Siyini igridi{0}}yesikali sokulondoloza amandla?

NgoFebhruwari 2021, ngangisocingweni nomsebenzisi wesitoreji e-Texas lapho amanani kagesi we-wholesale efinyelela ku-$9,000 nge-megawatt-ngehora ngalinye. Izinkulungwane eziyisishiyagalolunye zamadola. Ngomongo, izintengo ezijwayelekile zihamba cishe ku-$30-50. Isistimu yakhe yebhethri ibinyathelisa imali - iphuma kugridi ngesikhathi saseWinter Storm Uri kuyilapho izimboni zegesi yemvelo ziqina. “Lena esakhele yona,” usho kanje, kodwa izwi lakhe belihambisana nalo. Cishe kuqinisekiswe. Sengathi ubeselinde iminyaka ukuthi aveze abangabazayo ukuthi banephutha.

Ngaleso sikhathi - ukubuka izintengo zenyuka ezikrinini zokuhweba ngenkathi amapayipi eqhuma ezweni - enza into ethile ebengiyizungeza isikhathi eside. Isitoreji sesikali segridi-asisaphathelene nobuchwepheshe. Kumayelana nokuthi sizimisele yini ukuvuma ukuthi indlela esisebenze ngayo amagridi kagesi iminyaka eyikhulu ayisasebenzi.

Ake senze ikhophi yasenqolobaneni. 2000 futhi ngo-2001, i-California yaba nokucisha ugesi. Hhayi kanye noma kabili - izikhathi eziningi. Abantu baphelelwa ugesi, amarobhothi abe mnyama, izibhedlela zashintsha amajeneretha. Uphenyo olusemthethweni lusole ukukhohlisa kwemakethe ka-Enron, okwakuyiqiniso, kodwa kwakungeyona indaba yonke leyo. Inkinga yangempela yajula. Igridi yaseCalifornia yaklanywa eduze kwezitshalo zamafutha ezinsalela ongakwazi ukuzilawula. Udinga amandla engeziwe? Shisa igesi eyengeziwe. Udinga ukwehla? Phindela emuva. Kulula.

Ngaphandle kokuthi iyekile ukuba lula ngesikhathi isizukulwane esivuselelekayo siqala ukubaluleka. Futhi angiqondile amaphaneli elanga wethokheni okuthile okufakelwe i-PR ngeminyaka yama-90s. Umthamo wangempela. I-Gigawatts.

Bengisengqungqutheleni e-San Diego - kumele ngabe kwakungu-2014 noma 2015 - lapho unjiniyela wase-California ISO abonisa lokho abakubiza ngokuthi "ijika ledada." Igumbi lathula. Igrafu ibonise ingqikithi yomthwalo (ingqikithi yokufunwa kwe-solar) yehla emini lapho ilanga liphakeme kakhulu, bese lidubula ekushoneni kwelanga. Leso silinganiso serempu - sisuka kokuncane siye kokuphezulu cishe emahoreni angu-3 - siphule indlela ukusebenza kwegridi esebenza ngayo. Kuzodingeka ugcine izitshalo zegesi zijikeleza intambama yonke ukuze nje ubambe intambama yakusihlwa. Kuyabiza, akusebenzi kahle, futhi kuwubulima.

Insizwa eyodwa ngemuva yabuza, "Asikwazi ukunqamula ilanga?" Wathula kancane unjiniyela. "Singakwazi. Noma singathola indawo yokugcina."

Isitoreji. Kulungile.

Ibha eseceleni esheshayo - iyini igridi{1}}isikali sokulondoloza? Buza abantu abahlanu, uthole izimpendulo eziyisithupha. Ukuvumelana okuxekethile kuyinto engaphezu kwe-megawatt engu-1, kodwa ngike ngahlala kumaphaneli enkomfa lapho abantu bephikisana ngalokhu imizuzu engamashumi amabili. Ingabe isicelo sibalulekile ngaphezu komthamo? Uma unama-kilowatts angu-500 anikezela ngesiteshi esincane esibalulekile, ingabe lokho kuyabala?

