Indlela yokushaja ngokushesha
Ukwandisa isivinini sokuphendula kwamakhemikhali kumabhethri, nciphisa isikhathi esisithathayo ukuze ashaje ngokugcwele, futhi unciphise noma unciphise ukuhlukaniswa kwamapuleti avumayo noma angalungile, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kwebhethri, ubuchwepheshe bokushaja ngokushesha buthuthuke ngokushesha eminyakeni yamuva. Izindlela zokushaja okusheshayo ezimbalwa ezivame ukusetshenziswa ezethulwa ngezansi. Lezi zindlela zenzelwe ukuzungeza ijika lokushaja elifanele, kuhloswe ngazo ukwenza ijika lokushaja langempela libe seduze ngangokunokwenzeka ejikeni lokushaja elifanele.
Indlela yokushaja i-Pulse
Indlela yokushaja ishayela kuqala ishaja ibhethri nge-pulse current, bese iyeka ukushaja isikhathi esithile, bese ishaja ibhethri futhi nge-pulse current, iphinda lo mjikelezo, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 11-5. I-pulse yokushaja ishaja ibhethri ngokugcwele, kuyilapho izikhawu zivumela isikhathi sokuba umoya-mpilo ne-hydrogen okukhiqizwa ukusabela kwamakhemikhali kuhlangane futhi amunce, kuqede ngokwemvelo ukuhlukaniswa okugxilile kanye ne-ohmic polarization. Lokhu kunciphisa ukucindezela kwangaphakathi kwebhethri, kuvumela umzuliswano olandelayo wokushajwa kwamanje okuqhubekayo ukuthi uqhubeke kahle futhi kwenze ibhethri ikwazi ukumunca ukushajwa okwengeziwe. Ama-pulse ngezikhathi ezithile anikeza ibhethri isikhathi esanele sokusabela, ehlisa ukuvela kwegesi futhi athuthukise izinga lokwamukela ukushajwa kwebhethri lamanje.
Ukushajwa kwe-Pulse kungathuthukisa ukushajwa kwebhethri nokusebenza kahle kokushajwa, konga isikhathi sokushaja, futhi kunwebe ukuphila kwebhethri, kodwa izimo ezithile kufanele zihlangatshezwe.
Njengoba amabhethri e-lithium-i-ion ancike ngokuyinhloko ekunyakazeni okuhambisanayo kwama-ion e-lithium ku-cathode, i-anode, ne-electrolyte phakathi nokushaja nokukhipha, ukukhulisa izinga lokunyakaza kwe-ion kanye ne-coefficient yokusabalalisa kubalulekile ukuze kuzuzwe umgomo wokulondoloza isikhathi sokushaja nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokushaja. Izinga lokushaja elingafanele noma ukusatshalaliswa ngeke nje kwehluleke ukufeza umgomo ofunekayo kodwa futhi kuzosheshisa ukuguga kwebhethri. Njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 11-2, izinga lokushaja liphezulu, liba lincane umthamo okhokhiswayo.
Ukuhlaziywa kwesici se-Electrochemical kubonisa ukuthi izinga lokushaja lamabhethri e-lithium-i-ion likhawulelwe ngokuyinhloko izinga lokusabalalisa lama-ion e-lithium kanye nezici zezinto ezisebenza kahle nezingezinhle ze-electrode. Kusetshenziswa isibalo (11-3), i-lithium-ion diffusion equation ingasungulwa.
Kufomula, i-CL imele i-lithium-i-ion concentration; x imele ibanga lokusabalalisa; t imele isikhathi sokusabalalisa; futhi i-DLi imele i-lithium{1}}icoefficient yokusabalalisa ion.
Ucwaningo lubonise ukuthi amabhethri e-lithium{0}}ion abonisa izikhathi ezimbili zokuguga ngokushesha phakathi nokuhlolwa komjikelezo:
I-1) Isikhathi sokwakheka kwefilimu ye-SEI (i-Solid Electrolyte Interphase), inqubo edla ingxenye ye-lithium ion etholakalayo ukuze yakhe ifilimu ye-SEI endaweni ye-electrode.
2) Ekupheleni komjikelezo ngamunye wokushaja, ukumelana nokufuduka kwe-lithium ion esigabeni soketshezi ngaphakathi kwebhethri kuncane kakhulu, kuyilapho i-coefficient yokusabalalisa esigabeni esiqinile incane. Ngakho-ke, uma ukushaja kwamanje kukhulu kakhulu ekupheleni komjikelezo wokushaja, inombolo enkulu ye-lithium ion izogxila endaweni ye-electrode, engaholela kalula ekwakhiweni kwensimbi ye-lithium futhi inciphise okuqukethwe kwe-lithium ion.
