Izindlela zokuthola idatha
Indlela yokuthola i-voltage yeseli eyodwa
Imojula yokuthola i-voltage yebhethri iyingxenye ebalulekile yesistimu yokulawula ibhethri lamandla. Ukusebenza kwayo nokunemba kunquma ukunemba kokwahlulela kwesistimu kolwazi lwesimo sebhethri, futhi kuphinde kuthinte ukuqaliswa okusebenzayo kwamasu okulawula alandelayo. Izindlela ezisetshenziswa kakhulu zokuthola i-voltage yeseli zifaka indlela yohlelo oludluliswayo, indlela yomthombo wamanje engashintshi, indlela yokutholwa ye-amplifier yokusebenza eyodwa, indlela yokuthola isekethe yokuguqulwa kwe-voltage/imvamisa, kanye nendlela yokuthola isekethe ye-optocoupler amplifier yomugqa.
1. I-Relay Array Method
Umfanekiso 8-6 ubonisa idayagramu yebhlokhi yesekethe yokuthola umthamo webhethri ngokusekelwe endleleni yokudlulisela. Iqukethe inzwa ye-voltage yetheminali, i-relay array, i-A-D (i-analog-kuya-digital) converter chip, i-optocoupler, kanye ne-multiplexer. Ukuze ulinganise amandla kagesi wetheminali yamabhethri n axhunywe ochungechungeni, izintambo ezingu-n+1 zidinga ukuxhunywa kunodi ngayinye kuphakethe lebhethri. Lapho ikala i-terminal voltage yebhethri le-m{9}th, i-microcontroller ithumela isignali yokulawula ehambisanayo, ekhetha ukudluliselwa okufanele ngesekethe ye-multiplexer, optocoupler, ne-relay drive, exhuma izintambo ezingu-m{11}}th kanye ne-m{10}}ku-A{14}}D converter chip. Ngokuvamile, ukumelana kwamadivayisi okushintsha kuncane kakhulu, futhi iphutha elibangelwa ukumelana kwamadivayisi okushintsha cishe awanandaba ngemva kokuhlanganisa ne-voltage divider circuit. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sonke isakhiwo sesifunda silula; kuphela ama-resistors we-voltage divider, i-chip converter ye-AD, nokunemba kwereferensi ye-voltage kuthinta ukunemba komphumela wokugcina. Amaphutha ama-resistors kanye ne-chip ngokuvamile angenziwa abe mancane kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, indlela yohlelo oludluliswayo ifaneleka kakhulu izinhlelo zokusebenza ezidinga izilinganiso zamandla kagesi ebhethri ngalinye kanye nokunemba okuphezulu.
2. Indlela Yomthombo Wamanje Eqhubekayo
Umgomo oyisisekelo wokutholwa kwamandla webhethri ahambisanayo kusetshenziswa isekethe yomthombo wamanje ongashintshi ukuguqula i-voltage yetheminali yebhethri ibe isignali yamanje eshintsha ngomugqa ngaphandle kokusebenzisa ukumelana nokuguqula. Lokhu kuthuthukisa amandla{1}}wokunqanda ukuphazamiseka. Ephaketheni-lesiteji esisodwa sebhethri, ngenxa yokuthi i-voltage yetheminali yebhethri iphansi kakhulu, ngokuvamile iphakathi kuka-2V no-5V, i-voltage iyazinza uma ikhishwa, ngaleyo ndlela ithuthukisa amandla{6}}okuvimbela ukuphazamiseka kwesistimu. Ngakho-ke,{8}}iamplifier yokusebenza yesiteshi esisodwa ngokuvamile ikhethwa enqubweni yokuklama ukuze kuzuzwe lokhu. Ngenxa yomehluko ekwakhiweni kwesekethe nokusetshenziswa, amasekhethi omthombo wamanje angashintshi angathatha izinhlobo eziningi ezahlukene.
Umjikelezo oboniswe kuMfanekiso 8{1}}7 ungesinye sezibonelo ezinjalo; iwumthombo wamanje oqhubekayo ohlanganisa uchungechunge{2}}lokukhetha isikhulisi sokusebenza kanye ne-transistor-yesango le-field-effect transistor evalekile.
