. Ngaphansi komthwalo osindayo, ukumelana kwangaphakathi kubangela ukwehla kwamandla kagesi okwengeziwe okuletha i-voltage yeselula endaweni ewumqansa yokwehla ngaphambi kwesikhathi.

Ukukhathazeka ngokuphepha kuvela lapho ukwehla kwamandla kagesi kubangela ukudonsa okukhulu kwamanje. Izisetshenziswa ezinxephezela i-voltage ephansi ngokudonsa amadivaysi okuvikela amasekethe okugcwala okuningi kwamanje. Izinqamuli zesekethe zingakhubeka ngokungadingekile, noma okubi nakakhulu, amakhondatha ashise ngaphezu kwamazinga okushisa alinganiselwe ngaphambi kokuthi ukuvikela kusebenze.

Ikhodi Kagesi Kazwelonke inikeza izincomo kunezimfuneko eziyimpoqo zemikhawulo yokwehla kwamandla kagesi. I-NEC 210.19(A)(1) iphakamisa ukukhawulela ukwehla kwamandla kagesi kumasekhethi egatsha ukuya ku-3% wamandla kagesi asetshenzisiwe endaweni ekude kakhulu. I-NEC 215.2(A)(4) incoma imikhawulo efanayo yabaphakeli.

Ukwehla kwamandla kagesi ahlanganisiwe kuwo womabili amasekethe okuphakelayo namagatsha akufanele kudlule u-5% ngokwamanothi olwazi e-NEC. Lokhu kuvumela ukuguquguquka ekwakhiweni kwesistimu{2}}ukwehla kokuphakelayo okungu-2% kuvumela ukwehla kwegatsha ngo-3%, noma ezinye izinhlanganisela ezihlukahlukene ezingaba ngu-5% noma ngaphansi.

Izinto zikagesi ezizwelayo zithola ukunakwa okukhethekile. I-NEC 647.4(D) ikhawulela ukwehla kwamandla kagesi ukuya ku-1.5% kumasekethe egatsha asebenzisa umsindo/ividiyo ebucayi noma okokusebenza okufanayo, okuphakelayo okuphelele negatsha kuhlanganiswe okungadluli u-2.5%. Le mikhawulo eqinile ivimbela izinkinga zokusebenza ku-precision electronics.

Izindinganiso zamazwe ngamazwe ziyehluka. Imithetho yase-UK ngaphansi kwe-BS7671 icacisa ukwehla kwamandla kagesi aphezulu okungu-3% kumasekhethi okukhanyisa (6.9V kumasistimu angu-230V) kanye no-5% kwamanye amasekhethi (11.5V). Umthetho we-Canadian Electrical Code Rule 8-102 ngokufanayo ubeka umkhawulo kumasekethe egatsha abe ngu-3% futhi isamba sehle siye ku-5%.

Kumasistimu angu-120V, u-3% ulingana no-3.6V ukwehla okukhulu. Kumasekhethi angu-240V, u-3% uvumela ukwehla okungu-7.2V. Le mikhawulo iqinisekisa ukuthi amadivaysi athola i-voltage eyanele yokusebenza ngenkathi ekhawulela ukumosheka kwamandla kanye nokushisisa kumakhondakta.

Amasistimu ebhethri awanazo izindinganiso zokwehla kwamandla kagesi emhlabeni wonke, nabakhiqizi abahlinzeka ngohlelo lokusebenza-lomhlahlandlela oqondile. Ukufakwa kwephekhi yebhethri ye-lithium ngokuvamile kuqondise ukwehla kwamandla kagesi angaphansi kuka-2-3% ukusuka kumatheminali ebhethri ukuze alayishe ngaphansi kwezimo zokukhipha amandla aphezulu, nakuba izinhlelo zokusebenza zamandla aphezulu zingamukela kufika ku-5%.

