Iyini Imali Egcwele?
Ukushaja okugcwele isimo lapho ibhethri lifinyelela umthamo walo omkhulu we-voltage futhi lingasakwazi ukwamukela amandla kagesi engeziwe. Kumabhethri amaningi ashajwa kabusha, lokhu kwenzeka ku-voltage threshold ethile-ngokuvamile engu-4.2 volts ngeseli ye-lithium-amabhethri e-ion-okulapho inqubo yokushaja ima ngokuzenzakalelayo ukuze kuvinjelwe umonakalo.
Ukuqonda I-Full Charge Voltage
Umqondo wokushaja okugcwele uboshelwe ku-voltage kunokuba nje umthamo. Ikhemikhali yebhethri ngayinye inevoltheji ephezulu echaziwe ekhombisa ukushaja okuphelele. Uma uxhuma idivayisi yakho, ishaja iletha amandla wamanje kuze kube yilapho ibhethri lifika kuleli zinga elinqunywe kusengaphambili.
Kumabhethri e-lithium-ion, uhlobo oluvame kakhulu ku-elekthronikhi yabathengi, ukushaja okugcwele kusho u-4.2V ngeseli. Ibhethri le-smartphone elineseli elilodwa lifinyelela ekushajweni okugcwele ku-4.2V, kuyilapho ibhethri ye-laptop enamaseli amathathu ochungechungeni ifinyelela ku-12.6V.I-voltage threshold ibalulekile-ukuyeqa ngisho kancane kungase kubangele ukubaleka okushisayo kanye nokulimala kwebhethri unomphela.
Amakhemistri amabhethri ahlukene anezinhlobo ezahlukene zokushaja okugcwele. Amabhethri omthofu{{1}e-asidi afinyelela ekushajweni okugcwele cishe ngo-2.4V ngeseli, kuyilapho amabhethri e-nickel{3}}metal hydride (NiMH) eqeda ukushaja cishe ngo-1.4-1.5V ngeseli. Iibhethri ye-lithium polymer, okuhlukile kobuchwepheshe be-lithium-i-ion, futhi ishaja kufika ku-4.2V iseli ngalinye kodwa isebenzisa ijeli-efana ne-electrolyte esikhundleni soketshezi, okuyenza ivumelane nezimo futhi iphephe kancane ngaphansi kwengcindezi.
Amasistimu wokushaja wesimanje asebenzisa indlela yamandla kagesi amanje/ahlala njalo (CC/CV). Phakathi nesigaba samanje esingaguquki, ishaja iletha umthamo wamanje omkhulu kuyilapho i-voltage ikhuphuka kancane kancane. Uma ibhethri selifinyelele ku-4.2V, isistimu ishintshela kumodi ye-voltage engashintshi, lapho i-voltage ihlala igxilile ku-4.2V kuyilapho yamanje inhla kancane kancane. Ibhethri ibhekwa njengeshajwe ngokugcwele lapho ibhethri lamanje lehla liye cishe ku-3-5% wesilinganiso somthamo webhethri.
Ukuthi Amasistimu Okushaja Ayithola Kanjani Imali Egcwele
Amasekhethi okushaja asebenzisa izindlela eziningi zokukhomba lapho ibhethri selifinyelele ekushajweni okugcwele. Indlela yokuqala yokuthola iqapha i-voltage kanye neyamanje kanyekanye. Lapho i-voltage yebhethri izinza ku-threshold enkulu futhi amandla amanje ashajayo ehla ngaphansi kwevelu yokusika emisiwe, isistimu ibona ukushajwa okugcwele futhi inqamule inqubo yokushaja.
Ukuqapha izinga lokushisa kusebenza njengendlela yesibili yokuthola.Phakathi nezigaba zokugcina zokushaja, amabhethri akhiqiza ukushisa. Ukwenyuka kwezinga lokushisa kungazelelwe kungabonisa ukuthi ibhethri isifinyelele ekushajweni okugcwele futhi noma isiphi isisetshenziswa esingeziwe siguqulelwa ekushiseni kunamandla agciniwe. Amashaja ekhwalithi ahlanganisa izifudumezi{2}}zezinga lokushisa{3}}izinsimbi ezizwelayo{4}}ezivala ukushajwa uma ibhethri yeqa imikhawulo ephephile yokushisa.