Kukhona indawo e-California manje - I-Moss Landing, ngicabanga ukuthi - ingaphezu kuka-400 MW. Kungenzeka kube ngu-450. Mhlawumbe 420. Iphuzu liwukuthi, ukuhlanganisa lokho kanye nephrojekthi ye-1 MW kuzwakala kungalungile, kodwa imboni ayikahlali kahle ngamagama angcono. Sikhuluma ngesitoreji esithinta ukusebenza kwegridi. Hhayi i-Tesla Powerwall yomakhelwane wakho.

Nakhu okuhlekisayo. Wonke umuntu ukhuluma ngamabhethri manje, kodwa i-hydro pumped isabusa umthamo wokulondoloza umhlaba wonke. Hhayi ngisho eduze. Phumpu amanzi uma ugesi ushibhile, vumela ugeleze ubuyele kuma-turbines uma amanani enyuka. I-Bath County eVirginia ibikwenza lokhu kusukela ngo-1985. Ngaphezu kuka-3,000 MW. Ukusebenza kahle kuhle - 70-80% kohambo olubuya nokubuya - futhi "isibaseli" amanzi owasebenzisa kabusha unomphela.

Inkinga igeography. Udinga izintaba, izindawo ezifanele zamadamu, izindawo lapho amadamu okwakha engeke akhukhule noma yini abantu abayinakayo. Izingosi eziningi ezinhle zase-US zathuthukiswa ekuqaleni kwawo-90s. Iziphakamiso ezintsha zivela ngezikhathi ezithile kodwa ukuvumela kuthatha isikhathi eside kangangokuthi onjiniyela bavamise ukuyeka. Kukhona iphrojekthi e-Montana ehlelelwe iminyaka engaba ngu-15. Ayikakhiwe.

Umoya ocindezelwe ukhona nawo, kancane. Izitshalo ezimbili emhlabeni jikelele: i-Huntorf eJalimane (1978) ne-McIntosh, Alabama (1991). Yilokho kuphela. Ubuchwepheshe busebenza kahle - bumpompa umoya emigedeni engaphansi komhlaba, budedele ngama-turbine kamuva - kodwa udinga i-geology ethile. Amadome kasawoti noma izindawo zokugcina igesi eziphelile ezinezakhiwo ezifanele. Zombili izitshalo ezikhona zishisa igesi yemvelo ngesikhathi sokunwetshwa okukhawulela izinzuzo zemvelo. Imiklamo emisha "ye-adiabatic" ithi ingaqeda ukushiswa kwegesi. Abekho abake bafinyelela izinga lezentengiso.

Ngakho amabhethri. Wonke umuntu ujabulile ngamabhethri manje kodwa bekungenjalo ngaso sonke isikhathi. Izindleko bezinqabile kuze kube ngu-2012-2015. Kube khona ukufakwa okuncane e-Notree Wind Farm e-Australia emuva ngo-2012, ubufakazi{5}bombono ongaphezu komnotho osebenzayo.

U-Tesla wabe eseyakha i-Hornsdale. 2017, i-South Australia, i-100 MW / 129 MWh. U-Elon wenze lokho kubheja kwe-Twitter mayelana nokuyakha ngezinsuku eziyi-100 - u-Elon ojwayelekile - futhi bakwenze ezinsukwini ezingama-63. Abantu bagxile ejubaneni lokwakha kodwa indaba yangempela kwakuwukusebenza. Ibhethri lenze imali ngokushesha kunokuqagela ngezinsizakalo zokulawula imvamisa.

Empeleni ngivakashele isikhungo sokulawula igridi ngaphandle kwase-Adelaide mhlawumbe ezinyangeni eziyisi-6 ngemuva kokuthi i-Hornsdale iqalile. Onjiniyela bebesabhuza ngakho. Insizwa eyodwa yangibonisa amashadi okuphendula ama-frequency. Lapho ifrikhwensi yegridi isuka ku-50 Hz, ibhethri belilungisa ngama-millisecond. Amajeneretha avamile athathe imizuzwana ngoba uphotha ama-turbines. “Kufana nokuqhathanisa imoto yezemidlalo nesitimela esithwala impahla,” esho.

