Yini Inamabhethri e-Lithium Ion?

NguUJake Morrison, Umlobi Wezikhonkwane|Sarah Chen|UMike Patterson
Kushicilelwe:Feb 8, 2025

Cishe yonke into eshajwa kabusha kulezi zinsuku isebenzisa amabhethri e-lithium ion. Ifoni yakho, ngokusobala. Ikhompyutha ephathekayo. Lawo ma-earbud angenantambo okungenzeka uwagqokile njengamanje. Ubuchwepheshe baqala ngo-1991 lapho u-Sony ethengisa amaseli e-lithium ion okuqala kuma-camcorder, futhi belokhu edla kuzo zonke izigaba zomkhiqizo kusukela ngaleso sikhathi.

Abantu bayabuza ukuthi "inani amabhethri e-lithium ion" belindele uhlu olulula, kodwa impendulo yangempela ithi: hamba ubheke endlini yakho. Bala amadivayisi aphinde ashajwe. Impendulo yakho leyo.

Lawa mabhethri agcina amandla ngokuvala ama-ion e-lithium aye emuva naphambili phakathi kwama-electrode amabili-i-anode ku-cathode lapho eshajwa, buyisela inkomba lapho uwaxhuma. Ikhemistri izwakala iyinkimbinkimbi kodwa umphumela ongokoqobo uqondile: amandla amaningi esikhaleni esincane kunezinhlobo zamabhethri ezindala ezingake zilawuleke.

What Has Lithium Ion Batteries

Izizathu ezintathu. Ukuminyana kwamandla kwedlula konke okunye. Iseli ye-lithium ion ipakisha amahora angu-150-250 watt-amahora ngekhilogremu. Qhathanisa lokho ne-nickel-cadmium mhlawumbe ku-40-60 Wh/kg. Hhayi ngisho eduze.

Okwesibili, akukho mphumela wenkumbulo. Khumbula amafoni amadala angenazintambo lapho bekufanele ukhiphe ibhethri ngokugcwele noma "izokhohlwa" umthamo wayo ogcwele? I-Lithium ion ayikwenzi lokho. Yikhokhise noma nini. Okwesithathu, ukuzikhipha okuphansi-kuyazikhipha{4}}zibamba ukushaja kwazo zihlezi eshalofini, zilahlekelwa mhlawumbe u-2-3% ngenyanga uma kuqhathaniswa no-20% wamabhethri e-NiMH.

Izindleko nazo zehla. Emuva ngeminyaka yawo-'90s lawa mabhethri ayebiza ngokwanele ukuthi asetshenziswa ngama-electronics we-premium kuphela. Manje aseshibhile ngokwanele kumashaja e-USB esitolo samadola. Awu, ezishibhilengokwanele-zisabiza kakhulu kune-alkaline, kodwa ukushajwa kabusha kubuyisela ngokushesha.

Ama-Smartphones ahola iphakethe. I-iPhone 15 Pro inebhethri engu-3,274 mAh. I-Samsung Galaxy S24 Ultra iba nkulu ngo-5,000 mAh. Yonke ifoni kusukela ku-$50 yamamodeli akhokhelwa kusengaphambili kuya ku-$1,500 ifulegi isebenzisa i-lithium ion{12}}imvamisa ikhemistri ye-lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) ngoba ikhulisa umthamo ezindaweni ezimpintshana.

Amakhompyutha aphathekayo asebenzisa amabhethri amakhulu, ngokuvamile angu-50-80 Wh kuma-ultrabook, afika ku-100 Wh weziteshi zokusebenza. Empeleni, i-100 Wh iwumkhawulo osemthethweni wokuphatha amabhethri ezindizeni ngaphandle kwemvume ekhethekile, yingakho abenzi bekhompuyutha ephathekayo bekhomba leyo nombolo. I-FAA yabeka lowo mthetho ngemuva kokusha kwebhethri ye-lithium ezindizeni ngeminyaka yawo-2000.

Amathebulethi awela phakathi-ne-iPad Pro cishe ino-40 Wh. I-Kindle Paperwhite? Ibhethri elincane le-6 Wh elihlala amaviki ngoba i-e{4}}inki ibonisa amandla okudonsa.