Isibalo esiyisisekelo sokwehla kwamandla kagesi e-DC silandela uMthetho ka-Ohm ngokuqondile: VD=I × R, lapho i-VD iwukwehla kwamandla kagesi, i-amperes yamanje, kanti u-R iwukumelana ne-conductor ngama-ohms. Bala ukumelana okuphelele kusuka ekucacisweni kwezintambo nobude, phindaphinda ngomthwalo wamanje.

Ukuze uthole isibonelo esisebenzayo: Uhlelo lwe-12V DC luhlinzeka ngama-ampere angu-30 ukuya kumafithi angu-50 wentambo yethusi engu-10 AWG (1.0 ohm ngamafidi angu-1,000). Ukumelana okuphelele kulingana no-50/1,000 × 1.0=0.05 ohms. Ukwehla kwe-voltage kulingana no-30A × 0.05Ω=1.5V, okumelela u-12.5% wokunikezwa kwe-12V{18}}okweqile ukuze usebenze kahle.

Izibalo zesigaba esisodwa-zesigaba se-AC zisebenzisa indlela efanayo enesici sokulungisa: VD=2 × K × I × D ÷ CM, lapho u-K kuyi-conductor resistivity constant (12.9 ngethusi, 21.2 nge-aluminium), I wamanje, D{4}}indlela eyodwa{4}}ibanga lendawo eyindilinga ukusuka ezinyaweni, futhi indawo yetafula ingu-CM.

Amasistimu ezigaba ezintathu-aguqula ifomula: VD=1.732 × K × I × D ÷ CM. I-factor 1.732 (impande eyisikwele sokungu-3) ilandisa ubudlelwano besigaba kumthwalo wezigaba ezintathu-ezilinganayo.

Onjiniyela bavame ukusebenza behlehla kusukela ekuncipheni kwamandla kagesi okwamukelekile ukuze banqume usayizi wekhondatha odingekayo. Ukuhlela kabusha ifomula: CM=1.732 × K × I × D ÷ VD ivumela ukubalwa kwendawo encane eyindilinga eyi-mil edingekayo ukuze kugcinwe ukwehla kwamandla kagesi ngaphansi komkhawulo oqondisiwe.

Izibalo zokwehla kwephekhi yebhethri ye-lithium kufanele zibhekane nemithombo eminingi yokumelana. Ukumelana neseli yangaphakathi kwengeza ukumelana nokuxhumana (imichilo ye-nickel noma amabhasi) kanye nokumelana nekhebula langaphandle. Okwephekhi yochungechunge lwamaseli angu-24- kusetshenziswa amaseli anokumelana kwangaphakathi okungu-30mΩ, ukumelana nephekhi okuphelele kufinyelela ku-720mΩ ngaphambi kokucabangela ukuxhumeka. Ekukhishweni okungu-50A, ukwehla kwamandla kagesi angaphakathi kukodwa kulingana no-36V-omkhulu ephaketheni elingu-88.8V.

Voltage Drop

Ukwenyuswa kwe-conductor kunikeza isisombululo esiqonde kakhulu. Ukwandisa i-wire gauge ngezinyathelo ezintathu cishe kuphindwe kabili ukuwela-indawo yezigaba, ukumelana nokusika kanye nokwehla kwamandla kagesi ngesigamu. Ukuthuthukisa ukusuka ku-12 AWG ukuya ku-8 AWG kunciphisa ukumelana ukusuka ku-1.6 kuye ku-0.64 ohms ngamafithi angu-1,000 -ukuthuthukiswa okungu-60%.

Ukwenyuka kwamandla kagesi kuleveli yesistimu kuvumela amandla aphansi okulethwa kwamandla alinganayo. Isistimu yebhethri engu-48V idinga ingxenye yamanje yesistimu engu-24V ngomthwalo ofanayo wamanzi. Njengoba ukwehla kwamandla kagesi kulinganisa neyamanje, ukusikeka kwamanje ngohhafu ukwehla kukagesi ngohhafu kuyilapho iletha amandla afanayo.