Amasistimu okuphatha ibhethri (i-BMS) kumadivayisi esimanje asebenzisa ama-algorithms ayinkimbinkimbi alandelela amapharamitha amaningi. Lawa masistimu aqapha ama-voltage eseli ngalinye kumaphakethe-amaseli amaningi, aqinisekisa ukushaja okunokulinganisela kuwo wonke amaseli. Uma iseli elilodwa lifinyelela ku-4.2V ngaphambi kwamanye, i-BMS ingase ingasheshi noma ime isikhashana ukushaja kulelo seli kuyilapho iqhubeka nokushaja amaseli asele.
Ukunqanyulwa kwamanje kuyahlukahluka ngosayizi webhethri kanye nekhemistri. Ibhethri le-smartphone elivamile linganqamula ukushaja lapho lamanje lehla liye ku-50-100mA, kuyilapho ibhethri eliphathwayo elinomthamo ophezulu lingase liqhubeke kuze kube elamanje liwela ngaphansi kuka-200-300mA. Abakhiqizi balinganisa lawa manani ukuze balinganise isivinini sokushaja nempilo ende yebhethri.
Izinkomba Ezibonakalayo Nezangempela Zenkokhelo Egcwele
Amadivayisi amaningi ahlinzeka ngezinkomba ezicacile lapho amabhethri efika ekushajweni okugcwele. Izibani ze-LED ziyinkomba evame kakhulu yokubona-esuka kokubomvu noma inhlaka phakathi nokushajwa ukuya kokuluhlaza noma okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka uma kuqediwe. Amanye amashaja acisha ukukhanya kwenkomba ngokuphelele lapho efika ekushajweni okugcwele, kuyilapho amanye angabonisa iphethini yokushaya ukuze ahlukanise nezimo zokushaja ezisebenzayo.
Izinkomba zesofthiwe seziphenduke zaba yinkimbinkimbi. Amasistimu okusebenza abonisa amaphesenti ebhethri, kodwa iphesenti lilodwa alibonisi ngokucacile ukushajwa okugcwele. Ibhethri elibonisa u-100% kungenzeka lisamukela i-trickle current encane. Ukushaja okugcwele kweqiniso kwenzeka lapho womabili amaphesenti efunda u-100% futhi idivayisi ibonisa isimo sokuthi "Ishajiwe Ngokugcwele" noma "Ayishaji".
Amanye amadivaysi ahlanganisa impendulo ye-haptic, ehlinzeka ngokudlidliza lapho ukushaja kuqedwa. Lesi sici sibonakala siwusizo ikakhulukazi phakathi nokushaja ebusuku lapho abasebenzisi bangase bangaziboni izibonisi ezibonakalayo. Amadivayisi e-Premium angase futhi athumele izaziso zohlelo lokusebenza ukwazisa abasebenzisi ukuthi ibhethri labo selifinyelele ukushajwa okuphelele.
Izinguquko zomzimba ngesikhathi sokushaja nazo zingabonisa ukuqedwa. Amabhethri afudumala ngesikhathi sokushaja ngenxa yokumelana kwangaphakathi nokusabela kwamakhemikhali. Uma ibhethri lifinyelela ekushajweni okugcwele, ngokuvamile liqala ukuphola njengoba amandla okushaja ehla kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, ukuthembela kuzinga lokushisa kuphela akuthembeki{3}}ezicini zemvelo namaphethini okusetshenziswa kwedivayisi kuthinta kakhulu izinga lokushisa lebhethri.