Njengoba kungabonwa esakhiweni se-amplifier esebenzayo, le seyingi iyisekhethi ye-amplifier yezigaba eziningi-ehlanganisiwe ehlanganisiwe ene-loop evulekele{2}}phezulu kanye nempendulo engemihle ejulile. Isiteji saso sokufaka sisebenzisa isekethe ye-amplifier ehlukile futhi ihlanganiswe ku-silicon chip efanayo, okuholela ekusebenzeni okuhle kakhulu okufanayo phakathi kokubili, futhi isigaba esimaphakathi sinamandla okukhulisa amandla aphezulu. Ngokusekelwe kumgomo wamasekhethi ahlukene, le seyingi inamandla aqinile{5}}okwenqaba isignali yemodi. Ngakho-ke, lapho usebenzisa i-amplifier yokukala amandla omthamo wamaseli ngamanye ephaketheni lebhethri, ukunqatshelwa kwemodi evamile{7}}namandla okukhulisa kuzothuthukisa ukunemba kokulinganisa. I-insulated-inkundla yesango{10}}i-effect transistor (IGFET) iyidivayisi ye-semiconductor esebenzisa umthelela wenkundla kagesi wesekethe yokokufaka ukuze ulawule ukukhishwa kwesekethe yamanje. Uma isebenza endaweni yokumelana nokushintshashintsha, amandla okukhiphayo okuphumayo okuthi I ahlobene ngokuqondile ne-drain okokufaka{12}}i-voltage yomthombo Us. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isango{14}}ukuthikamezeka komthombo we-transistor kuphezulu kakhulu, okuholela ekuvuzeni kwamanje okuncane kakhulu, kuyilapho umthombo{15}}wokumela{16}}kuncane kakhulu, okuholela ekwehleni{17}}kokwehla kwamandla kagesi wesifundazwe. Umfanekiso 8-7 usebenzisa-inkambu yemodi yokuthuthukisa isiteshi{22}}-i-effect transistor (FET), futhi i-Zener diode ixhumekile ukuze kugcinwe isango elingashintshi{26}}lomthombo we-voltage Ucs. I-amplifier yokusebenza isebenza endaweni yomugqa. Uma kukhethwa i-FET ephansi{27}}ye-resistance FET, ukwehla kwamandla kagesi kuhulumeni awanakwa. Ngakho-ke,
okufinyelelekayo
Kuzibalo ezingenhla, umehluko phakathi kuka-u₁ no-u₂ amandla kagesi webhethri, futhi u-U₁ ugesi ophumayo wesekethe ye-amplifier eguqukayo yokusebenza. Kulula ukubona ukuthi i-Zener diode exhunywe ekuphumeni kwe-amplifier yokusebenza inikeza impendulo, igcina isifunda esimweni esilinganiselwe. V₀ ↑→ |Uz| ↓→ IL ↓→ |VR| ↓→ VI ↑→ |V₀| ↓. Lapho i-V₀ iyi-voltage ephumayo ye-amplifier yokusebenza; I-VR iyi-voltage yonkana i-resistor R₁; futhi i-VI i-voltage ehlukile yokufaka ye-amplifier yokusebenza, okungukuthi, VI=U₁ - U₂. Uma isifunda sisekulinganisweni, VI=0. Isekethe yomthombo wamanje engaguquki inesakhiwo esilula, esiqinile esivamile{9}}amandla okunqaba imodi, ukunemba okuphezulu, nokusebenza okuhle.
3. I-Isolation Operational Amplifier
I-amplifier yokusebenza yodwa iyingxenye ye-elekthronikhi ekwazi ukuhlukanisa ngogesi amasignali e-analog. Isetshenziswa kabanzi njengezihlukanisi ekulawuleni inqubo yezimboni nanjengemidiya yokuhlukanisa kumadivayisi ahlukahlukene wokuphakelwa kwamandla. Ngokuvamile iqukethe izingxenye ezimbili: ingxenye yokufaka kanye nengxenye yokuphumayo. Lawa anikwa amandla ngokwehlukana futhi ahlanganiswe ukuhlanganisa kazibuthe. Isiginali ilungiswa ngesigaba sokufakwayo, idlula isendlalelo sokuhlukanisa, bese yehliswa futhi ibuyiselwe yisigaba sokuphumayo. Ama-amplifiers okusebenza awodwa alungele amasekhethi okuthola amandla kagesi webhethri. Zihlukanisa isignali ye-voltage yetheminali yebhethri okokufaka eseketheni, ngaleyo ndlela zigweme ukuphazamiseka kwangaphandle futhi zithuthukise ukunemba nokwethembeka kokutholwa kwesistimu. Isibonelo esijwayelekile sohlelo lokusebenza sinikezwe ngezansi.