Leso sikhathi sokuphendula se-millisecond sibaluleke kakhulu kumasevisi athile egridi. Lapho izinsiza sezibonile ukuthi amabhethri angenza izinto ezingenziwa isizukulwane esijwayelekile, izimo zengqondo zashintsha ngokushesha. Phakathi nonyaka waqala ukubona ezinye izimemezelo zephrojekthi.

Isimo sekhemistri sibi kunalokho okusikiselwa ukushicilelwa kohwebo. I-"lithium-ion" akuyona into eyodwa. Amakhemistri amaningi ahlanganiswa ndawonye. Ngokusetshenziswa kwegridi, i-lithium iron phosphate iwinile ngokuyisisekelo. LFP, LiFePO4,ibhethri ye-lithium ion phosphate- amagama ahlukene kuye ngokuthi ubani oyimasayo.

Le chemistry manje imele mhlawumbe u-60-65% wokufakwa okusha kwase-US nase-Europe. Izinombolo ziyahlukahluka kuye ngokuthi ubani obala nokuthi zihlanganisani. Isizathu siyasebenza: I-LFP iphatha kangcono ukugibela ibhayisekili lokukhipha imali kunezinye izindlela ezifana ne-NMC (nickel manganese cobalt). Ingozi yomlilo ephansi futhi, okubalulekile uma upakisha iziqukathi zokuthutha ezigcwele amabhethri ezindaweni zokuhlala. Sizothola imililo kamuva.

Ukuminyana kwamandla kuphansi kune-NMC kodwa endaweni yokugcina emile lokho akunandaba. Awuyifaki ngaphansi kwezihlalo zemoto. Staki iziqukathi uze ufinyelele okuhlosiwe komthamo.

Amabhethri agelezayo ahlala ethola ukuvikeleka. Izinhlelo ze-Vanadium redox zihlukanisa indawo yokugcina amandla (usayizi wethangi) namandla (usayizi wesitaki). Isikhungo sase-Dalian e-China, sigunyazwe i-2022, i-100 MW / 400 MWh, enkulu kunazo zonke okwamanje. Izindleko ziphakeme kune-lithium kodwa impilo yomjikelezo ingadlula imijikelezo engu-20,000 ngaphandle kokuwohloka okukhulu.

Ngokombono obalulekile ezinsizeni ezihlela ukusebenza konyaka ongu-20+. Empeleni, izindleko ze-lithium zehla ngokushesha kunamabhethri agelezayo avala igebe. Amabhethri agelezayo "asezophumelela" okungenani iminyaka eyishumi. Iqala ukuzwakala njengamandla e-fusion.

I-Germany ithole inkinga yesitoreji ngendlela enzima. Cishe ngo-2011-2012 ngokuzumayo baba nama-gigawatts elanga elisophahleni ukusuka ku-Energiewende push. Emini ngezinsuku libalele, isizukulwane sasiqhuma. Amafu agingqika, ehliswa ama-gigawatts. Ngokushesha.

Ama-opharetha egridi aye achitha yonke imisebenzi elawula amajika esidingo abikezelwayo manje asebenzelana namajika okunikezela ahamba ngokushesha kunalokho ababengasabela. Qedela i-paradigm shift. Omunye u-opharetha engikhulume naye enkomfeni yase-Berlin - lokhu kwakungu-2016 mhlawumbe - uthe ngesikhathi sokuqala ebona isizukulwane sehla ngo-5 GW emizuzwini engu-20, wacabanga ukuthi uhlelo lwakhe lokuqapha lwaluphukile.

Umoya wenza izinto ezifanayo kodwa izikhathi ezahlukene. Amapaki esistimu{1}ephezulu enengcindezi phezu kwamapulazi omoya kanye nokukhiqiza awehla acishe angabi nalutho. Ihlala izinsuku lapho. Awukwazi ukufonela ipulazi lomoya ngo-6 PM ulitshele ukuthi likhiqize okwengeziwe ngoba abantu bapheka ukudla kwakusihlwa ekhaya. Akusebenzi ngaleyo ndlela.

Isikhathi sokuphendula sibalulekile kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza. I-California ISO idinga izinsiza zokulawula imvamisa ishaya ngamandla agcwele phakathi nemizuzu eyi-10. Kungase kube yimizuzu engu-8, kuzodingeka ngihlole imininingwane. Amanye amasevisi adinga impendulo{5}yesibili encane. Amabhethri ahamba phambili lapha - ukusabela kwe-electrochemical ngokuyisisekelo kuvele masinyane ngokubuka komsebenzisi wegridi.