Ukushaja Okugcwele Ngokuqhathaniswa Nomthamo Olinganiselwe
Ukuqonda umehluko phakathi kokushaja okugcwele nomthamo olinganiselwe kucacisa ukudideka okuvamile mayelana nokusebenza kwebhethri. Umthamo olinganiselwe webhethri, okalwa ngama-milliampere-amahora (mAh) noma watt-amahora (Wh), umele isamba samandla esingawagcina ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele. Ukushaja okugcwele kusho ukuthi ibhethri selifike ku-voltage ephezulu{4}}akuqinisekisi ukuthi ibhethri liphethe umthamo walo olinganiselwe wangempela.
Umthamo webhethri wehla ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngemijikelezo yokushajwa ephindaphindiwe{0}}yokukhipha. Ibhethri le-smartphone yeminyaka{{2}emibili-elidala lingase lishajwe ngokugcwele ku-4.2V kodwa ligcine kuphela u-80% womthamo walo wangempela. Amandla kagesi afinyelela emngceleni wokushaja ogcwele, kodwa ibhethri lincipha ngokushesha kunangesikhathi lilisha ngoba ukuwohloka kwamakhemikhali kwehlise into esebenzayo etholakalayo yokugcina ishaji.
Ukufiphala kwamandla kwenzeka ngezindlela eziningi.Amabhethri e-Lithium-ion athuthukisa isendlalelo esiqinile se-electrolyte interface (SEI) ku-anode phakathi nokuhamba ngebhayisikili. Lesi sendlalelo sisebenzisa i-lithium ion unomphela, sinciphisa umthamo otholakalayo. Ukwengeza, izinto ze-electrode zingaqhekeka futhi ziqhekeke ngesikhathi sokunwetshwa nokufinyela okwenzeka ngesikhathi sokushaja nokukhipha, okuqhubeka nokuncipha amandla.
Abakhiqizi balinganisela amabhethri ngaphansi kwezimo ezilawulwayo-ngokuvamile ku-25℃namazinga amaphakathi okukhipha. Amandla omhlaba-wangempela ayahluka kuye ngezinga lokushisa, izinga lokukhishwa, kanye neminyaka yobudala. Ibhethri elifika ekushajweni okugcwele ezimeni ezibandayo lingaletha kuphela u-50-60% womthamo walo olinganiselwe ngenxa yokwenyuka kokungazweli ngaphakathi kanye nokusabela kancane kwamakhemikhali.
Amanye amadivaysi abonisa amamethrikhi "empilo yebhethri" abonisa umthamo wamanje uma uqhathaniswa nomthamo wangempela. Lesi silinganiso sisiza abasebenzisi baqonde ukuthi ukufinyelela ekushajweni okugcwele akusho ukuthi ibhethri lisebenza njengento entsha-kusho nje ukuthi ibhethri selifinyelele umkhawulo wevolthi walo wamanje ngaphakathi kwesimo salo sokuwohloka.
Umthelela Wokugcina Ukushajwa Okugcwele Kumpilo Yebhethri
Ukugcina amabhethri asuselwe e-lithium{0}egcwele isikhathi eside kusheshisa ukuwohloka. Ku-4.2V, ibhethri ihlangabezana nengcindezi ephezulu kagesi kuma-electrode ayo kanye ne-electrolyte. Lokhu kucindezeleka kuqhuba ukusabela okungafuneki okuseceleni okudla i-lithium esebenzayo futhi kwehlisa izinto ze-electrode, kunciphisa umthamo unomphela.
Idatha yocwaningo ibonisa amaphethini okuwohloka acacile ahlobene ne-voltage yokugcina. Amabhethri agcinwe esimweni sokushajwa okungu-100% alahlekelwa amandla acishe abe ngu-20% ngonyaka ekamelweni lokushisa, kuyilapho amabhethri agcinwe ekushajweni okungu-40-60% alahlekelwa amandla angu-2-4% kuphela ngonyaka. Umehluko ubonakala nakakhulu emazingeni okushisa aphakeme-ibhethri elishajwe ngokugcwele emotweni eshisayo lingathola ukulahlekelwa amandla okuyinhlekelele phakathi nezinyanga.