Bese kuba nazo zonke ezinye izinto. Amagundane namakhibhodi angenantambo (ngokuvamile AAA-amaseli e-lithium ion angusayizi). Izipikha ze-Bluetooth-I-JBL, i-Ultimate Ears, i-Bose, yonke i-lithium ion. Izilawuli zemidlalo. Amawashi ahlakaniphile. Abalandeleli bokufaneleka. Amakhamera okuphepha angenantambo. Izinsimbi zomnyango zevidiyo. Izixubho zikagesi. Uchungechunge lwe-Oral{11}}B iO lusebenzisa ibhethri ye-lithium enhle amasonto amabili phakathi nokushajwa.

I-AirPods Pro inomthamo webhethri ongu-1.98 Wh ohlanganiswe phakathi kwama-earbud nekesi. Okungezwakali njengokukuningi uze ubone ukuthi banika amandla ukukhanselwa komsindo osebenzayo, ukucutshungulwa komsindo wendawo, nokuxhumeka okungenantambo amahora.

What Has Lithium Ion Batteries

Izimoto zikagesi zashintsha isikali ngokuphelele. I-Tesla Model 3 Long Range ipakisha ibhethri elingu-75 kWh{3}}lokho okungamahora angu-75,000 watt-, noma cishe amabhethri e-smartphone angu-1,500 amandla. Ibhethri iyodwa inesisindo esingamaphawundi ayi-1,000.

Ama-EV amaningi asebenzisa i-nickel manganese cobalt (NMC) noma ikhemistri ye-lithium iron phosphate (LFP) kune-cobalt{0}}amaseli asindayo kumafoni. I-NMC inikeza ukuminyana kwamandla okuhle ngokuzinza okungcono kwe-thermal. I-LFP iphephe kakhudlwana futhi ihlala isikhathi eside-i-BYD ne-Tesla zombili zisebenzisa i-LFP kumamodeli ebanga elijwayelekile manje. Ukuhweba-kunokuminyana kwamandla amancane, ngakho udinga amaseli engeziwe ebangeni elifanayo.

IFord F-150 Lightning ifinyelela ku-131 kWh etholakalayo. I-Rivian R1T iya ku-135 kWh ekucushweni kwe-Max Pack. I-Lucid Air Dream Range ifuna u-112 kWh futhi ithola ngaphezu kwamamayela angu-500 webanga le-EPA ngenxa yokuthi izinjini zabo nezinto zikagesi zisebenza kahle ngokuhlanya.

Amabhayisikili kagesi ayadlondlobala. I-Rad Power Bikes ivamise ukusebenzisa amaphekhi angu-48V 14Ah (672 Wh). Amabhayisikili-aphezulu-asuka ku-Specialized or Trek asebenzisa amabhethri angu-500-700 Wh. {10}Ama-scooters amancane-i-Xiaomi M365 isebenzisa i-280 Wh, i-Bird ne-Lime eqashisa izithuthuthu isebenzisa amakhono afanayo.

Izithuthuthu zikagesi namanje niche kodwa ziyakhula. I-Zero Motorcycles SR/F inebhethri engu-14.4 kWh. I-Energica Ego+ iphusha u-21.5 kWh. Akwanele okwamanje ohambweni olude lomgwaqo omkhulu, kodwa ukufika lapho.

Izikebhe nazo ziyeza. Isikebhe sikagesi i-X Shore Elex 8000 sinebhethri engu-125 kWh. Isikebhe i-Candela C-8 hydrofoil sisebenzisa ama-44 kWh kanye "nezimpukane" ngaphezu kwamanzi ukuze sinciphise ukudonsa. Isikebhe sikagesi se-Arc Sport sasiku-$300,000 ngesikhathi ngigcina ukuhlola.

Lolu shintsho lwenzeka ngokushesha. Eminyakeni engamashumi amabili edlule, osonkontileka abazimisele bawahleka amathuluzi angenazintambo. Namuhla? I-Milwaukee, i-DeWalt, i-Makita, i-Bosch-bonke bayihambile i-lithium.

