Yiziphi izimiso zokuhlola eziyisisekelo nezindlela zamabhethri anamandla?
Izimiso Eziyisisekelo kanye Nezindlela Zokuhlola Ibhethri Lamandla
Izici eziyisisekelo ze-electrochemical zemithombo yamandla amakhemikhali zihlanganisa umthamo, i-voltage, ukumelana kwangaphakathi,-ukuzikhipha, ukusebenza kwesitoreji, ukusebenza kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu neliphansi, njll. Njengomthombo wamandla wamakhemikhali wesibili ojwayelekile, amabhethri wamandla aphinde ahlanganise nokusebenza kokushajwa nokukhipha, ukusebenza komjikelezo, ukucindezela kwangaphakathi, njll. Ngakho-ke, okuqukethwe kokuhlola ukusebenza okuyinhloko kweseli lamandla ebhethri elilodwa kufaka phakathi: ukushaja nokukhipha izinga lokushisa lokukhipha kanye nokukhipha ukuhlolwa kokusebenza, izinga eliphezulu lokuhlola ukusebenza, ukuhlola ukusebenza, ukukhipha nokuhlola ukusebenza, ukuhlola ukusebenza, ukukhishwa kokuhlolwa kokusebenza, ukuhlola ukusebenza, ukukhipha nokuhlola ukusebenza, ukuhlola ukusebenza, ukuchithwa, ukuchithwa, ukushaja nokukhishwa, ukuhlola ukusebenza nokuhlola ukusebenza, ukuhlola ukusebenza, ukukhipha nokuhlola ukusebenza. kanye nokuhlolwa kwamandla okukhethekile, amandla nokuhlolwa okuthile kwamandla, ukusebenza kwesitoreji kanye{3}}nokuhlola ukuzikhipha, ukuhlola impilo, ukuhlola ukumelana kwangaphakathi, ukuhlolwa kwengcindezi yangaphakathi, nokuhlola ukuphepha, njll.
Ngokombono wohlelo lokusebenza lwemoto lwangempela, uchungechunge lokuhlola olufanele ukusetshenziswa kwemoto lwenziwa ngephakethe lebhethri lamandla elisetshenziswa ezimotweni zikagesi njengento yokuhlola, njengalokhu: ukutholwa komthamo omile, ukutholwa kwamandla aguqukayo, ukuhlola okuthule, ukuhlola amandla okuqala, ukuhlola amandla okushaja okusheshayo, ukuhlolwa kwempilo yomjikelezo, ukuhlolwa kokuphepha, ukuhlolwa kokudlidliza kwebhethri, ukutholwa kwamandla aphezulu, ukutholwa kokuhlolwa kwamandla okuphuma kancane, njll.
(1) Ukutholwa Kwekhono Elimile Injongo eyinhloko yalokhu kuhlola ukunquma ukuthi iphekhi yebhethri lamandla inokushaja okwanele namandla lapho imoto isetshenziswa ngempela, futhi ingasebenza ngokujwayelekile ngaphansi kwamazinga ahlukahlukene okukhipha anqunywe kusengaphambili namazinga okushisa. Indlela yokuhlola eyinhloko ukuhlola ukukhishwa okuhamba kancane ngaphansi kwezimo zokushisa eziqhubekayo, futhi ukuchithwa kuyanqanyulwa lapho i-voltage yephakethe lebhethri lamandla yehla ibe inani elimisiwe noma ukuvumelana kwamaseli awodwa ngaphakathi kwephakethe lebhethri lamandla (umehluko wevoltage) ifinyelela inani elimisiwe.
(2) Ukutholwa Kwekhono ElinamandlaNgesikhathi sokusebenza kwemoto kagesi, izinga lokushisa lokusebenza kanye nezinga lokukhishwa kwebhethri lamandla liyashintshashintsha. Lokhu kuhlola kuthola ngokuyinhloko amandla ephakethe lebhethri lamandla ngaphansi kwezimo zokukhishwa okuguquguqukayo, okubonakala kakhulu kumandla namandla kumazinga okushisa ahlukene kanye namazinga okukhishwa. Indlela yokuhlola eyinhloko ukwenza ukuhlola kokukhipha ukusebenza kwephakethe lebhethri lamandla usebenzisa iphrofayela yamanje enqunywe kusengaphambili noma iphrofayela yamanje eqoqwe kuhlelo lokusebenza lwemoto. Isimo sokunqanyulwa kokuhlolwa silungiswa ngokuya ngezimo zokuhlola kanye nezici zebhethri lamandla, kodwa ngokuyisisekelo silandela izinga lokwehla kwamandla kagesi libe inani elithile. Le ndlela ingabonisa ngokuqondile nangokunembile izidingo zangempela zohlelo lwezimoto zikagesi.