Ukuthuthukisa umzila wesekethe kunciphisa ubude bekhondatha. Ukubekwa kwamaqhinga kwamaphaneli okusabalalisa kunciphisa ukugijima kwezintambo ezilayishwe kude. Ekwakhiweni kwesakhiwo, ukuthola amaphaneli kagesi endaweni emaphakathi kunokuba emakhoneni okwakha kungasika ubude bekhondakta ngo-30-40%.

I-Parallel conductor isebenza ngempumelelo ukuphindaphinda i-wire cross-indawo yesigaba. Ukusebenzisa amakhondatha amabili e-AWG angu-10 ngokuhambisana kudala umthamo olinganayo nentambo eyodwa engu-7 AWG, ngokuvamile ngezindleko eziphansi zezinto ezibonakalayo. Indlela ngayinye ehambisanayo ithwala ingxenye yamanje, yehlisa ukwehla kwamandla kagesi ukuya ku-25% walokho okungatholwa ikhondukta eyodwa.

Ukugcinwa kwekhwalithi yokuxhumana kuvimbela izinkinga zokwehla kwamandla kagesi endaweni. I-torque efanelekile kuzikulufu zetheminali,{1}}inhlanganisela ye-oxidant ekuxhumekeni kwe-aluminium, namathuluzi e-crimp afanelekile aqinisekisa{2}}amajoyinti angamelana aphansi. Ukuxhumeka okuxekethile okwengeza ukumelana no-0.1 ohm kusekethe engu-30A kudala ukwehla kwamandla kagesi angu-3V kulelo phuzu elilodwa.

Ibhalansi yokucushwa kwephekhi yebhethri ukwehla kwamandla kagesi uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izici zedizayini. Uchungechunge-ukuhlelwa okuhambisanayo kusabalalisa okwamanje kumayunithi ezinhlamvu amaningi afanayo, kunciphisa okwamanje ngeseli ngayinye kanye nokwehla kwamandla kagesi angaphakathi. Ukulungiselelwa kwe-24S2P (amaseli angu-24 ochungechungeni, amayunithi ezinhlamvu amabili afanayo) ahlukanisa ukukhishwa kwamanje ngeyunithi yezinhlamvu ngayinye uma kuqhathaniswa ne-24S1P.

Amasistimu okuphatha ibhethri ye-lithium anganxephezela imiphumela yokwehla kwamandla kagesi ngokuqapha okuyinkimbinkimbi. Amayunithi e-BMS athuthukisiwe akala ama-voltage eseli ngalinye ngaphansi komthwalo, abala isimo sangempela sokushaja naphezu kokuhlehla kwamandla kagesi. Lokhu kuvimbela ukunqanyulwa kokukhishwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi futhi kukhulisa umthamo osebenzisekayo.

Amaphekhi ebhethri le-lithium abonisa izici ezihlukile zokwehla kwamandla kagesi ezihlukile kumabhethri e-asidi ehola{{0}evamile. Ukumelana kwangaphakathi kumaseli e-lithium ekhwalithi kusuka ku-20-80 milliohms kuye ngekhemikhali yeseli nosayizi. Amaseli e-LiFePO4 ngokuvamile abonisa ukumelana kwangaphakathi okuphakeme kancane (40-80mΩ) uma kuqhathaniswa namaseli e-NMC (20-50mΩ), nakuba i-LiFePO4 inikeza ukuphila komjikelezo ophakeme.

Ukuhlelwa kweseli kuthinta kakhulu ukwehla kwamandla kagesi esistimu. Ukuxhuma kochungechunge kuphindaphinda i-voltage ngenkathi kugcinwa umthamo wamanje, kodwa futhi kuhlanganisa ukumelana kwangaphakathi. Iphekhi engu-24-yamaseli angu-40mΩ idala u-960mΩ ukuphikiswa okuphelele kwangaphakathi. Ukuxhumana okuhambisanayo kuphindaphinda umthamo wamanje kuyilapho isilinganiso sokumelana kwangaphakathi{7}}namaseli amathathu ngokuhambisana kunciphisa ukumelana okusebenzayo nengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yeseli eyodwa.