Umfanekiso 8.8 ubonisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-amplifier yokusebenza eyedwa kusistimu yokulawula ibhethri lamandla angu-600V. Iphakethe lebhethri liqukethe amabhethri angu-50 ahamba phambili avundlile{4}e-asidi anevoltheji elinganiselwe engu-12V, futhi ama-terminal voltages awo atholwa ngayinye ngayinye ngesekhethi ye-isolation operation amplifier. I-ISO 122 iyisikhulisamazwi sokuhlukanisa esidizayinelwe ngobuchwepheshe bokumodulation kanye nokwehlisa izinga lolwazi olupakishwe ngabakwaBlack & Decker (BBB) e-United States, sisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokuhlanganisa i-precision capacitor kanye nelungiselelo lephinikhodi elivamile elikabili-emgqeni (DIP). Izingxenye zokufaka nokuphumayo ze-ISO 122 zitholakala kusekethe yamasampula, zihlukaniswa ngama-capacitor amabili afanayo we-1pF akha isendlalelo sokuhlukanisa. I-voltage yokuhlukanisa elinganiselwe ingaphezu kuka-1500V (AC 60Hz eqhubekayo), ene-impedance ephezulu yokuhlukanisa kanye nenzuzo ephezulu yokunemba kanye nomugqa, ngaleyo ndlela ihlangabezana nezidingo zohlelo lokusebenza. Njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 8.8, amandla okufaka e-ISO 122 athathwa ephaketheni lebhethri elizenzakalelayo, futhi isignali yokuphumayo, enobudlelwano bomugqa nayo, iphindwaphindwa, bese ihlukaniswa ngokuzenzakalelayo ngama-resistors amabili anembile alawulwa yi-microcontroller ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa kokokufaka. Amandla okukhiphayo anikezwa imojula yokuphakela amandla ebhodini lesekethe, futhi i-voltage yetheminali yebhethri ihlukaniswe yodwa. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi kumjikelezo wokuthola amandla kagesi wetheminali webhethri lama-50, isiguquli se-inverter siyengezwa ngemva kwesekethe ye-amplifier yokusebenza ehlukanisiwe ukuze kushintshwe isignali yokuphumayo isuka kokubi iye kokuphozithivu. Kufanele futhi kuphawulwe ukuthi nakuba isifunda sokutholwa kwe-amplifier sokusebenza esisodwa sisebenza kahle kakhulu, izindleko zayo eziphezulu zikhawulele ukusetshenziswa kwayo okusabalele.
4. I-Voltage/Frequency Conversion Circuit Acquisition Method
Uma usebenzisa i-voltage/frequency conversion circuit (V/F) ukuze uthole i-voltage yebhethri yebhethri, isiguquli se-V/F sibalulekile. Yingxenye eguqula amasignali kagesi abe amasiginali wefrikhwensi, enikeza ukunemba okuhle kakhulu, umugqa, kanye nokufaka okubalulekile.
Umfanekiso 8-9 ubonisa i-circuit schematic yesiguquli se-LM331 V/F esisetshenziselwa{5}}ukuguqulwa okunembayo okuphezulu kwe-V/F. I-LM331 iyi-chip{7}}edidiyelwe ephezulu ye-V/F ekhiqizwe i-FS Microcontroller. Isebenzisa isekethe yereferensi ye-bandgap entsha enxeshezelwa ngezinga lokushisa, ehlinzeka ngokunemba okuphezulu kakhulu kulo lonke ibanga lokushisa elisebenzayo kanye nama-voltage okunikezwa kwamandla aphansi njengo-4.0V.
Kule ndlela yokutholwa, isignali kagesi iguqulwa ngokuqondile ibe isignali yefrikhwensi, engase icutshungulwa imbobo yekhawunta ye-microcontroller ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuguqulwa okungu-A{0}}D. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuze kuhambisane nesekhethi yokuguqulela ye-V/F kusistimu yokuthola amandla kagesi webhethri, amasekhethi okukhetha ahambelanayo namasekhethi okukhulisa umsindo asebenzayo nawo adinga ukuklanywa ukuze kuzuzwe ukusebenza kokutholwa kweziteshi eziningi-. Le ndlela ihlanganisa izingxenye ezimbalwa, kodwa i-voltage-i-oscillator elawulwayo iqukethe ama-capacitor, futhi iphutha elihlobene lama-capacitor ngokuvamile likhulu, nama-capacitor amakhulu abonisa amaphutha amakhulu nakakhulu ahlobene.