Uhlelo lukaDeWalt lweFlexVolt lusebenzisa i-20V noma i-60V kuye ngethuluzi. Inkundla ye-M18 yaseMilwaukee inamathuluzi angaphezu kuka-200 abelana ngesistimu yebhethri efanayo. Amabhethri awo Okukhipha Okuphezulu afinyelela umthamo ongu-12 Ah{7}}okwanele ukusebenzisa isaha eliyindilinga ngokusikeka okuningi.

Kulandelwe imishini yamandla yangaphandle. I-Ego Power Plus yenza umshini wokugunda utshani bebhethri isebenzisa iphakethe elingu-56V 7.5 Ah (420 Wh). Izinqamuli zabo zezintambo, izifutha zamaqabunga, ngisho neziphephetha iqhwa zisebenzisa ipulatifomu yebhethri efanayo. I-Ryobi inesistimu ye-40V. IGreenworks inikeza izinketho ze-60V kanye ne-80V zemishini emikhulu.

Ama-robot vacuum kanye nezinto zokugunda utshani zisebenzisa amabhethri amancane njengoba ashajwa ngokuzenzakalela. I-Roomba j7+ inokungaba ngu-60 Wh. I-Husqvarna Automower isebenzisa i-lithium ion engu-18V, umthamo uyahluka ngemodeli.

Imishini yobuchwepheshe ilokhu ikhula. I-Milwaukee yenza ibhethri likabhaka lilethe u-300 Wh ngokusebenzisa amathuluzi amaningi kumasayithi omsebenzi. I-Stihl inikeza ama-chainsaws ebhethri anamandla ngokwanele omsebenzi wesihlahla sokuhweba.

Ama-concentrator komoyampilo ephathekayo abalulekile kubantu abanezimo zokuphefumula. I-Inogen One G5 isebenzisa ibhethri ye-lithium ion enikeza amahora angu-3-6 wokusebenza kuye ngezilungiselelo zokugeleza. I-Phillips Respironics Simply Go Mini iqondise cishe amahora angu-4.5.

Imishini ye-CPAP ye-apnea yokulala ihlinzeka ngezinketho zebhethri. I-ResMed AirMini travel CPAP ingasebenzisa amabhethri e-lithium angaphandle. Ilungele ukukhempa noma ukucima kukagesi.

Izinsiza zokuzwa zishintshele ku-lithium eshajwayo kamuva nje. I-Phonak Audeo Paradise ishaja ngobusuku obubodwa futhi isebenzisa amahora angu-16+. Ukusebenza okufanayo kweStarkey Evolv AI. Kungcono kakhulu kunokuphuthaza lawo maseli enkinobho ye-zinc{4}}encane njalo ezinsukwini ezimbalwa.

Imishini yokuqapha yezokwelapha-iziqapheli zomfutho wegazi, iziqapha zeglucose, amadivaysi e-ECG aphathwayo-amaningi manje aphinde ashajwe. I-AliveCor KardiaMobile irekhoda ama-ECG ocingweni, isebenza kuseli elincane le-lithium elihlala izinyanga.

Amaphampu afakwayo, amathuluzi okuhlinza, okokusebenza okuxilonga okusetshenziswa ezibhedlela-amabhethri amaningi e-lithium ion ayisipele noma izinketho zamandla aphathekayo. Amathuluzi wamandla okuhlinza we-Stryker System 8 asebenzisa amabhethri e-lithium ion, angenalutho avalelwe ukusetshenziswa kwegumbi lokuhlinza.

Amadivayisi afakelwayo ayisigaba esihluke ngokuphelele. Amanye ama-pacemaker amasha asebenzisa amabhethri e-lithium ion ashajwa kabusha (ngesikhumba) esebenzisa induction. I-Medtronic inamamodeli lapho ibhethri lishajwa kabusha ngokungenantambo kanye ngesonto esikhundleni sokudinga ukushintshwa ngokuhlinzwa njalo eminyakeni eyi-7-10.