Imishini yesimanje isebenzisa izinyathelo zokuzivikela ngokumelene nengcindezi egcwele yokushaja.Omakhalekhukhwini abaningi namakhompuyutha aphathekayo manje afaka "ukushajwa kwebhethri okuthuthukisiwe" okufunda amaphethini omsebenzisi nokubambezeleka ukushaja kufika ku-100% kuze kube ngaphambi nje kokuthi idivayisi ivamise ukunqanyulwa. Isibonelo, uma ushaja njalo ebusuku futhi ukhiphe ngo-7 AM, idivayisi ingase ishaje kufika ku-80% ngokushesha, bese ulinda kuze kube ngu-6:30 AM ukuze uqedele ukushaja kufikela ku-100%.
Izimoto zikagesi (EVs) ziqhubekisela phambili lo mqondo ngokutusa abasebenzisi ukuthi babeke imikhawulo yenkokhiso ibe ngu-80-90% ukuze isetshenziswe nsuku zonke, igcine izindleko ezingu-100% zohambo olude kuphela. Amabhethri e-EV adlula izinkulungwane zemijikelezo ngesikhathi sokuphila kwawo, ngakho-ke ukukhawulela ukucindezelwa kwamandla kagesi kunweba kakhulu impilo yebhethri. Ibhethri le-Tesla elishajwa njalo lifike ku-90% lingase ligcine umthamo ongu-90% ngemva kwamamayela angu-200,000, kuyilapho elishajwa ukuya ku-100% nsuku zonke lingase lehlisele ku-80% umthamo ngebanga elifanayo.
Ijika le-voltage -aliwona mugqa-u-20% wokugcina weshaji (kusuka ku-80% ukuya ku-100%) udala ingcindezi engalingani. Lesi sifunda sidinga ukushajwa kwamandla kagesi njalo lapho ukusabela kwamakhemikhali kuba nzima, okukhiqiza ukushisa okwengeziwe futhi kubangele ukusabela okungafuneki ohlangothini. Kubasebenzisi ababeka phambili ukuphila okude ngaphezu kwesikhathi esiphezulu sokusebenza, ukugcina ukushaja phakathi kuka-20-80% kunikeza ukuphila okuphelele.
Imikhuba Enhle Yokushaja
Ukuqonda ukushajwa okugcwele kunika amandla imikhuba yokushaja ehlakaniphile ebhalansisa ukuphila isikhathi eside kwebhethri. Ngokusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke, imijikelezo yokushaja ingxenye ikhombisa ukucindezelwa okuncane kumabhethri kunokushaja ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuya ku-100%. Ochwepheshe abaningi bebhethri batusa ukugcina ukushaja okuphakathi kuka-30-80% ukuze kusetshenziswe njalo, okuvumela ukushajwa okugcwele kuphela uma umkhawulo wesikhathi sokusebenza udingeka.
Isivinini sokushaja sithinta ukucindezelwa kwebhethri nezinga lokushisa. Ukushaja okusheshayo ekushajweni okuphelele kukhiqiza ukushisa okukhulu kunokushaja okunensayo, okusheshisa ukuwohloka. Uma isikhathi sivuma, ukusebenzisa ishaja{2}}ephansi kunciphisa ukucindezeleka okushisayo ngesikhathi sokushaja. Ibhethri elishajwa ngo-5W ngaphezulu kwamahora amathathu lihlangabezana nokuwohloka okuncane kunelilodwa elishajwa ngo-20W ngaphansi kwehora, nakuba womabili efinyelela ku-voltage efanayo yokushajwa egcwele.
Isikhathi sibaluleke kakhulu njengezinga lokushaja.Ukushiya idivayisi ixhunyiwe ngemva kokushajwa ngokugcwele akuyona ingozi njengoba abaningi bekholelwa, inqobo nje uma isistimu yokushaja{0}}iklanywe kahle. Amashaja ekhwalithi angena kumodi yokulungisa lapho aletha khona okwanele kuphela ukuze akhiphe-ukuzikhipha, ngokuvamile okungu-2-5mA. Kodwa-ke, uma idivayisi isebenzisa amandla ngenkathi ixhunyiwe{6}}okufana nokudlala amageyimu noma ividiyo-ibhethri lingajikeleza phakathi kuka-98-100% ngokuphindaphindiwe, okusheshisa ukuguga.