(3) Ukuhlolwa OkupholileInjongo yalokhu kuhlola iwukuthola ukulahleka komthamo wephakethe lebhethri lamandla lapho lingasetshenziswa isikhathi esithile, elisetshenziselwa ukulingisa isimo lapho imoto kagesi ingashayelwa isikhathi esithile futhi ibhethri lishiywa livuliwe-kuyisekhethi. Ukuhlola okuthulile kuphinde kwaziwe njengokuhlolwa kokusebenza kokuzikhiphela wena kanye nesitoreji, okubhekisela endleni yebhethri ukunakekela ukushajwa kwayo okugciniwe ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile zemvelo uma isendaweni{3}}evulekile.
(4) Ukuqala Ukuhlola Amandla Njengoba amandla okuqalisa emoto emakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa, ukuze ukwazi ukujwayela ukuqala kwemoto ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukene zokushisa, ukuqalisa ukuhlolwa kwamandla kwenziwa kuphakethe lebhethri lamandla ezingeni lokushisa eliphansi ($−18\\text{℃}$) nezinga lokushisa eliphezulu ($50\\text{℃}$). Lokhu kuhlola, ngaphezu kokukalwa kuzinga lokushisa legumbi, ngokuvamile kuphinda kusethwe ivelu ye-SOC ukuze kunqunywe amandla okukhipha ebhethri ezimeni ezihlukene zokushaja. Ukuhlola okuvamile ukuhlola amandla okwenziwa ku-$90\\%$, $50\\%$, kanye ne-$20\\%$ SOC.
(5) Ukuhlolwa Kwekhono Lokushaja NgokusheshaInjongo yalokhu kuhlola iwukuhlola amandla okushaja okusheshayo ebhethri ngokwenza{0}}ukuhlolwa kokushaja okuphezulu kuphakethe lebhethri lamandla, kanye nokuhlola ukusebenza kahle kwalo, ukukhiqiza ukushisa, kanye nomthelela kwezinye izici. Ukuze ishaje ngokushesha, izinga le-USABC lihlose ukuthi ibhethri ye-SOC ithole kabusha isuka ku-$40\\%$ iye ku-$80\\%$ ngaphakathi kokungu-$15\\text{min}$. Okwamanje, izinga elibekwe inhlangano ye-CHAdeMO yase-Japan lidinga ukuthi ukushaja iphakethe lebhethri lamandla emoto kagesi cishe ngo-$10\\text{min}$ kungaqinisekisa ukuthi imoto ihamba ngo-$50\\text{km}$; ukushaja okungaphezu kuka-$30\\text{min}$ kungaqinisekisa ukuthi imoto ihamba ngo-$100\\text{km}$.
(6) Ukuhlolwa Kwempilo YomjikelezoImpilo yomjikelezo webhethri ithinta ngqo ukusebenza kwezomnotho kokusetshenziswa kwebhethri. Uma umthamo wangempela webhethri ungaphansi kuka-$80\\%$ womthamo wokuqala noma umthamo olinganiselwe, ibhethri lamandla libhekwa njengelifinyelele ekupheleni kwempilo yalo. Indlela eyinhloko esetshenziswe kulokhu kuhlolwa ukwenza imijikelezo yokushaja nokukhipha ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, kusetshenziswa inani lemijikelezo njengenkomba yokuphila kwayo. Njengoba isikhathi sokuhlola sempilo yebhethri yamandla siside, ukuhlola ngokuvamile kuthatha izinyanga ezimbalwa noma unyaka. Ngakho-ke, ekusebenzeni okungokoqobo, izindlela zokunquma inani lemijikelezo yokuhlola, ukulinganisa ukuncishiswa kwamandla, bese kwenziwa i-linear extrapolation ngokusekelwe kule datha zivame ukusetshenziselwa ukuhlolwa. Emkhakheni wocwaningo, ukuze kuncishiswe isikhathi sokuhlola impilo yebhethri lamandla, ucwaningo luyenziwa futhi mayelana nokusheshisa ukuguga kwebhethri ngokukhuphula izinga lokushisa lokuhlola namazinga wokushaja/wokukhipha ukuze kuhlolwe ukuphila kwamabhethri namandla namaphakethe ebhethri lamandla.