What Has Lithium Ion Batteries

I-Tesla Powerwall 2 igcina i-13.5 kWh, ibiza cishe u-$11,000 efakiwe. I-Powerwall 3 iphume kamuva nje ngokuhlanganisa okungcono. I-Generac PWRcell inikeza amasistimu amamojula angu-9-18 kWh. I-LG Chem RESU isuka ku-10-16 kWh kuye ngokucushwa.

Lawa mabhethri asekhaya abhanqwa namaphaneli elanga-agcina ukukhiqiza ngokweqile emini, asebenzise ebusuku. Futhi hlinzeka ngekhophi yasenqolobaneni ngesikhathi sokucisha uma kulungiselelwe kahle. Akuwona wonke amasistimu asebenza ngesikhathi sokucisha ugesi; kuncike ekusetheni kwe-inverter.

I-California igunyaza amandla elanga ezindlini ezintsha, ngakho ukwamukelwa kwebhethri kuyakhula ngokushesha lapho. I-Hawaii inezindleko zikagesi eziphakeme kanye nelanga eliningi, okwenza umnotho welanga + wesitoreji usebenze kahle. I-Texas yaba nalokho kwehluleka kwegridi ngo-2021 okwadala isithakazelo kumabhethri asekhaya.

Ukufakwa kwezohwebo kuba kukhulu kakhulu. Isitolo segrosa singase sifake amabhethri angu-50-100 kWh ukuze alawule ukushajwa okufunekayo. Izikhungo zedatha zisebenzisa amagumbi ebhethri esikali se-megawathi ukuze agcine amandla, ashintshe noma angezelele amajeneretha edizili.

Isikali sokusetshenziswa sisendle. I-Moss Landing Energy Storage Facility e-California inomthamo ongu-3,000 MWh{3}}lokho okungamahora angu-3 million kilowatt-, noma okwanele ukunika amandla cishe amakhaya angu-225,000 amahora ambalwa. Isebenzisa amayunithi e-Tesla Megapack, ngalinye liyisiqukathi sokuthumela{9}} esingusayizi ongu-3 MWh webhethri.

I-Hornsdale Power Reserve yase-Australia ibingelinye lamabhethri egridi amakhulu okuqala, elakhiwa nguTesla ngo-2017 ngo-150 MWh. Iye yandiswa kusukela lapho. Lezi zinhlelo zinzinzisa imvamisa yegridi, zigcina amandla avuselelekayo, zinciphisa isidingo sezitshalo eziphakeme kakhulu zegesi yemvelo.

Amasistimu e-UPS (amandla angaphazamiseki) ngokuvamile ayesebenzisa amabhethri e-asidi omthofu{{0}. Okusindayo, okudingekayo esikhundleni njalo ngeminyaka emi-3-5, kuqukethe izinto ezinobuthi. Amasistimu e-Lithium ion UPS avela ku-APC, Eaton, Vertiv ahlala isikhathi eside, athatha indawo encane, anesisindo esincane. Izikhungo zedatha ikakhulukazi ezifana nalesi sisindo sokunciphisa zisho umthwalo omncane wesakhiwo emabhilidini.

Ama-drones nama-quadcopter-I-DJI iphethe le makethe. Ama-drones abo asebenzisa amabhethri e-lithium polymer (LiPo), ngokobuchwepheshe okuhlukile kwe-lithium ion ne-polymer electrolyte. I-DJI Mini 3 Pro isebenzisa ibhethri elingu-2453 mAh cishe imizuzu engama-34 yesikhathi sendiza. Ama-drones amakhulu njenge-Inspire 2 aphatha amabhethri amabili afinyelela ku-98 Wh.

Ama-drones achwepheshile okuhlola, ukuhlola, ukudiliva-wonke asebenzisa amabhethri e-lithium. Ama-drones okulethwa kwezokwelapha e-Zipline e-Afrika asebenzisa i-lithium ion. Izibonelo ze-drone zokulethwa kwe-Amazon ziyazisebenzisa.

Izinhlelo ze-Aerospace ziyakhula. Izindiza zikagesi ziyeza. I-Pipistrel Velis Electro inamabhethri e-lithium{2}}indiza yokuqala esebenza ngogesi ngokugcwele egunyazwe ukuqeqeshwa kwendiza e-Europe. I-Beta Technologies kanye ne-Joby Aviation ithuthukisa amatekisi omoya kagesi anikwa amandla amaphakethe amakhulu ebhethri ye-lithium.