Ukuphathwa kwezinga lokushisa ngesikhathi sokushaja kufakazela ukuthi kubalulekile. Amabhethri kufanele ashaje endaweni yezinga lokushisa elimaphakathi{1}}okungcono kakhulu phakathi kuka-10-30℃(50-86℃F). Ukushaja kubanda kakhulu kunciphisa ukusebenza kahle kokushaja futhi kungabangela i-lithium plating, kuyilapho ukushaja ngokushisa okukhulu kusheshisa zonke izinhlobo zokuwohloka. Susa amakesi efoni ngesikhathi sokushaja ukuze uthuthukise ukunqanyulwa kokushisa, futhi ugweme ukushaja amadivayisi ezindaweni ezithambile njengemibhede noma amasofa abamba ukushisa.
Kumadivayisi asetshenziswa ngezikhathi ezithile, njengamabhethri ekhophi yasenqolobaneni noma amathuluzi esizini, wagcine ngokushajwa okungu-40-50% kunokushajwa okugcwele. Le voltage yokugcina inciphisa ukuwohloka ngezikhathi zokungalali. Hlola amabhethri agciniwe njalo ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa futhi uwashaje uma ehle ngaphansi kuka-20% ukuze uvimbele umonakalo ojulile wokukhishwa.
imibuzo ejwayelekile ukubuzwa
Ingabe ukunqamula ngokushesha ngemva kokushajwa okugcwele kuyayithuthukisa impilo yebhethri?
Amasistimu wokushaja wesimanje ayeka ngokuzenzakalelayo ukuletha amandla abalulekile uma ibhethri selishajwe ngokugcwele, lingena kumodi yokulungisa eletha amandla amancane. Ukunqamula ngokushesha ngemva kokushajwa okugcwele kunikeza inzuzo encane ngaphandle kwalapho usebenzisa idivayisi kakhulu ngenkathi uxhumeke, okungabangela ukuhamba kancane kancane-ngebhayisikili phakathi kuka-98-100%. Kubasebenzisi abaningi, ukushiya idivayisi ixhunyiwe amahora ambalwa engeziwe akubangeli umonakalo olinganisekayo.
Kungani iphesenti lami lebhethri lehla ngokushesha ngemva kokubonisa u-100%?
Lokhu ngokuvamile kubonisa izinkinga zokulinganisa ibhethri kunokulahlekelwa umthamo wangempela. Isistimu yokuphatha ibhethri ilinganisela ileveli yokushaja ngokusekelwe kugesi kanye nezilinganiso zamanje. Uma lezi zilinganiso zisuka kokungokoqobo, isistimu ingase ibike u-100% uma inkokhiso yangempela iphansi. Ukwenza umjikelezo wokushaja ogcwele{4}ogcwele ngezikhathi ezithile kusiza ukulinganisa kabusha isistimu, nakuba lokhu kungenasidingo ngaphezu kwazo zonke izinyanga ezimbalwa.
Ingabe ukushajwa ngokweqile kungalimaza ibhethri ngisho nasemasistimu okuvikela esimanje?
Ukushaja ngokweqile kwangempela{0}}okudlula u-4.2V ngeseli{2}}kuyivelakancane kakhulu ngamashaja ekhwalithi namadivayisi. Amasekhethi okuvikela anezivikelo eziningi ezingasasebenzi ezivimbela i-voltage ukuthi idlule imikhawulo ephephile. Kodwa-ke, ukugcina amabhethri eshajwe okungu-100%, ngisho nakugesi ofanele, kusheshisa ukuwohloka kwamakhemikhali. Igama elithi "ukushaja ngokweqile" livame ukusetshenziswa kabi ukuchaza ukushaja isikhathi eside ngokushajwa okuphelele, okubangela ukucindezelwa kwamandla kagesi esikhundleni sokushajwa ngokweqile kwangempela.