Izinga lokuchithwa lithinta kakhulu ubukhulu bokwehla kwamandla kagesi. Amaseli e-lithium abonisa ukumelana okungaguquki kwangaphakathi kumazinga okukhipha, okusho ukuthi izilinganiso zokwehla kwamandla kagesi zilandelana nezamanje. Iseli elinokumelana okungu-40mΩ lihlangabezana nokwehla okungu-0.04V ku-1A kodwa okungu-2.0V kwehle ngo-50A. Lo mehluko we-2V ungaphusha amandla kagesi weseli usuka endaweni eyithafa engu-3.7V ukuya endaweni ewumqansa.

Imiphumela yezinga lokushisa yandisa izinkinga zokwehla kwamandla kagesi. Ukumelana kwangaphakathi kweseli ye-lithium kukhula kakhulu emazingeni okushisa aphansi{1}ngokuvamile aphindeke kabili phakathi kuka-25℃-20℃. Iphakethe lebhethri elibonisa ukwehla kwamandla kagesi angu-5% kuzinga lokushisa legumbi lingase lehle ngo-10% wamandla kagesi ezimeni eziqandayo, okukhawulela kakhulu umthamo osebenzisekayo.

Ukumelana ne-Interconnection kwengeza ukumelana kwangaphakathi kweseli. Ukuxhumana kwe-nickel strip phakathi kwamaseli kwethula ama-milliohm angu-5-20 ngokuxhumeka ngakunye kuye ngokuqina komugqa, ubude, nekhwalithi yokushisela. Ucwaningo lwango-2024 ngomklamo wephakethe lebhethri luthole ukuthi imichilo ye-nickel eboshiwe ibonise ukumelana nenani elingu-0.237Ω nokwehla kwe-voltage engu-11.735V ngo-50A, kuyilapho ukucushwa kwe-nickel okumsulwa kuzuze ukumelana no-0.048Ω ngokwehla okungu-2.82V-umehluko ocishe uphindwe ka-5.

Isimo sokushaja sithonya ukuziphatha kokwehla kwamandla kagesi. Amaseli agcwele amandla agcina i-voltage ezinzile ngaphansi komthwalo olinganiselwe, kodwa amaseli akhishwe ngokujulile (ngaphansi kwe-20% yesimo sokushaja) abonisa ukumelana kwangaphakathi okwandisiwe. Lokhu kudala umphumela we-cascading lapho ukwehla kwamandla kagesi kushesha njengoba ibhethri lincipha, kunciphisa umthamo osebenzisekayo ku-20-30% wokugcina womthamo olinganiselwe.

Amasistimu okuphatha amabhethri adlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni imiphumela yokwehla kwamandla kagesi. Ukulinganisa kweseli okusebenzayo ngesikhathi sokushaja kuqinisekisa amandla afanayo ochungechungeni lonke{1}amaseli axhunyiwe, okuvimbela amaseli abuthaka ekukhawuleleni ukusebenza kwephekhi. Ngesikhathi sokukhipha, amayunithi e-BMS aqapha amandla kagesi angaphansi komthwalo ukuze avimbele-ukukhishwa kwamaseli ngamanye ngisho noma umthamo wephekhi uhlala ungaphezu komkhawulo wokunqamuka.

Ukufanisa amaseli ngesikhathi sokuhlanganiswa kwephakethe kunciphisa ukungahambisani kokwehla kwamandla kagesi. Amaseli anomthamo ofanayo, ukumelana kwangaphakathi, kanye{1}}namazinga okuzikhulula asebenza ngokufanayo ngaphansi komthwalo. Amaseli angafani adala ukuhluka kokwehla kwamandla kagesi akhawulela lonke iphekhi ekusebenzeni kweseli elibuthaka kakhulu, amoshe umthamo kumaseli anamandla.