Amasathelayithi kanye nemikhumbi-mkhathi zisebenzisa amabhethri e-lithium ion akhethekile akhelwe ukusinda lapho kungekho vacuum, imisebe, izinga lokushisa elidlulele. I-International Space Station inamabhethri e-lithium ion athatha indawo ye-nickel endala-amaseli e-hydrogen. Imojuli yebhethri ngayinye inesisindo esingamaphawundi angu-400+.

Izisetshenziswa zempi-izibuko zasebusuku, amarediyo ahlakaniphile, amayunithi e-GPS, wonke asebenzisa amabhethri e-lithium manje. Ukuminyana kwamandla okungcono kubaluleke kakhulu lapho amasosha ephethe izinto zokusebenza izinsuku. Umsakazo we-AN/PRC-163 usebenzisa amabhethri e-lithium ion ashajekayo.

Amakhamera negiya lesithombe-amakhamera angenazibuko avela kwa-Sony, Canon, Nikon all lithium ion. I-Sony A7 IV isebenzisa amabhethri e-NP-FZ100 ngo-16.4 Wh ngalinye. Ukukhanyisa okuphrofeshinali{7}}Izibani ze-Aputure 300d LED zisebenza -kumabhethri e-lithium okhweza (98 Wh usayizi ojwayelekile). Imakrofoni engenantambo, iziqapha zevidiyo, yonke into ephathekayo ekukhiqizweni kwefilimu/izithombe.

What Has Lithium Ion Batteries

Imikhiqizo esebenza ngebhethri emisha{0}ivamise ukuba ne-Bluetooth noma{1}uxhumano lwe-WiFi. Ungahlola isimo sebhethri efonini yakho. Amathuluzi wamandla we-Ego abonisa ileveli yokushaja kuhlelo lokusebenza. Amathuluzi e-Ryobi futhi. I-Tesla ikuvumela ukuthi ugade ibhethri lemoto yakho futhi ishaje ukude.

Amasistimu okuphatha amabhethri ahlakaniphile (BMS) enza umsebenzi omningi. Babhalansisa i-voltage yamaseli{1}}kumaphakethe-amaseli amaningi, amaseli angawodwana ayakhukhuleka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, i-BMS iyawakhipha. Baqapha izinga lokushisa, banqande ukushaja ngokweqile nokukhipha ngokweqile, baxhumane nesimo kudivayisi.

Ezinye izici ezixhunyiwe zizwakala zihlakaniphile, kodwa ukuqapha okukude kwemishini ebizayo kunengqondo. Izisebenzi zokwakha zingalandelela ukuthi yimaphi amabhethri adinga ukushajwa. Abanikazi besitoreji sasekhaya bangakwazi ukuqapha ukukhiqizwa kwelanga kanye nesimo sebhethri ngenkathi behamba.

Ukukhathazeka kwezokuphepha kukhona nokho. I-firmware yebhethri idinga ukubuyekezwa kwesinye isikhathi. Uma leyo ndlela yokuxhumana ingavikelekile ngendlela efanele, kungaba sengozini enkulu. Ababaningi abantu abangagezi amabhethri, kodwa ngokombono kungenzeka.

Abantu bahlangabezana namabhethri e-lithium njalo ngaphandle kokucabanga ngakho. Isixubho sikagesi endlini yokugezela. Isicoci se-vacuum esingenazintambo (i-Dyson V15 ine-70 Wh). I-flashlight eshajwa kabusha. Ibhange lamandla esikhwameni sakho-I-Anker yenza amamodeli asuka ku-10,000 mAh (37 Wh) afike ku-25,000 mAh (90 Wh).

Amathoyizi ezingane aya ngokuya ashajwa kabusha. Izimoto zesilawuli kude,{1}}amathoyizi alula, izinto zokufunda zikagesi. Ishaya ngokuthenga amabhethri e-alkaline njalo.