5. Indlela Yokuthola Isekhethi ye-Optocouupler ye-Linear
Isekhethi yokutholwa kwamaseli ebhethri ngokususelwe ku-optocoupler ewumugqa ifinyelela ukuhlukaniswa phakathi kwesiphetho sokutholwa kwesignali kanye nesiphetho sokucubungula, ngaleyo ndlela ithuthukise ukuqina kwesekethi namandla{0}wokunqanda ukuphazamiseka. Umfanekiso 8-10 ubonisa i-TIL300 linear optocoupler, equkethe i-photodiode yempendulo ehlukanisiwe ene-infrared LED illumination kanye ne-photodiode ephumayo. Ubuchwepheshe benqubo ekhethekile busetshenziselwa ukunxephezela ukungalandeli kwe-LED kwesikhathi nezici zokushisa, okwenza isignali yokuphumayo ilingane ngokulingana ne-servo luminous flux ekhishwe yi-LED. I-TIL300 inokuhlukaniswa okuphezulu okungu-3500V, umkhawulokudonsa omkhulu kuno-200kHz, ifanele ukukhuliswa okukodwa kwamasiginali we-DC ne-AC, futhi inomphumela wokuzuza ozinzile ongu-±0.05%/degree . Njengoba kubonakala kumdwebo, inani le-voltage yeseli yebhethri elilodwa (umehluko phakathi kwe-U1 ne-U2) liguqulwa libe isignali ye-Ip yamanje nge-amplifier yokusebenza A futhi igeleza ku-optocoupler yomugqa engu-TIL300. Ngemva kwe-opto{18}}ukuhlukaniswa, ikhipha i-Ip2 yamanje ehlobene ngokuqondile ne-Ip1. Lesi samanje sibe sesiguqulelwa emuva sibe yinani le-voltage nge-amplifier yokusebenza A2 ye-A{23}}D yokuguqulwa nokutholwa kwedatha. Kuhle ukuqaphela ukuthi iziphetho ezimbili ze-optocoupler yomugqa zidinga amandla ahlukile azimele, anelebuli engu-I+12V kanye ne-±12V kumdwebo. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi i-linear optocouupler amplifier circuit ayinakho nje kuphela ukuthi inamandla okuhlukanisa{25}}namandla okuphazamisa kodwa futhi igcina umugqa omuhle wesignali ye-analog phakathi nokudlulisa. Ngakho-ke, ingasetshenziswa ngokuhambisana nama-relay arrays noma amasekhethi esango kumasistimu okutholwa kwamashaneli amaningi. Kodwa-ke, ukujikeleza kwayo kuyinkimbinkimbi, futhi izici eziningi zingathinta ukunemba kwayo.
Izindlela Zokuthola Izinga lokushisa
Izinga lokushisa lokusebenza kwebhethri alithinti ukusebenza kwebhethri kuphela kodwa futhi lihlobene ngokuqondile nokuphepha kwezimoto zikagesi. Ngakho-ke, ukutholwa kwepharamitha yezinga lokushisa okunembile kubalulekile. Ukuthola izinga lokushisa akunzima; ukhiye ukukhetha inzwa yezinga lokushisa efanelekile. Njengamanje, izinzwa eziningi zokushisa ziyatholakala, njengama-thermistors, ama-thermocouples, ama-thermistor transistors, nezinzwa zokushisa ezididiyelwe.
1. Indlela Yokuthola I-Thermistor
Umgomo wendlela yokuthola i-thermistor usekelwe kusici sokuthi ukumelana kwe-thermistor kushintsha nezinga lokushisa. I-resistor engaguquki ixhunywe ochungechungeni ne-thermistor ukuze yakhe isihlukanisi se-voltage, ngaleyo ndlela iguqule izinga lokushisa libe isignali kagesi. Lesi siginali ibe isiguqulelwa kulwazi lwezinga lokushisa ledijithali ngokuguqulwa kwe-analog-kuya{3}}kudijithali. Ama-thermistors awabizi kodwa anomugqa ompofu futhi ngokuvamile anamaphutha amakhulu kakhulu okukhiqiza.