I-hydro pumped idinga imizuzwana engu-10-15 ukuze amanzi ageleze asheshise ngama-turbines, kanye nokusebenza kwamavalvu. Lelo gebe libalulekile ekulawuleni imvamisa. Akunandaba kakhulu ngokushefa okuphezulu lapho ukhipha khona amahora.

Ukusebenza kahle kunquma ukuthi amaphrojekthi ayayenza yini imali. Izibalo eziyisisekelo: gcina i-100 MWh, thola i-90 MWh, ulahlekelwe ngu-10% umjikelezo ngamunye. I-Lithium ishaya ku-85-95% kuye ngokucushwa nokuthi uyiphusha kanzima kangakanani. Amabhethri agelezayo afana no-65-75%. Kubonakala kuncane kodwa kuhamba ngebhayisikili nsuku zonke iminyaka engu-15, leyo delta esebenza kahle ihlangana nezigidi zomehluko wemali engenayo. Mhlawumbe amashumi ezigidi zamaphrojekthi amakhulu.

Impilo yomjikelezo iba nzima. Amasistimu amaningi e-lithium egridi asebenza ngo-20-80% wesimo sokushaja esikhundleni sokuhamba ngamabhayisikili ngokugcwele. Ukudela umthamo we-nameplate ongu-40% ukuze uphindwe kabili noma kathathu impilo yonke yokusebenza. Ezomnotho ziyasebenza ngoba ukufaka amabhethri esikhundleni sephrojekthi emaphakathi kubiza ngempela. Kungcono ukuqala ngosayizi omkhulu.

grid-scale energy storage

Umthetho Wokwehliswa Kokwehla kwamandla emali ngo-2022 wazishintsha ngempela izimakethe zase-US. Vumela isitoreji esizimele sifune amakhredithi entela otshalomali angu-30%. Ngaphambi kwaleso sitoreji sasifaneleka kuphela ukubhangqwa nelanga noma umoya, okwakuwumgomo oyisiphukuphuku kodwa kwabhalwa kanjalo.

Ngemuva kokuthi i-IRA idlulile, izimemezelo zephrojekthi zagcwala kakhulu. Ulayini Wokuxhumanisa ube no-85+ GW wesitoreji maphakathi no-2023. Noma ubani ojwayelene nemigqa yokuxhumana uyazi ukuthi amaphrojekthi amaningi awakhiwa. Amazinga okuqeda angokomlando asebenza ngo-20-30% okungcono kakhulu.

Ngangisengqungqutheleni yonjiniyela e-Houston ngonyaka odlule - umfana ovela komunye wabakhiqizi abakhulu base-China wathi abakwazanga ukuhambisana nesidingo sase-US. "Singeza imigqa yokukhiqiza kodwa kunezikhathi zokuhola zezinyanga ezingu-18 emishinini." Izingqinamba zochungechunge lokuhlinzeka yonke indawo.

Isitoreji somhlaba sifinyelele cishe ku-27-28 GW ngo-2023 kuye ngokuthi ubala kanjani. 90% ukukhula kwenzeke kusukela ngo-2018. I-US yengeze u-4.8 GW ngo-2022 nje kuphela, kungenzeka kube ngu-5.2, angisakhumbuli. I-California ne-Texas ilawula ukuthunyelwa ngezizathu ezihluke ngokuphelele. I-California inezigunyazo zenqubomgomo eziqhuba ukuhlanganiswa kwezinto ezivuselelekayo. I-Texas inamandla e-ERCOT{14}}emakethe kuphela edala ukuguquguquka okukhulu kwentengo. Abaqhubi besitoreji bathanda ukuguquguquka - baxhaphaza lokho kushintsha kwentengo.

Izindleko zehle zisuka ngaphezu kuka-$500/kWh ngo-2015 zaya ku-$150-200/kWh ngo-2023 kumasistimu aphelele. Abanye abantu bathi kuphansi kakhulu kodwa u-$150-200 yilokho engikubone kumaphrojekthi wangempela. Isilinganiso sokukhiqiza ngokuyinhloko, ukuncintisana okunonya phakathi kwabakhiqizi bamaseli baseShayina nabaseKorea.