Ukwakhiwa kwefilimu ye-SEI kunomthelela omkhulu empilweni yebhethri. Uma ifilimu ye-SEI enhle ingakwazi ukwakheka, nakuba ibhethri lingase libe nokushajwa okuphezulu/ukuphuma kahle kanye namandla asebenzisekayo ezigabeni zokuqala zokushajwa/zokukhipha, umthamo uzokwehla kakhulu ngesibalo esikhulayo somjikelezo, ikakhulukazi kumamodi{1}}amanje wokushaja aphansi. Ngakho-ke, ukulahlekelwa kwe-lithium{3}}kusigaba sokuqala akunakugwenywa. Kodwa-ke, okwamanje ngesikhathi sokushaja kwe-pulse akufanele kube phezulu kakhulu. Ukweqisa kwamanje kuzodala ukwakheka kwefilimu ye-SEI engalingani, ukuqina kwefilimu ye-SEI ngokushesha, nokwanda okukhulu kokumelana, kunciphisa inani lama-ion asebenzisekayo futhi kuholele ekulahlekelweni kwamandla.
Ukushaja i-Pulse ikakhulukazi kusebenzisa ukumiswa kokushaja noma ukuhlehlisa ukukhipha ukuze kuqedwe i-polarization phakathi nenqubo yokushaja. I-polarization ihlobene eduze nohlobo lwebhethri, inqubo yokukhiqiza, kanye nezakhiwo zezinto ezibonakalayo, futhi ukuhlukahluka kwakho kuyinkimbinkimbi. Ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kubuchwepheshe bebhethri, i-polarization ilawulwe kahle. Ngakho-ke, izinzuzo zezindlela zokushaja ukushaya kwenhliziyo ezivamile azichazwanga. Kuyadingeka ukuhlanganisa amapharamitha wesici sebhethri afanelekile{4}}wokuqapha kwesikhathi sangempela futhi ulungise i-amplitude nomjikelezo wokushaja kwe-pulse ukuze ugcine ibhethri lisesimweni esikahle sokusebenza{5}imodi yokushaja ehlakaniphile echazwe kamuva.
Indlela yokushaja esheshayo ye-Reflex™
Indlela yokushaja esheshayo ye-ReflexTM ubuchwepheshe obunelungelo lobunikazi e-United States, ekuqaleni obuklanyelwe ngokuyinhloko ukushaja amabhethri e-nickel{0}}e-cadmium. Le ndlela yokushaja inciphisa inkinga yomphumela wenkumbulo yamabhethri e-nickel{2}}e-cadmium, ngaleyo ndlela yehlise kakhulu isikhathi sokushaja ngokushesha. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezindlela zokushaja i-pulse, isici esikhulu kunazo zonke sendlela yokushaja esheshayo ye-Reflex TM ukungezwa kwe-pulse negative. Umshini wayo usebenzisa "umgoqo" womphumela ohlinzekwa ukushaya kwenhliziyo okunegethivu ukuze kuqedwe amabhamuza akhiqizwe endaweni ye-electrode phakathi nenqubo yokusabela, ukwehlisa ukukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa nokwenyuka kokumelana kwangaphakathi phakathi nokushajwa kwebhethri. Lokhu kuvumela amandla kagesi ukuthi aguqulelwe abe amandla amakhemikhali ngaphakathi kwebhethri ngokugcwele ngangokunokwenzeka, okusiza ekuqedeni i-polarization ebangelwa ukusabalalisa okuhamba kancane, ukuthuthukisa izinga lokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezisebenzayo ngaphakathi kwebhethri, futhi ngaleyo ndlela kwandise inani lokushaja{6}}imijikelezo yokukhipha.
Njengoba kuboniswe ku-Figure 11-6, umjikelezo owodwa wokusebenza wendlela yokushaja okusheshayo ye-Reflex TM uhlanganisa izigaba ezintathu: i-pulse yokushaja eya phambili, i-pulse yokukhipha ngokushesha ehlanekezelayo, kanye nokumisa isikhashana ukushaja ukulungiswa. Umsebenzi we-pulse yokushaja eya phambili ukunikeza i-pozitive amplitude pulse current ukushaja ibhethri; umsebenzi wokuhlanekezela ukushaya kwenhliziyo okukhipha ngokushesha ukwenza ama-ion e-electrolyte ahlakazeke ngokulinganayo ukuze kubambezeleke ukusabela kwe-polarization ngaphakathi kwebhethri, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kokushaja nokwandisa impilo yebhethri; umsebenzi wesigaba sokumisa ukushaja ukwenza ama-ion e-electrolyte ahlakazeke ngokulinganayo futhi anciphise ukwenzeka kwe-polarization, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kokushaja nokwelula impilo yebhethri.
Indlela Yamanje Yokushaja Eshintshashintshayo
Indlela yokushaja eshintshashintshayo yamanje isekelwe ekushajweni okuqhubekayo kwamanje kanye nokushajwa kwe-pulse, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 11-7. Isici saso ukuthi isigaba sokushaja samanje esiqhubekayo sithathelwa indawo yisigaba sokushaja esishintshashintshayo samanje esilinganiselwe nge-voltage. Ezigabeni zokuqala zokushaja, indlela yokushaja eshintshashintshayo yamanje isetshenziswa ukuze kuqinisekiswe amandla aphezulu wokushaja nokuthola iningi lenani lokushaja.