Ukwehla kwamandla kagesi adlulayo kuyehluka ekubalweni kwesimo-okunganyakazi. Ama-motor starting currents noma i-capacitor inrush adala izimo eziphakeme{2}}zamanje, ezingase zidale ukuncipha kwamandla kagesi aphazamisa okokusebenza okubucayi ngisho nalapho{3}}ukwehla kwamandla kagesi okuzinzile kusalokhu kwamukeleka. Ama-inrush currents angase afinyelele izikhathi ezingu-5-7 ezivamile zokusebenza okwamanje imizuzwana embalwa.

Ukuhlanekezelwa kwe-Harmonic ezinhlelweni ze-AC kwenza kube nzima ukuhlaziya ukwehla kwamandla kagesi. -Imithwalo engaqondile efana namadrayivu efrikhwensi ahlukahlukene akhiqiza ama-harmonic currents akhuphula ukumelana kwe-conductor okuphumelelayo ngaphezu kwamanani e-DC. Umthelela wesikhumba kumafrikhwensi e-harmonic uphoqelela ukuya endaweni yekhondatha, enciphisa indawo esebenzayo-yezigaba.

Imishini yokulawula ugesi inganxephezela ukwehla kwamandla kagesi ezinhlelweni ezibucayi. Izilawuli zamandla kagesi ezizenzakalelayo zigcina i-voltage ephumayo engashintshi naphezu kokuhlukahluka kokufaka, nakuba zethula ukulahlekelwa okwengeziwe nezindleko. Izimpahla zamandla ezingaphazamiseki zinikeza kokubili ukulawulwa kwamandla kagesi namandla ayisipele, ukuvikela imithwalo ebucayi ekwehleni kukagesi kanye nokuphazamiseka.

Ukulungiswa kwesici samandla kunciphisa ubukhulu bamanje bokulethwa kwamandla okunikeziwe, kwehlisa ngokuqondile ukwehla kwamandla kagesi. Amabhange e-Capacitor asusa amandla asebenzayo emithwalo eguquguqukayo, okuvumela amakhondakta ukuthi aphathe amandla angempela engeziwe ngesamba esincane sokwehla kwamandla kagesi.

Ama-algorithms wokushaja ahlakaniphile ezinhlelweni zebhethri anciphisa imithelela yokwehla kwamandla kagesi ngesikhathi sokushaja namandla. Izimiso-eziningi zokushaja isiteji zilungisa ukusebenza kwamanje ngokusekelwe ku-voltage yeselula ngaphansi komthwalo, ukuvimbela ukukhuphuka kwamandla kagesi amaningi okungase kubangele ukunqanyulwa kweshaja ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Lokhu kukhulisa ukusebenza kahle kokudluliswa kwamandla ngenkathi kuvikela amaseli ekucindezelweni kokugcwala ngokweqile.

Ukuhlola okuhleliwe kuhlukanisa imithombo yokwehla kwamandla kagesi. Qala emthonjeni wamandla ngomthwalo onikwe amandla, i-voltage yokulinganisa. Ukuqhubeka ngomshini-omkhulu wokunqamula, iphaneli yokusabalalisa, i-circuit breaker yegatsha, ama-outlets, namatheminali okulayisha{3}}amandla okurekhoda endaweni ngayinye. Ukwehla okukhulu phakathi kwamaphoyinti okulinganisa amabili alandelanayo kukhomba izindawo eziyinkinga.

Isithombe esishisayo sibonisa izinkinga zokuxhuma ezifihliwe. Amakhamera we-infrared athola izindawo ezishisayo ezibonisa{1}}ukuxhumeka okuphakeme kokumelana ngaphambi kokuthi kubangele ukwehluleka. Ukuxhumana okubonisa ama-degree angu-20-30 ngaphezu kwezinga lokushisa le-ambient lifuna ukunakwa ngokushesha. Umehluko wezinga lokushisa ongaphezu kwama-degree angu-50 umele izingozi ezinkulu ezidinga ukulungiswa ngokushesha.