(7) Ukuhlolwa KokuphephaUkusebenza kokuphepha kwebhethri kubhekisela ekuhlolweni kokulimala okungaba khona kubantu namathuluzi okungenzeka kubangelwe ukugcinwa nokusetshenziswa kwamabhethri okulondoloza. Ikakhulukazi uma ibhethri lisetshenziswa kabi, okokufaka kwamandla athile kubangela ukuthi izinto ezingaphakathi kwebhethri zibhekane nokusabela komzimba noma kwamakhemikhali okukhiqiza inani elikhulu lokushisa. Uma ukushisa kungakwazi ukuchithwa ngesikhathi, kungase kuholele ekubalekeni kwebhethri. Ukushisa okushisayo kungabangela ibhethri ukuthi iqhume, ikhiqize igesi evuthayo, iqhume, iqhekeke, futhi ihambisane nomlilo, okubangela izingozi zokuphepha. Phakathi kwemithombo eminingi yamandla amakhemikhali, ukuphepha kwamabhethri e-lithium{4}}ion kubaluleke kakhulu. Izinto ezijwayelekile zokuhlola ukuphepha kwamabhethri kagesi ziboniswa kuThebula 6-1.
Ithebula 6-1 Izinto Ezivamile Zokuhlola Ukuphepha Zamabhethri Amandla
| Isigaba | Izindlela Zokuhlola Eziyinhloko |
| Ukuhlolwa kokusebenza kukagesi | Ukukhokhisa ngokweqile,{0}}ukukhipha ngokweqile, i-short circuit yangaphandle, ukuphuma okushisayo, njll. |
| Ukuhlolwa Kwemishini | Ukuwa kwamahhala, umthelela, i-extrusion, ukudlidliza, i-extrusion, njll. |
| Ukuhlola Okushisayo | Ukushiswa, izithombe ezishisayo, ukushaqeka kokushisa, ukushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa, njll. |
| Ukuhlolwa Kwemvelo | Ukulingisa i-vacuum, ukucwiliswa, umswakamo, njll. |
(8) Ukuhlola Ukudlidliza KwebhethriInjongo yalokhu kuhlola iwukuthola umthelela wokudlidliza okuvamile nokushaqeka okubangelwa imigwaqo ekusebenzeni nempilo yamabhethri anamandla namaphakethe ebhethri lamandla. Ukuhlolwa kokudlidliza kwebhethri kuhlola ukuqina kokudlidliza kwebhethri lamandla (iphekhi) futhi kusebenzisa lokhu njengesisekelo sokuqondisa ukuthuthukiswa kwesakhiwo sebhethri lamandla (iphakethe). Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zokudlidliza ekuhlolweni kokudlidliza: ukudlidliza kwe-sinusoidal noma ukudlidliza okungahleliwe. Njengoba amaphakethe ebhethri lamandla esetshenziswa kakhulu ezimotweni, ukudlidliza okungahleliwe ngokuvamile kwamukelwa ukuze kulingise izimo zokusebenza zangempela zebhethri.
Okungenhla yizimfuneko ezijwayelekile zokuhlola amabhethri wamandla (amaphakethe). Amapharamitha athile kanye nezimfuneko zokuhlolwa zizohluka kuye ngohlobo lwebhethri lamandla. Ithebula 6-2 libonisa izimfuneko zokusebenza zokuphepha nezindlela zokuhlola zamaphekhi ebhethri e-lithium-ion namasistimu asetshenziswa ezimotweni zikagesi.