2. Indlela Yokuthola I-Thermocouple
Isimiso sokusebenza se-thermocouple ukuthi umzimba we-bimetallic ukhiqiza amandla ahlukene we-thermoelectric emazingeni okushisa ahlukene. Ngokuthola leli nani le-thermoelectric elinamandla, inani lokushisa lingatholwa ngokubheka phezulu kwetafula. Njengoba inani le-thermoelectric elinamandla lincike kuphela ezintweni ezibonakalayo, ukunemba kwama-thermocouples kuphezulu kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, njengoba amandla e-thermoelectric engamasiginali-engama-millivolt, ukukhulisa kuyadingeka, okwenza inkimbinkimbi ye-circuitry yangaphandle. Ngokuvamile, izinsimbi zinamaphoyinti aphezulu okuncibilika, ngakho-ke ama-thermocouples ngokuvamile asetshenziselwa izilinganiso zokushisa eziphezulu-.
3. Indlela Yokuthola Inzwa Yezinga Lokushisa Ehlanganisiwe
Njengoba ukulinganisa izinga lokushisa kuya ngokuya kuvame ekuphileni kwansuku zonke nasekukhiqizeni, abakhiqizi be-semiconductor baye bethula izinzwa eziningi zokushisa ezihlanganisiwe. Nakuba eziningi zalezi zinzwa zisekelwe kuma-thermistors, ziyalinganiswa ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza, okuholela ekunembeni okuqhathaniswa nama-thermocouples. Ngaphezu kwalokho, angakhipha amanani edijithali ngokuqondile, awenze{2}}afanelekele ukusetshenziswa kumasistimu edijithali.
Izindlela Zamanje Zokuthola
Izindlela zamanje zokubona ezijwayelekile zifaka ama-shunts, ama-transformer, izinzwa zamanje ze-Hall effect, nezinzwa ze-fiber optic.
Izici zendlela ngayinye zikhonjiswe kuThebula 8-1.
| Into | Shunt | Isiguquli | I-Hall Element Inzwa Yamanje | Inzwa ye-Fiber Optic |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ukulahlekelwa Kokufaka | Yebo | Cha | Cha | Cha |
| Ifomu Lokuhlela | Kudingeka ifakwe kumjikelezo oyinhloko | Vula imbobo, ukufinyelela kwezintambo | Vula imbobo, ukufinyelela kwezintambo | - |
| Into yokulinganisa | DC, AC, Pulse | AC | DC, AC, Pulse | DC, AC |
| Ukuhlukaniswa ngogesi | Akukho Ukuhlukaniswa | Izodwa | Izodwa | Izodwa |
| Ukusebenziseka kalula | Ukukhulisa isignali encane, kudinga ukucutshungulwa kokuhlukaniswa | Kulula ukuyisebenzisa | Kulula ukuyisebenzisa | - |
| Isicelo Scenario | Ukulinganisa okuncane kwamanje, ukulawula | Isilinganiso se-AC, ukuqapha kwegridi yamandla | Lawula isilinganiso | Ivamise ukusetshenziswa kumasistimu wamandla okulinganisa{0}aphezulu kagesi |
| Inani | Iphansi ngokuqhathaniswa | Phansi | Ngokuqhathaniswa High | Phezulu |
| Izinga Lokuduma | Idume | Idume | Ngokuqhathaniswa Popularized | Ayidumile |
Phakathi kwalezi zici, izindleko eziphezulu zezinzwa ze-fiber optic zikhawulela ukusetshenziswa kwazo emkhakheni wokulawula; ama-shunt aphansi-abiza futhi anempendulo enhle yefrikhwensi, kodwa anzima ukuwasebenzisa njengoba kufanele axhunywe ku-loop yamanje; ama-transformer amanje angasetshenziselwa izilinganiso ze-AC kuphela; kanye nezinzwa zamanje ze-Hall element zinikeza ukusebenza okuhle futhi kulula ukuzisebenzisa. Njengamanje, izinzwa zamanje ze-shunts kanye ne-Hall element zivame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu ekutholweni kwamanje nokwengamela amasistimu okuphatha ibhethri lamandla emoto kagesi.
Izindlela Zokubona Intuthu
Ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwemoto, ngenxa yezimo zomgwaqo eziyinkimbinkimbi nezinkinga zokwenziwa kwebhethri, izimo eziphuthumayo ezidlulele njengentuthu noma umlilo zingase zenzeke ngenxa yokushisa ngokweqile, ukucindezelwa, noma ukungqubuzana. Uma lezi zigameko zingatholwa futhi zixazululwe ngokushesha, nakanjani zizokhula, zisongela amabhethri azungezile, imoto, kanye nabasebenzi endaweni yezimpahla, kube nomthelela omkhulu ekuphepheni kokusebenza kwemoto. Ukuze kuvinjelwe izigameko ezinjalo, ukuqapha intuthu kuye kwethulwa ezinhlelweni zokuphatha amabhethri eminyakeni yamuva nje futhi kuthola ukunakwa okukhulayo.