Layisha ukuqinisekiswa kwamanje kuqinisekisa izibalo ezifana neqiniso. Izilinganiso zamamitha wokugomela phakathi nezimo zokusebenza eziphezulu zibonisa ukutonyulwa kwangempela kwamanje. Ukucaciswa kwezinto zokusebenza kungase kubukele phansi{2}}umhlaba wamanje, ikakhulukazi i-motor inrush noma ama-capacitor charging currents adala ama-voltage drop spikes.

Izimpawu zokwehla kwamandla kagesi zivame ukulingisa ezinye izinkinga zikagesi. Izibani ezifiphalayo zingase zibonise ukwehla kwamandla kagesi kodwa zingase zibonise ukuxega okuxegayo okuxekethile, indawo yokungena yesevisi encane, noma izinkinga zokuhlinzekwa kwezinsiza. Izilinganiso zamandla kagesi ezihlelekile ngaphansi komthwalo zihlukanisa phakathi kwalezi zimbangela.

Ukuxilongwa kwephekhi yebhethri kudinga izindlela ezikhethekile. Ukuhlolwa kwamandla ngaphansi kwamazinga okukhishwa alawulwayo kuveza amaseli anokumelana okudlulele kwangaphakathi. Iseli elibonisa amandla kagesi aphansi kakhulu ngaphansi komthwalo uma kuqhathaniswa-nezimo zokungalayishi libonisa ukumelana okuphakeme kwangaphakathi, okudinga ukushintshwa ukuze kubuyiselwe ukusebenza kwephekhi.

Voltage Drop

I-RV kanye nezinhlelo zikagesi zasolwandle zivame ukubhekana nezinselelo zokwehla kwamandla kagesi. Ikhebuli ende isuka emabhange ebhethri iye kumthwalo, kuhlanganiswe{1}}nezinto ezisetshenziswayo zamanje eziphezulu njengama-air conditioner nama-microwaves, kudala ukwehla kwamandla kagesi amakhulu. Ukugijima okungu-30-kwezintambo ezingu-10 AWG ezinikeza ama-ampere angu-20 kwehla cishe ku-1.2V-inkinga kumasistimu angu-12V (ukulahlekelwa okungu-10%) kodwa okulawulekayo kumasistimu angu-24V (ukulahlekelwa okungu-5%).

Ukufakwa kwamandla elanga kumele kubhekane nokwehla kwamandla kagesi ukusuka kumaphaneli ukuya kwizilawuli zokushaja nokusuka kumabhethri kuya kuma-inverter. I-solar array etholakala ngamafidi angu-100 ukusuka kusilawuli sokushaja idinga ukulinganiswa komqhubi ngokucophelela. Ngohlelo lwe-30A, 24V, uhambo oluyizinyawo ezingu-200 ukuya nokubuya (ukuya nokusuka kumaphaneli) ludinga izintambo ezingu-6 AWG ukuze lugcinwe ngaphansi kuka-2%.

Amaphakethe ebhethri emoto kagesi ayisibonelo-sezimo zokuwa kwe-voltage ephezulu. Ama-EV esimanje adonsa ama-ampere angu-300-400 ngesikhathi sokusheshisa. Ngisho nama-millionhm angu-10 wokumelana okweqile kudala ukwehla okungu-3-4V ngesikhathi esiphezulu, kunciphisa amandla atholakalayo nobubanzi. Abakhiqizi batshala imali eningi ekuxhumaneni okungamelani kancane besebenzisa i-ultrasonic welding kanye nemiklamo yebhasi yebhasi.

Ukusatshalaliswa kwamandla esikhungo sedatha kubonisa umthelela wokwehla kwamandla kagesi esikhathini sokuphila kwezinto zokusebenza. Izinsiza zamandla zeseva zikalelwe ukuzizwisa kokusebenza okungu-200-240V zisheshisa ukuguga lapho i-voltage eqhubekayo yehla ngaphansi kuka-200V. Izikhungo zigcina ukwehla kwamandla kagesi ngaphansi kuka-2% ukuze kuvikelwe amathuluzi abizayo nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuthembekile.