Ithebula 6-2 Izidingo Zokusebenza Kokuphepha kanye Nezindlela Zokuhlola zamaphakethe ebhethri ye-Lithium-ion namasistimu ezimotweni zikagesi
| Into | Isigaba | Indlela Yokuhlola | Izidingo zokuphepha |
| Ukuhlola Ukuphepha Okujwayelekile (Ithebula 6-1) | Ukuhlolwa kokusebenza kukagesi | Ukukhokhisa ngokweqile,{0}}ukukhipha ngokweqile, i-short circuit yangaphandle, ukuphuma okushisayo, njll. | N/A |
| Ukuhlolwa Kwemishini | Ukuwa kwamahhala, umthelela, i-extrusion, ukudlidliza, i-extrusion, njll. | N/A | |
| Ukuhlola Okushisayo | Ukushiswa, izithombe ezishisayo, ukushaqeka kokushisa, ukushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa, njll. | N/A | |
| Ukuhlolwa Kwemvelo | Ukulingisa i-vacuum, ukucwiliswa, umswakamo, njll. | N/A | |
| Ukuphepha Kwebhethri ye-EV Li{0}ion (Ithebula 6-2) | Ukudlidliza | 1. Into Yokuhlola: Iphakethe Lebhethri noma Isistimu. 1. Bheka izimfuneko zokukhweza imoto kanye ne-GB/T 2423.43-2008, faka kuthebula lokudlidliza. Hlola ngezikhombisi-ndlela ezingu-3 ($Y \\to X \\to Z$). Inqubo ibhekisela ku-GB/T 2423.56-2018. 2. Ekufakweni komzimba ophansi, amapharamitha wokuhlola ngokuya ngokuthi 7.1.1.2 ku-GB/T 31467.3-2015. 3. Isikhathi sokuhlola singu-$2\\text{h}$ isiqondiso ngasinye (singancishiswa sibe ngu-$0.5\\text{h}$). $2\\text{h}$ observation evunyelwe phakathi noma ngemva kuka-$30\\text{min}$. 4. Qapha ubuncane beyunithi yokuqapha isimo (i-voltage, ukumelana, izinga lokushisa){16}} Qaphela u-$2\\text{h}$ phakathi nokuhlolwa{18}}Okwemishini kagesi:i. Ngaphambili-kukhweziwe: Hlola nge-7.1.1.2.1 nge-GB/T 31467.3-2015. Ezinye izindawo: Hlola nge-GB/T ngayinye 28046.3-2011. $2\\text{h}$ ngezindlela ezihlukile ze-$Z$-eksisi. Izinto ezingemuva: imodi yokuvusa yenziwe. ii. Isebenza ngemodi engu-$3.2$ nge-GB/T ngayinye 28046.1-2011. | Iphakethe lebhethri noma isistimu kufanele: Ingabi nokuwohloka kwamandla kagesi kuyunithi yokuqapha encane ($< 0.5\text{V}$), remain intact, structure sound, no leakage, no rupture, fire, or explosion. Insulation resistance $\ge 100\text{Ω}/\text{V}$ within $30\text{min}$ after test. Electronic devices: Reliable connection, structure sound, no disconnection. Post-test parameters meet Table 1 in GB/T 31467.3-2015. |
| Ukushaqeka Kwemishini | 1. Into yokuhlola: Iphakethe lebhethri noma isistimu. 2. Bhekisela ku-7.2 Shock $25\\text{g}\\text{-}15\\text{ms}$ half-sine pulse in GB/T 31467.3-2015, $3$ shocks in $Y$xi, bona $2 | Akukho ukuvuza, ukugqabuka kwebhokisi langaphandle, umlilo, noma ukuqhuma. Ukumelana ne-insulation $\\ge 100\\text{Ω}/\\text{V}$. | |
| Yehlisa | 1. Into yokuhlola: Iphakethe lebhethri noma Isistimu. 2. Yehlisa usuka ku-$1\\text{m}$ uye endaweni eqinile lapho ushona khona (ngaphandle kwalokho okuzinze kakhulu ukukhomba indlela yokulahla, $X$-ukuhlolwa kwe-eksisi), bona i-$2\\text{h}$. | Akukho ukukhiya okuphumayo, ukukhuphuka kwamandla kagesi noma ukuvuza, ukugqabuka kwebhokisi langaphandle, umlilo, noma ukuqhuma. Ukumelana ne-insulation $\\ge 100\\text{Ω}/\\text{V}$ ngemva kokuhlolwa. | |