Ezigabeni zakamuva zokushajwa, isigaba sokushajwa kwe-voltage engaguquki sisetshenziswa ukuthola ukushajwa ngokweqile nokubuyisela ibhethri esimweni sokushajwa ngokugcwele. Ngokumisa ukushaja ngezikhathi ezithile, umoya-mpilo kanye ne-hydrogen okukhiqizwa ukusabela kwamakhemikhali ebhethrini kunesikhathi sokuhlangana kabusha nokumuncwa, okuqeda ngokwemvelo ukuhlukaniswa kokuhlushwa kanye ne-ohmic polarization. Lokhu kunciphisa ukucindezela kwangaphakathi kwebhethri, kuvumela umzuliswano olandelayo wokushajwa kwamanje okuqhubekayo ukuthi uqhubeke kahle futhi kwenze ibhethri ikwazi ukumunca ugesi owengeziwe.
Ngokusekelwe endleleni yokushaja yamanje eguquguqukayo, indlela yokushaja ye-voltage eshintshashintshayo iye yahlongozwa, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 11-8. Umehluko phakathi kwe-voltage eguquguqukayo kanye nezindlela zokushaja zamanje eziguquguqukayo zamanje ukuthi isigaba sokuqala akusona esamanje esishintshashintshayo, kodwa i-voltage engaguquki.
Ukuqhathanisa Izibalo 11-7 kanye 11-8, kungabonakala ukuthi Umfanekiso 11-8 ubonisa kangcono ijika lokushaja elifanele. Esigabeni ngasinye sokushajwa kwamandla kagesi, ngenxa yokushajwa kwamandla kagesi okungashintshi, amandla okushaja ayancipha ngokwemvelo, ahambisana nesici sokuthi amandla ebhethri amukelekayo ayancipha kancane kancane phakathi nenqubo yokushaja.
I-Voltage Eguquguqukayo, I-Wave Yamanje Eguquguqukayo-Thayipha I-Intermittent Positive ne-Negative Zero{1}Indlela yokushaja okusheshayo kwe-Pulse
Ukuhlanganisa izinzuzo zokushaja ukushaya kwenhliziyo, ukushaja okusheshayo kwe-Reflex™, ukushaja okuguquguqukayo kwamanje, kanye nokushaja okuguquguqukayo kwe-voltage ngezikhathi ezithile, i-voltage eguquguqukayo, igagasi lamanje eliguquguqukayo-uhlobo oluphozithivu nolunegethivu onguziro{1}}indlela yokushaja esheshayo ye-pulse intermittent isithuthukisiwe futhi yasetshenziswa. Ukulawulwa kwesekhethi yokushaja i-pulse ngokuvamile iwela ezigabeni ezimbili:
I-1) I-amplitude ye-pulse current iyahlukahluka, kuyilapho imvamisa yesignali ye-PWM (amandla e-PWM) imisiwe.
I-2) I-amplitude ye-pulse current ihlala njalo, kuyilapho imvamisa yesignali ye-PWM iyalungiseka.
Umfanekiso we-11-9 usebenzisa imodi yokulawula ehlukile kulezi ezimbili: kokubili i-pulse amplitude yamanje kanye nemvamisa yesignali ye-PWM ihleliwe, kuyilapho umjikelezo we-PWM wemisebenzi ulungiswa. Ngokungeza ukushaja/ukumiswa kwesigaba esiphakathi, ukushajwa okwengeziwe kungatholwa ngesikhathi esifushane, ukuthuthukisa amandla okwamukela ukushajwa kwebhethri.
Imodi yokushaja ngayinye inezinzuzo zayo kanye nobubanzi bohlelo lokusebenza. Kodwa-ke, ngokusetshenziswa kabanzi kwezimoto zikagesi, isidingo sesivinini sokushaja siyanda, okuholela ekuveleni kokushaja okuhlakaniphile. Ukushaja okuhlakaniphile kuhloswe ngokuyinhloko ukushaja ibhethri ngokugcwele noma ukufinyelela umthamo osethiwe ngesikhathi esifushane. Lokhu kufinyelelwa ngokulungisa inani lamanje ngokuya Ngesimo Sokukhokhisa sebhethri (i-SOC) kanye Nesimo Sezempilo (SOH), okwenza isikhathi sokushaja siqhathaniswe nesokufaka uphethiloli emotweni yendabuko.
Ukushaja okuhlakaniphile kudonse ukunaka okubanzi. Abacwaningi emhlabeni wonke bagxile kuzinsiza ezibalulekile ekucwaningeni amasu okulawula ukushaja ukuze bathuthukise izilinganiso zokushaja kuyilapho beqinisekisa ngempumelelo ukuphila kwebhethri. Lokhu, futhi, kuthuthukisa ukusebenza nokwamukelwa kwezenhlalo kwezimoto zikagesi.