Amadivayisi ahlakaniphile asekhaya-Insimbi yokuncencethwa emnyango yevidiyo ekhalayo inebhethri le-lithium elikhiphekayo. Amakhamera okuvikela e-Arlo asebenzisa amabhethri angashajwa kabusha izinyanga ezihlala njalo. I-Google Nest thermostat inamabhethri e-lithium ayisipele. Amalokhi ahlakaniphile ka-Agasti asebenza ku-lithium AAs.

Izibani zamaholide zizoshajwa futhi. Amalambu ezintambo anamabhethri{1}akhelwe ngaphakathi namaphaneli elanga. Amakhandlela e-LED ashajwa kabusha. Izinto zokuhlobisa.

Izimo zokusetshenziswa kochwepheshe ziyahlukahluka kakhulu. Abasebenzi bokwakha bashintshanisa amabhethri e-Milwaukee noma e-DeWalt usuku lonke. Ama-forklift e-warehouse ashaja amabhethri e-lithium ion ngesikhathi sekhefu{3}}imizuzu engu-15 ithuba lokushaja izigqi amahora okulinda ukuze amabhethri e-lead-acid ashaje.

Ukwamukelwa kwemishini yezolimo kuhamba kancane kodwa okwenzekayo. UJohn Deere ehlola ogandaganda bakagesi. Amarobhothi okulima azimele ngokuvamile asebenza ngogesi. Amasistimu okunisela anebhethri eliyisipele.

Imboni yokuhlanza yamukele i-lithium. Ama-floor scrubber, ama-carpet extractors, iziwasha zengcindezi yezentengiselwano{1}}izinkampani ezifana ne-Tennant ne-Karcher zinikeza izinketho ze-lithium. Ukushaja okusheshayo, isisindo esilula, akukho ukulungiswa kokunisela kwebhethri njengamasistimu amadala omthofu{3}odingekayo.

Amabhethri ehlisa izinga. I-Chemistry ayihlali phakade. Ibhethri ye-lithium ion evamile igcina umthamo ongu-80% ngemva kwemijikelezo yokushaja engu-500-1000, kuye ngamaphethini omakhemikhali namaphethini okusetshenziswa. I-Tesla iqinisekisa amabhethri abo e-EV ngokugcinwa okungu-70% eminyakeni engu-8/100,000-150,000 wamamayela kuye ngemodeli.

Izinga lokushisa libulala amabhethri ngokushesha kunanoma yini. Ukushisa okubi ikakhulukazi-ukugcina noma ukusebenzisa amabhethri angaphezu kuka-30℃({3}}℃F) njalo kusheshisa ukuwohloka. Ukubanda kunciphisa umthamo wesikhashana kodwa akubangi umonakalo unomphela njengoba kwenza ukushisa. Yingakho amabhethri e-Phoenix EV ehla ngokushesha kunamabhethri e-Seattle.

Ukuguga kwekhalenda nakho kungokoqobo. Amabhethri ehlisa isithunzi ngisho nokuhlala engasetshenziswanga. Zigcine ekushajweni okungu-40-50% emazingeni okushisa apholile impilo yeshelufu ende kakhulu. Ukugcina ibhethri liku-100% ukushajwa kanye namadigri angu-40 isikhathi eside kuyisimo esibi kakhulu.

Izehlakalo zokuphepha azivamile ukwenzeka kodwa ziba izindaba uma zenzeka. Amaphutha okukhiqiza abangele imililo ye-Samsung Galaxy Note 7 ngo-2016-akhumbule amafoni ayizigidi ezingu-2.5. Ama-Hoverboards avutha umlilo kaningi ngo-2015-2016 kangangokuthi izindiza zawavala. Ngokuvamile lokhu kulandela izinkinga zokulawula ikhwalithi, ukulimala ngokomzimba, noma ukushaja ngamashaja angalungile.

Ukushisa okushisayo-uma iseli lishisa kakhulu futhi ukushisa kubangela ukusabela okwengeziwe okukhiqiza ukushisa okwengeziwe{1}}kuyimodi yokwehluleka eyinhloko. Amabhethri aklanywe kahle anezici eziningi zokuphepha: amasekhethi amanje akhawulelayo, amafuse ashisayo, izimbobo zokukhulula ingcindezi, izendlalelo zokuvala izihlukanisi. Amabhethri ashibhile eqa lezi zivikelo.