Izinzwa zentuthu zihlukahlukene futhi zingahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko ngokusekelwe ezimisweni zazo zokutholwa: ① Izinzwa zentuthu ezisebenzisa izici ze-physicochemical, njengezinzwa zentuthu ekhishwa kancane kancane nezinzwa zentuthu evuthayo; ② Izinzwa zentuthu ezisebenzisa izici ezibonakalayo, njengezinzwa zentuthu ehambisa ukushisa, izinzwa zentuthu eziphazamisayo, nezinzwa ze-infrared; ③ Izinzwa zentuthu ezisebenzisa izici ze-electrochemical, njengezinzwa zohlobo lwamanje-zentuthu namandla e-electromotive{1}}uhlobo lwezinzwa zegesi. Ngenxa yokuthi izinzwa zentuthu zihlukahlukene, izinzwa zentuthu ye-semiconductor azikwazi ukubona wonke amagesi. Ngakho-ke, uhlobo oluthile lukhethwa ukuze kutholwe uhlobo olulodwa noma ezimbili zentuthu ethile. Isibonelo, izinzwa zentuthu ye-oxide semiconductor zisetshenziselwa kakhulu ukubona intuthu ye-hydrocarbon, okuhlanganisa i-O₂, H₂S, CO, H₂, O₃H₂O, Cl₂, OH, CO₂, njll. Ngenxa yokulinganiselwa kwama-electrode, lezi zinzwa zisetshenziselwa kakhulu ukuthola, i-inorganic, intuthu, njenge-CO₂, SO₂, njll.
Uma izinzwa zentuthu zisetshenziswa kumabhethri wamandla, ukukhetha kwenzwa kudinga ukuqonda ukwakheka kwentuthu ekhiqizwa ukusha kwebhethri. Ngokuvamile, ukusha kwebhethri kukhiqiza inani elikhulu le-CO ne-CO2, ngakho-ke izinzwa ezizwelayo kulawa magesi amabili kufanele zikhethwe. Isakhiwo senzwa kumele sivumelane nezimo zokudlidliza{3}}zokusetshenziswa kwemoto isikhathi eside ukuze kunqandwe ukucupha okungamanga ngenxa yothuli lomgwaqo nokudlidliza.
Idivayisi ye-alamu yentuthu kusistimu yokulawula ibhethri lamandla kufanele ifakwe kukhonsoli yomshayeli. Lapho ithola isignali ye-alamu, kufanele isheshe ikhiphe i-alamu ezwakalayo nebonakalayo kanye nendawo enephutha, iqinisekise ukuthi umshayeli angakwazi ukubona ngokushesha futhi athole isignali ye-alamu.
Isibonelo, isistimu ye-alamu yentuthu esetshenziswa ebhasini likagesi lama-Olympic, elakhiwe ngokuyinhloko i-Beijing Institute of Technology, isebenzisa isistimu yebhethri enikwa amandla yibhethri ye-alkaline engu-9V noma ye-carbon-ye-zinc, iqinisekisa ukusebenza okujwayelekile kwamahora angu-24. Isignali ye-alamu inikwa amandla amandla ebhethri emoto angu-24V, ahlinzekwa ngokuhlukene ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuzimela kwesistimu ye-alamu. Ama-alamu asabalalisiwe athola ukugcwala kwentuthu ngezinzwa zentuthu zangaphakathi. Uma ukugcwala kwentuthu kungaphansi komkhawulo, isilawuli sangaphakathi se-alamu sisetha okukhiphayo okudluliswayo ukuze uvule isekethe; lapho ukugxiliswa kwentuthu kweqa umkhawulo, isilawuli sangaphakathi sisetha okukhiphayo kwe-relay kumjikelezo omfushane, ngokushesha sidweba +24ukunikezwa kwamandla ka-V kuphaneli yokubonisa ukuze kwakhe isekethe ye-alamu ngokunikezwa kwamandla -24V kuphaneli yokubonisa, ekhipha isignali ye-alamu ezwakalayo nebonakalayo. Isakhiwo sesistimu siboniswa kuMfanekiso 8-11.