Ngazi kanjani uma ibhethri lami selifinyelele ekushajweni okugcwele uma inkomba yephukile?
Ngaphandle kwezinkomba zokusebenza, ungasebenzisa izilinganiso ze-voltage nge-multimeter. Kumabhethri-eseli lithium{2}}eyodwa ye-ion, ukushajwa okugcwele kungu-4.2V kukalwa kuwo wonke amatheminali ebhethri. Kumaphakethe-amaseli amaningi, phindaphinda u-4.2V ngenombolo yamaseli ochungechungeni. Noma, qaphela isikhathi sokushaja{8}}amabhethri amaningi adinga 2-amahora angu-3 ukuze ashaje ngokugcwele kusukela lapho acishe angenalutho namashaja avamile. Ukushaja ngale kwalesi sikhathi ngaphandle kokushintsha kwezinga lokushisa lebhethri kuphakamisa ukuthi ukushajwa okugcwele kufinyelelwe.
Ukucatshangelwa Kokugcina Ngokuphathwa Kwezindleko Ezigcwele
Ikhemikhali yebhethri ayikashintshi ngokuyisisekelo emashumini eminyaka, kodwa ukuqonda kwethu izinqubo zokushaja ezilungile kuyaqhubeka nokuvela. Imboni manje iyabona ukuthi ukuphishekela ukukhokhiswa okungu-100% umjikelezo ngamunye kuza nezinzuzo-zohwebo abasebenzisi abaningi abangazinqaba uma bazi kangcono ngezinye izindlela.
Cabangela izidingo zakho zangempela ngokumelene nokuziphatha okuvamile. Abantu abaningi bangasebenza ngenkokhelo engu-80% yemisebenzi yansuku zonke, bagcine izindleko ezigcwele izinsuku lapho isikhathi sokusebenza esiphezulu sibalulekile. Lokhu kulungiswa okulula, kuhlanganiswe nokugwema ukukhishwa okujulile okungaphansi kuka-20%, kunganweba ubude bebhethri obusebenzayo ngo-50-100% ngaphandle kokudinga noma iyiphi into esetshenziswayo ekhethekile noma ukuphazamiseka okukhulu.
Imboni yezobuchwepheshe ijwayela kancane kancane kulawa maqiniso. Abakhiqizi abengeziwe manje bahlanganisa izici zempilo yebhethri, izinketho zokukhawulela ukushaja, nama-algorithms wokushaja aguquguqukayo anciphisa isikhathi esichithwa ngokushajwa okuphelele. Njengoba amabhethri amelela kokubili ukukhathazeka kwemvelo kanye nezindleko ezinkulu zokushintsha, lindela lezi zici zokuvikela ukuba zibe yizinga esikhundleni sezinketho zeprimiyamu.
Okuthathwayo Okubalulekile
Ukushaja okugcwele kwenzeka nge-voltage ephezulu (4.2V ye-lithium-ion), hhayi uma ibhethri lifunda u-100%
Ukugcina amabhethri eshajwe ngokugcwele kusheshisa ukuwohloka uma kuqhathaniswa nezimo zokushaja ingxenye
Amasistimu wokushaja wesimanje asebenzisa amandla kagesi, amanje, nezinga lokushisa ukuze abone ukushaja okugcwele ngokunembile
Ukushaja okuphakathi kuka-20-80% wokusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke kwandisa kakhulu impilo yebhethri
I-voltage yokushaja egcwele ihlala ingashintshile ngenkathi umthamo webhethri wehla ngokuhamba kwesikhathi
Izixhumanisi Zangaphakathi Ezinconyiwe
Umthamo webhethri namazinga okuchithwa
I-Lithium{0}}yokubalulekile kwe-chemistry yebhethri
Ubuchwepheshe bezinhlelo zokuphatha ibhethri (BMS).
Ukushaja okusheshayo kuqhathaniswa nokuhlaziywa kokushaja okunensayo
Imikhuba ehamba phambili yokugcina ibhethri