Ukuhambisana kuyabakhungathekisa abasebenzisi. Lonke uhlobo lwamathuluzi lusebenzisa izici zebhethri ezihlukile. Amabhethri e-DeWalt awalingani amathuluzi e-Milwaukee. U-Ryobi ubehlakaniphile egcina inkundla yabo ye-One+ isebenzisana iminyaka-yamathuluzi asuka ngo-2005 asebenza ngamabhethri ango-2025. Kodwa abakhiqizi abaningi bafuna ukuthi lowo mthengisi akhiye{7}}.

Ingqalasizinda yokugaya kabusha isathuthuka. Li-I-Cycle, Redwood Materials, nezinye zakha izitshalo ezizinikele zokugaywa kabusha kwebhethri ye-lithium. Bangakwazi ukubuyisela u-95%+ wezinto zebhethri. Kodwa izinto zokuqoqwa zihlala ziyinselele-abantu baphonsa amabhethri kudoti, nokudala izinkinga zokulahla imfucumfucu.

I-BMS ibalulekile kodwa ayibonakali. Kukhompyutha ephathekayo, iqapha iqembu leselula ngalinye, ilinganisela isikhathi sokusebenza esisele, ilawula izinga lokushaja, ibike impilo yebhethri kusistimu yokusebenza. Iyinkimbinkimbi kunalokho okuzwakalayo.

Isimo-se{1}}sesilinganiso sokukhokhiswa sinzima ngendlela emangalisayo. I-voltage yebhethri ihambisana nezinga lokushaja, kodwa ubudlelwano buyahlukahluka ngezinga lokushisa, umthwalo, ubudala bebhethri. I-BMS enhle isebenzisa ama-algorithms ayinkimbinkimbi okwenza konke lokhu ngaphakathi. Yingakho amaphesenti ebhethri ocingo kwesinye isikhathi eqa noma ehle ngokungalindelekile{5}}isilinganiso siyalinganiswa kabusha.

Ukulingana kweseli kubalulekile kumaphakethe-amaseli amaningi. Amaseli ngamanye anomehluko omncane wamandla. Ngesikhathi sokushaja, i-BMS ingase ivale amaseli eduze kwamaseli agcwele ukuze ivumele ababuthaka babambe. Ukulinganisa okwenziwayo kuqeda amandla njengokushisa. Ukulinganisa okusebenzayo kudlulisa amandla phakathi kwamaseli, asebenza kahle kodwa abiza kakhulu.

Ukuphathwa kwezinga lokushisa{0}}i-BMS iqapha izinga lokushisa leselula futhi ingehlisa amanani wokushaja/wokukhipha uma izinto zishisa kakhulu. Ama-EV anokuphatha okushisayo okuyinkimbinkimbi ngokupholisa uketshezi. Amathuluzi wamandla athembele ekunqamuleni okushisayo.

Izimiso zokuxhumana-Ama-chip e-BMS akhuluma namadivayisi aphethe asebenzisa i-I2C, SMBus, CAN ibhasi noma amaphrothokholi obunikazi. Lokhu kuvumela amadivayisi ukuthi abonise ulwazi olunembile lwebhethri futhi athuthukise ukusebenza.

Izinhlelo zokusebenza zezimboni zihlanganisa ukuqapha kwebhethri kumasistimu abanzi. I-warehouse ingase ilandelele wonke amabhethri e-forklift phakathi nendawo, ukuhlela ukushajwa kanye namabhethri okuhlaba umkhosi adinga ukushintshwa. Ukulungiswa kokuqagela okusekelwe kudatha ye-BMS.

Amabhethri esimo esiqinile-ayi-holy grail. Faka esikhundleni se-electrolyte ewuketshezi nge-ceramic eqinile noma impahla ye-polymer. Ngokusobala iphephile-alukho uketshezi oluvuthayo. Ukuminyana kwamandla aphezulu kungenzeka. AbakwaToyota bathi bazoba -namabhethri aqinile ezimotweni ngo-2027-2028. I-QuantumScape, Amandla Aqinile, abanye abathuthukisa ubuchwepheshe. Kodwa ukukhiqiza ngezinga eliphezulu kusalokhu kungaxazululeki.

