Ziyini Izinto Zokubuyiswa Kwelangabi?
Ngithole ucingo ngenyanga edlule luvela kumdidiyeli wephakethe e-Ohio. Ikhasimende lakhe belifuna ukwazi ukuthi kungani umshwalense we-warehouse yabo ukhuphuke ngo-40% ngemuva kokuthi beqale ukugcina amaseli e-lithium. Umbhali wangaphansi ucaphune ukweqa okushisayo. Umhlanganisi wangibuza ukuthi angabatshelani ngokuphepha kwe-electrolyte. Ngamtshela okufanayo engitshela wonke umuntu. Izinyibilikisi ze-carbonate kumaseli akho zizosha. Umbuzo uthi wenzani ngakho.
I-electrolyte yenza mhlawumbe i-10-15% yesisindo seseli. I-Ethylene carbonate, i-dimethyl carbonate, i-ethyl methyl carbonate. Lawa ngamahhashi okusebenza. Bancibilikisa usawoti we-lithium kahle. Bavumela ama-ion ukuthi ahambe ngokushesha. Futhi banamaphuzu e-flash ebangeni lama-degree angama-30-40. Isikhwama sesikhwama esibhoboziwe singafinyelela ku-200℃ngaphakathi ngaphansi kweminithi. Izibalo aziyona inkimbinkimbi.
I-Phosphorus compounds yabonakala kuma-electrolyte ebhethri cishe ngo-2003. I-Trimethyl phosphate kwaba eyokuqala abantu abayizama ngokujulile. Isebenza ngokukhulula ama-PO radicals uma kushisa. Lawo ma-radicals abamba i-hydrogen ngaphambili kwelangabi futhi avale ukusabela kweketango lomlilo. Ungazinciphisa{4}}isikhathi sokuzicisha sisuka kumasekhondi angu-50+ ngegremu siye kwehle siye kudijithi eyodwa. I-tradeoff i-viscosity. I-Phosphates iqinisa i-electrolyte. Ion conductivity iyehla. Ulahlekelwa amandla esilinganiso.
Ezinkampanini ezithola amaseli, cela owakhoumenzi wephakethe lebhethri le-lithiummayelana nokwakhiwa kwe-electrolyte kufanele kube umkhuba ojwayelekile manje. Ukwakheka kwezwe kushintshile kusukela ngo-2020. Abenzi bamaseli base-China manje bathumela imikhiqizo ene-phosphate-emixube ye-ester efinyelela izici zomlilo ezifanayo namaseli ase-Japanese athengiswa kabili ngentengo eminyakeni emihlanu edlule. U-Zhangjiagang Guotai-U-Huarong uhlinzeka nge-electrolyte kubakhiqizi abambalwa abakhulu bamaseli. Ukuthuthukiswa kokuphepha kwehle komfula.
Ama-fluorinated compounds afika kamuva. Ama-Hydrofluorothers. I-Fluorinated carbonates njenge-FEC ne-FEMC. Ama-athomu e-fluorine kumgogodla we-molecule aphazamisa ukusakazeka okukhulu ngendlela ehlukile kune-phosphorus eyenza. Imiphumela mihle. Izindleko azikho. Izinto ezifakwe i-fluorinated zisasebenza ngokuphindwe ka-3-5x lokho okukhokhela ama-carbonates ajwayelekile. Ngiyazi abafana ababalula ku-5-10% ukuze nje bafinyelele umkhawulo wokuphepha ngaphandle kokucekela phansi imali yabo yezinto zokwakha.
I-Ionic liquids ithole ukucindezelwa okuningi ngo-2015-2018. I-Near-zero vapor pressure. Ngeke kuvutha ngaphansi kwanoma yisiphi isimo sokuhlukumeza esivamile. Ngavakashela indawo yokusebenzela eMünster eyayisebenze kuzo iminyaka eyisithupha. Umcwaningi wangibonisa amaseli asinda ngo-200℃ekushisiseni kwangaphandle ngaphandle kokukhipha umoya. Uphinde wangitshela ukuthi babekhokha u-€85/kg ngoketshezi lwe-ionic. Izingxube ze-EC/DMC zezentengiso zibiza ngaphansi kuka-€4/kg. I-Economics iyibulalele izimoto. Ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-aerospace zingamunca lezo zindleko. Iningi alikwazi.
Ama-electrolyte e-gel polymer athatha indlela ehlukile. Ubamba isigaba se-liquid ku-matrix ye-polymer. I-PVDF-I-HFP ivamile. Amanye amaqembu akha i-phosphorus ngqo kumgogodla we-polymer. Ukuncipha komlilo kuba yisakhiwo. Abacwaningi baseNyuvesi yaseQingdao bashicilele umsebenzi ngonyaka odlule ngezinhlelo ze-polyimide ezinamaketanga aseceleni e-phosphazene. Izikhathi zokuzicisha{7}ezingaphansi kwamasekhondi angu-5. Amandla omshini aphezulu ngokwanele ukuze abambezele ukukhula kwe-dendrite. Inselele ukukhiqiza. Ukujikela{12}}kuya{13}ku-roll{13}ku-roll yama-electrolyte ejeli akuvuthi njengokugcwalisa uketshezi.