Izinhlelo zokusebenza zezimoto zezimboni zibonisa ukuthi ukwehla kwamandla kagesi kuthinta kanjani ukukhiqiza. Injini engu-460V eyehla ngo-8% kagesi ithola ama-423V kuphela. Lokhu undervoltage kukhulisa ukudonsa kwamanje cishe ngo-9%, kukhiqiza ukushisa okwengeziwe okungu-19% (ukulahleka kwe-I²R) kuma-motor windings. Inhlanganisela yehlisa ukusebenza kahle kwezimoto ngo-3-5% futhi isheshisa ukuwohloka kwe-insulation.

IKhodi Kagesi Kazwelonke incoma ukukhawulela ukwehla kwamandla kagesi kuye ku-3% kumasekethe egatsha kanye no-5% kuhlanganiswe okuphakelayo namasekhethi egatsha. Kuzinhlelo ze-120V, lokhu kusho ukwehla okungaphezu kuka-3.6V kumasekhethi angawodwana kanye nesamba esingu-6V. Ama-elekthronikhi azwelayo adinga imikhawulo eqinile ka-1.5-2.5%.

Ukwehla kwamandla kagesi kuyenyuka ngokuhambisana nobude bekhondatha. Ubude bentambo ephindwe kabili buphinda kabili ukwehla kwamandla kagesi ngaphansi komthwalo ofanayo wamanje. Lobu budlelwano bokulinganisa busho ukuthi amakhebula amade agijima adinga amageji ezintambo ezinkulu ukuze kugcinwe amazinga amukelekayo okwehla kwamandla kagesi.

Ukwehla kwamandla kagesi ngokwedlulele akuvamisile ukudala umonakalo osheshayo kodwa kusheshisa ukuguga ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezimbalwa. Amamotho ashisa ngokweqile ngenxa yokukhuphuka kokudonsa kwamanje, izinto zikagesi zithola ingcindezi{1}}ephuma{2}}kuma-spec voltage, futhi amabhethri anenkinga yokushajwa. Ukusebenza okuqhubekayo nokwehla kwamandla kagesi aphezulu kufinyeza kakhulu impilo yemishini.

Kumasekhethi e-DC, sebenzisa: I-Voltage Drop=Yamanje × Ukumelana. Thola ukumelana kukakhondatha kumathebula egeji yezintambo (ama-ohm ngamafidi angu-1,000), phindaphinda ngobude bangempela, bese uphindaphinda ngomthwalo wamanje. Izibali eziku-inthanethi zenza le nqubo ibe lula kuzo zombili izifunda ze-AC ne-DC ngokuphatha imininingwane yocingo ngokuzenzakalelayo.

Okuthathwayo Okubalulekile

Ukwehla kwamandla kagesi ukwehla kwamandla kagesi okubangelwa ukumelana ne-conductor uma ugesi ugeleza kumasekhethi kagesi

Izinto eziyinhloko ezithinta ukwehla kwamandla kagesi zihlanganisa ubude bekhondatha, igeji yocingo, uhlobo lwempahla, nobukhulu bamanje bokulayisha.

Izincomo ezijwayelekile zinciphisa ukwehla kwamandla kagesi kuye ku-3-5% wamandla kagesi omthombo, nakuba okokusebenza okubucayi kudinga imikhawulo eqinile

Izixazululo zifaka ukukhushulwa kwe-conductor, ukukhuphuka kwamandla kagesi wesistimu, nokuhlelwa komzila wesekethe ukuze kuncishiswe ukumelana

Amasistimu e-lithium ephakethe lebhethri abhekana nezinselele eziyingqayizivele kusukela ekumelaneni namaseli angaphakathi kanye nekhwalithi yokuxhumana ethinta ukusebenza