Amabhethri e-sodium-ayoni asebenzisa usawoti esikhundleni se-lithium-izinto zokusetshenziswa ezishibhile, okungenzeka kube nezindleko eziphansi. I-CATL yamemezela amabhethri e-sodium{3}}ion yokuhweba ngo-2021. Ukuminyana kwamandla kungaphansi kwe-lithium ion, kodwa lokho kuyamukeleka endaweni yokugcina emile. I-Northvolt yakha ukukhiqizwa kwe-ion yesodium-eYurophu.

I-Lithium{{0}isulphur ngokwethiyori inikezela ngokuminyana kwamandla okuphezulu kakhulu{1}}kufika ku-500 Wh/kg uma kuqhathaniswa no-250 Wh/kg we-lithium ion yamanje. Kodwa impilo yomjikelezo ibe yimbi kakhulu, imvamisa yehlisa isithunzi ngemuva kwemijikelezo engama-50-100. Ucwaningo luyaqhubeka.

Amabhethri e-Lithium-womoya (i-lithium{1}}oxygen) anemikhawulo yetiyori ephezulu nakakhulu{2}}okungenzeka ibe ngu-1,000 Wh/kg. Kodwa kuseyizinto zaselabhorethri ezinezinselelo ezinkulu ezisebenzayo.

What Has Lithium Ion Batteries

Eminyakeni engu-5-10 elandelayo, i-lithium ion evamile izobusa. Ukuthuthukiswa okukhulayo kugcina izinto ezizayo-ezingcono ze-cathode, ama-silicon anode athatha indawo yegraphite (ukukhuphula umthamo 20-40%), ukuthuthukiswa kwenqubo yokukhiqiza kunciphisa izindleko.

Izindleko zebhethri zehle cishe ngo-90% kusukela ngo-2010 kuya ku-2023, kusukela cishe ku-$1,100/kWh kuya ku-$130/kWh kumabhethri e-EV. Lowo mkhuba uyaqhubeka, mhlawumbe ufinyelela ku-$80-100/kWh ngo-2030. Kulezo zintengo, ama-EV afinyelela ukulingana kwezindleko nezimoto zegesi ngaphandle kosizo.

Ukunciphisa i-cobalt kugxile kakhulu. Imayini ye-Cobalt inokukhathazeka ngamalungelo abantu kanye nezingozi ze-supply chain. Amabhethri esimanje e-NMC asebenzisa i-cobalt encane kunama-formulations amadala (i-NMC 811 ine-nickel engu-80%, i-10% ye-manganese, i-cobalt engu-10% uma iqhathaniswa nezilinganiso zangaphambilini ezingu-1:1:1). Amabhethri e-LFP awanayo i-cobalt nhlobo.

Ama-Silicon anode asethengiswa manje. I-Sila Nanotechnologies inikezela nge-silicon anode impahla kubakhiqizi abaningi. I-Panasonic imemezele amabhethri e-silicon anode azokhiqizwa. U-Tesla usebenzisa i-silicon kumaseli abo kakade. Lokhu kukhulisa umthamo 10-20% ngaphandle kokushintsha noma yini enye ngebhethri.

Umbuzo othi "yini amabhethri e-lithium ion" uzoba nempendulo ende eminyakeni emihlanu. Izigaba ezengeziwe zemikhiqizo ehamba ngogesi. Izinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi lapho i-lithium ion isusa ubuchwepheshe obudala. Ubuchwepheshe buvuthwe ngokushesha kodwa busathuthuka.

Ukuqonda ukuthi yimaphi amadivayisi asebenzisa amabhethri e-lithium kubaluleke kakhulu njengoba siqoqa amaningi awo. Imizi eminingi manje inamadivayisi ashajwayo angama-20-50. Ukwazi lokho onakho, indlela yokuyinakekela, nokuthi ungayishintsha nini kwenza lezo zimali zihlale isikhathi eside futhi zenze kangcono.