| Phenduka | 1. Into yokuhlola: Iphakethe lebhethri noma isistimu{1}} Bheka okuthi 7.3.2 ku-GB/T 31467.3-2015: $90\\text{℃}$ tilt ngo-$6\\text{h}$, bese kuba ngu-$90\\text{℃}$ increments, bamba $1\\umbhalo ongu-$0}umbhalo ngamunye{3} Bheka i-$2\\text{h}$. 3. Zungezisa $360\\text{℃}$ eduze kuka-$X$-i-eksisi eku-$6\\text{℃}/\\text{s}$, bese kuba ngu-$90\\text{℃}$ increments, bamba u-$1\\text{h}$ ngakunye, $360\\umbhalo{ degree} umile. Bheka i-$2\\text{h}$. 4. Zungezisa $360\\text{℃}$ eduze kwe-$Y$-axis ku-$6\\text{℃}/\\text{s}$, bese kuba ngu-$90\\text{℃}$ increments, ubambe u-$1\\text{h}$ ngamunye, $360\\text{ degree}$ ukuzungezisa kumisiwe. Bheka i-$2\\text{h}$. | Akukho ukuvuza, ukugqashuka kwekesi yangaphandle, umlilo, noma ukuqhuma, gcina ukuxhumana okuthembekile. Ukumelana ne-insulation $\\ge 100\\text{Ω}/\\text{V}$ ngemva kokuhlolwa. | |
| I-Gradient Ephezulu | 1. Into yokuhlola: Iphakethe lebhethri noma Isistimu. 2. Ifakwe ngokuvundlile ku-trolley. Phinda i-pulse ecaciswe ku-Fig 3 yeThebula 7 ku-SAE J2380 noma i-GB/T 31467.3-2015 (ihambisana ne-$X$-i-axis engu-$5\\text{s}$, kanye ne-$Y${11}}i-eksisi engu-$5\\text{s}$) ekuqondeni komphetho (Y${11}}i-axis engu-$5{s}$) ekuhambeni (Y$) $2\\umbhalo{h}$. | Akukho ukuvuza, ukugqabuka kwebhokisi langaphandle, umlilo, noma ukuqhuma. Ukumelana ne-insulation $\\ge 100\\text{Ω}/\\text{V}$ ngemva kokuhlolwa. | |
| Gcoba | 1. Test Object: Battery Pack or System. 2. Crush conditions: ① Crushing surface: $12.5\text{mm}$ diameter semi-cylinder, length $>$ ububanzi. ② Isikhombisi-ndlela: $X$-i-eksisi, i-eksisi engu-$Y$-. ③ Phoqeleka: Okokuqala $200\\text{kN}$ noma ime ku-$30\\%$ deformation. ④ Bheka i-$1\\text{h}$. ⑤ Bamba u-$10\\text{min}$. | Akukho ukuvuza, umlilo, noma ukuqhuma. Ukumelana ne-insulation $\\ge 100\\text{Ω}/\\text{V}$ ngemva kokuhlolwa. Akukho mlilo noma ukuqhuma (kwesethi yesibili yezidingo). | |
| I-Temperature Shock | 1. Into Yokuhlola: Iphakethe Lebhethri noma Isistimu. 2. Izinga lokushisa elishintshayo $(-40\\pm2)\\text{℃}$, ubude besikhathi esingu-$30\\text{min}$ ngokweqisa. Hlala ekudluleleni ngakunye ngemijikelezo engu-$6\\text{h}$, $5$. Bheka i-$2\\text{h}$ ngezinga lokushisa legumbi. | Akukho ukuvuza, ukugqabuka kwebhokisi langaphandle, umlilo, noma ukuqhuma. Ukumelana ne-insulation $\\ge 100\\text{Ω}/\\text{V}$ ngemva kokuhlolwa. | |
| Umjikelezo Wokushisa Okumanzi | 1. Into Yokuhlola: Iphakethe Lebhethri noma Isistimu. 2. Bhekisela ku-GB/T 2423.4-2018 Imijikelezo yokushisa okumanzi yokuhlola okungu-$Db$. Umfanekiso 4 ku-GB/T 31467.3-2015 ($80\\text{℃}$ max temp), $5$ imijikelezo. Bheka i-$2\\text{h}$ ngezinga lokushisa legumbi. | Akukho ukuvuza, ukugqabuka kwebhokisi langaphandle, umlilo, noma ukuqhuma. Ukumelana nokushisisa $\\ge 100\\text{Ω}/\\text{V}$ ngaphakathi kwe-$30\\text{min}$ ngemva kokuhlolwa. | |