Lapho kuhlolwa aumphakeli webhethri we-lithium ngokwezifisongezicelo zezimboni, buza imibuzo ethile mayelana nokuphepha. Ithini I-SET yokwakheka kwe-electrolyte yakho? Isiphi isithako esihlanganisa i-flame retardant osisebenzisayo? Ungakwazi yini ukunikeza idatha ye-cone calorimetry? Abanye abenzi bamaseli bazokwabelana ngalolu lwazi. Abanye bakuthatha njengokuphathelene nakho. Amabhrendi aphambili ngokuvamile asebenzisa izithasiselo ezisekelwe ku-phosphate ezingu-12-ezingu-18% ngesisindo kumaseli awo ezimoto ajwayelekile.
Imboni ihlola ukuncipha komlilo ngezindlela eziningi. Isikhathi sokuzicisha{1} yisona esisheshayo. Uthungela isampula kanye nesikhathi ukuthi isha isikhathi esingakanani ngemva kokukhipha umthombo wokuthungela. Ukunciphisa inkomba ye-oxygen ikutshela ubuncane bokugxilisa kwe-O2 obudingekayo ukuze kuqhume ukuvutha. I-UL 2054 ne-IEC 62133 isetha imibandela yokudlula/yokwehluleka kumaseli aqediwe. I-GB 38031-2020 yaseChina idinga imizuzu emi-5 yesikhathi esiyisixwayiso ngaphambi kokuba ukusakazwa okushisayo kufinyelele kumaseli aseduze ephaketheni. Ukuhlangana naleyo spekthi kuvame ukudinga ama-electrolyte abubula ilangabi.
Ukukhumbula kwaluqhubezela phambili lolu daba. I-GM ihoxise ama-EV angu-140,000 e-Bolt kusukela ngo-2021. AbakwaHyundai bakhumbula i-Kona Electrics. I-Ford ibambezele ukukhiqizwa kwe-Lightning. Izimbangela zalokhu zahlukahluka. Ezinye bekungamaphutha okukhiqiza. Ezinye kwakuyizinkinga zokuklama amaseli. Bonke benza iminyango yokuthenga ye-OEM ibuze imibuzo enzima. Noma yikuphiibhethri ye-lithium umlingani we-OEMukuzama ukuthola iziqu zezimoto manje kubhekwe kakhulu emibhalweni yokuphepha eshisayo kunangonyaka ka-2019.
Izindleko zezinto ezibonakalayo zifinyelela emalini yangempela esikalini. Iphekhi yezimoto engu-60 kWh iqukethe cishe u-40-50 kg we-electrolyte kuye ngefomethi yeseli nokulayisha. Ukwengeza i-15% ye-flame retardant ku-$15/kg izindleko ezikhuphukayo kusho u-$90-110 iphakethe ngalinye. Izindleko zeleveli yeselula zehle ngaphansi kuka-$100/kWh kumaseli e-LFP prismatic ashibhe kakhulu aphuma e-China. Leso sinqamuleli somlilo simelela cishe u-1.5% wezindleko zeseli. Amaqembu okuthenga aphikisana ngamasenti nge-kWh ngayinye. Akuwona amasenti lawa.
Okwezinkampani ezakha ubudlelwano neumhlinzeki womhlangano we-lithium battery module, ukucaciswa kwe-electrolyte kuvame ukunganakwa ezingxoxweni zakuqala. Abantu bagxila emandleni, impilo yomjikelezo, -izinga. Ukuncipha kwelangabi kubonakala kamuva, ngokuvamile lapho ikhasimende lokugcina licela imibhalo yokuphepha. Ngaleso sikhathi umklamo weseli usukhiyiwe. Ukufaka kabusha ukwakheka okuhlukile kwe-electrolyte kungashintsha i-impedance, umthamo, nezici zokuguga. Kungcono ukucacisa kusengaphambili.
Ipayipi locwaningo linomsebenzi othokozisayo kulo. Ama-electrolyte asendaweni aphezulu{1}}asebenzisa izincibilikisi ze-phosphate ezixutshwe -ngama-ether e-fluorinated angashi. Uthola i-flame retardancy yama-phosphates nge-viscosity kanye ne-conductivity ye-carbonates yendabuko. U-Argonne ushicilele ngalokhu. Amaqembu amaningana amanyuvesi e-China asebenza ngokuhlukahluka. Ukutholakala kwezohwebo cishe iminyaka engu-2-3 ngaphandle kwebanga lezimoto.
Amaseli esimo esiqinile-angaxazulula inkinga yokuvutha ngokuphelele. Ama-electrolyte e-Ceramic ne-sulfide awashi. Futhi azikho esikalini sokukhiqiza izimoto okwamanje. I-CATL, i-Samsung SDI, i-Toyota, ne-QuantumScape zonke ziphushe imigqa yazo yesikhathi eqinile{4}}ngeminyaka engu-2-4 ezimemezelweni zakamuva. Noma yikuphiumhlinzeki wezixazululo zokuphepha kwebhethri ye-lithiumuzokutshela ukuthi ama-electrolyte abuthise ilangabi ahlala eyimpendulo esebenzayo okungenani ngo-2028 ezinhlelweni eziningi.
Ngichithe iminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu ngisebenza kule nkinga ezindimeni ezahlukene. Ubuchwepheshe sebuthuthukile. Izindleko zehlile. Ukusha kwamaseli kusenzeka. Zenzeka kaningi kunaseminyakeni eyishumi edlule, futhi amaseli namuhla agcina amandla amaningi kunamaseli ngaleso sikhathi. Imboni yahamba ngendlela efanele. Muningi umsebenzi okufanele wenziwe.