| Ukucwiliswa kwamanzi olwandle | 1. Into Yokuhlola: Iphakethe Lebhethri noma Isistimu. 2. Iboshwe ngokuvikelekile ngamahhanisi axhunyiwe, cwiliswa ku-$3.5\\%$ isisombululo se-NaCl (amanzi olwandle) ngo-$2\\text{h}$ ngebanga langempela lezokuthutha. Misa ngefomu le-hydraulic valve. | Akukho mlilo noma ukuqhuma. | |
| Umlilo Wangaphandle | 1. Into Yokuhlola: Iphakethe Lebhethri noma Isistimu. 2. Bheka ku-7.10 Umlilo Wangaphandle ku-GB/T 31467.3-2015. | Akukho mlilo noma ukuqhuma. Uma ilangabi livela, kufanele licime ku-$2\\text{min}$ ngemva kokususwa komthombo womlilo. | |
| Isifutho Sikasawoti | 1. Into Yokuhlola: Iphakethe Lebhethri noma Isistimu. 2. Bheka ku-7.11 Salt Spray ku-GB/T 31467.3-2015. | Akukho ukuvuza, ukugqabuka kwebhokisi langaphandle, umlilo, noma ukuqhuma. | |
| I-Altitude ephezulu | 1. Into yokuhlola: Iphakethe lebhethri noma Isistimu. 2. Ukuphakama okungu-$4000\\text{m}$ noma ukucindezela okufanayo, izinga lokushisa legumbi. 3. Igcinelwe u-$5\\text{h}$ endaweni yokuhlola ngo-7.12.2 we-GB/T 31467.3-}2015 (\\umbhalo ukhishwe{C}$1, bese ukhishwa ku-$1$, bese ukhishwa ku-$1). $400\\text{A}$) noma ukunqamula. Bheka i-$2\\text{h}$. | Akukho ukukhiya okuphumayo, ukukhuphuka kwamandla kagesi noma ukuvuza, ukugqabuka kwebhokisi langaphandle, umlilo, noma ukuqhuma. Ukumelana ne-insulation $\\ge 100\\text{Ω}/\\text{V}$ ngemva kokuhlolwa. | |
| Ukuvikela{0}ngaphezulu kwezinga lokushisa | 1. Into yokuhlola: Isistimu yebhethri{1}} Bhekisela kokuthi 7.13 -Ukuvikelwa Kwezinga lokushisa Ngaphezulu{3}ku-GB/T 31467.3-2015. | I-BMS izosebenza. Akukho ukuvuza kwegesi, ukugqabuka kwebhokisi langaphandle, umlilo, noma ukuqhuma. Ukumelana ne-insulation $\\ge 100\\text{Ω}/\\text{V}$ ngemva kokuhlolwa. | |
| Ukuvikelwa Kwesifunda Esifushane | 1. Into yokuhlola: Isistimu yebhethri{1}} Bheka 7.14 Ukuvikelwa Kwesekethe Efushane ku-GB/T 31467.3-2015. | Idivayisi yokuvikela izosebenza. Akukho ukuvuza, ukugqabuka kwebhokisi langaphandle, umlilo, noma ukuqhuma. Ukumelana ne-insulation $\\ge 100\\text{Ω}/\\text{V}$ ngemva kokuhlolwa. | |
| Ukuvikelwa Kwezindleko Eziningi | 1. Into Yokuhlola: Isistimu Yebhethri{1}} Bheka 7.15 Ukuvikela Ukushajwa Okungaphezulu ku-GB/T 31467.3-2015. | I-BMS izosebenza. Akukho ukuvuza kwegesi, ukugqabuka kwebhokisi langaphandle, umlilo, noma ukuqhuma. Ukumelana ne-insulation $\\ge 100\\text{Ω}/\\text{V}$ ngemva kokuhlolwa. | |
| Ngaphezu-ukuvikela ukukhishwa | 1. Into Yokuhlola: Isistimu Yebhethri{1}} Bheka 7.16 Ukuvikelwa Kokukhipha Ngaphezulu{3}}ku-GB/T 31467.3-2015. | I-BMS izosebenza. Akukho ukuvuza kwegesi, ukugqabuka kwebhokisi langaphandle, umlilo, noma ukuqhuma. Ukumelana ne-insulation $\\ge 100\\text{Ω}/\\text{V}$ ngemva kokuhlolwa. |
Qaphela: Ithebula 6-2 ngokuyinhloko libhekisela ku-GB/T 31467.3-2015, GB/T 2423.43-2008, GB/T 2423.56-2018, kanye ne-GB/T 28046.1-2011.