Amamodeli wemali engenayo ayahluka kakhulu ngokwemakethe. I-Texas ERCOT ivumela ibhidi yesitoreji ngokuqondile ezimakethe zamandla. Leso sibonelo se-Winter Storm Uri kusukela ekuqaleni - abanye o-opharetha basule izigidi ezingu-$10+, mhlawumbe amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-12, ngezwa izinombolo ezihlukile. Akujwayelekile kodwa.

Imisebenzi ejwayelekile ihlanganisa ukunqwabelanisa ukusakazwa kwemali engenayo: i-arbitrage yamandla (inkokhelo eshibhile, ukuchithwa kuyabiza), izinkokhelo zamandla, ukulawula imvamisa, ukuhlehliswa kokuthuthukiswa kokudlulisela ngezikhathi ezithile. I-SGIP yaseCalifornia iphonsela inkuthazo phezulu, ikakhulukazi ezikhungweni ezibucayi.

Omunye u-opharetha wangitshela ukuthi - ngingekho kurekhodi endaweni ethile ngesikhathi senkomfa - ukuthi uhhafu wemali engenayo ecatshangelwayo ivela kumasevisi abengekho eminyakeni emihlanu edlule. "Silungisa lokhu njengoba sihamba. Abaqhubi begridi bathola ukuthi yini amabhethri angayenza ngesikhathi sangempela."

Ubude besikhathi buhlala buwumgoqo osobala futhi kuyakhungathekisa. Amasistimu amaningi akhipha amahora angu-2-4 ngamandla alinganiselwe. Ilungele iziqongo zakusihlwa lapho i-solar iwa. Ayinamsebenzi ngokuphelele yokugcina izinsuku eziningi phakathi nemicimbi yesimo sezulu enwetshiwe.

Ubuchwepheshe besikhathi eside bulokhu bumenyezelwa ngokukhishwa kwezindaba ezinkulu. Umoya ocindezelwe, amasistimu adonsela phansi, indawo yokugcina eshisayo. Ukuthunyelwa kwezohwebo kusenzima. Wonke umuntu ufuna isitoreji samahora angu-8+, abanye bafuna angu-12 noma angu-24. Akekho osacabangele ezomnotho ngezikali okwamanje.

Kukhona iziqalo eziphakamisa amabhlogo kakhonkolo ngama-cranes ukugcina amandla. Kuzwakala kuyinhlekisa kodwa i-physics iyasebenza. Abekho abake bakala. Okufanayo nesitoreji esishisayo.

Ukonakaliswa kwebhethri ngaphansi kwamaphethini angempela okugibela amabhayisikili kuyaqhubeka nokumangala opharetha, okungiphatha kabi ngoba ungacabanga ukuthi ngabe sesikutholile lokhu manje.

Ukuhlolwa kwelebhu akubikezeli ukusebenza kwenkambu kahle. Ukufakwa kwangaphambi kwesikhathi - 2018, isikhathi sango-2019 - sahamba ngomfutho kakhulu kunalokho obekuhleliwe, kwafushaniswa izimpilo zokusebenza ngokushesha kunalokho obekulindelwe, ukubuyekezwa kwesimangalo sesiqinisekiso okuphoqelekile. Amamodeli angcono okucekela phansi akhona manje kodwa ukungaqiniseki kusasele mayelana nokusebenza konyaka ongu-10+, ikakhulukazi njengoba amasu okuthumela ethuthuka.

Awukwazi ukuhlola iminyaka engu-15 yokusebenza emigqeni yesikhathi yokuthuthukisa yeminyaka emi-2. Akunakwenzeka. Unjiniyela kwa-NREL ungitshele ukuthi bakha amamodeli angenzeka ngokusekelwe kudatha yenkambu elinganiselwe. "Sihlanganisa iminyaka engu-5 yokusebenza ukuze sibikezele iminyaka engu-20. Ukuqagela kuyafundiswa."

Ukuphepha komlilo akukanyamalala naphezu kwamazinga athuthukisiwe. Umlilo kaMcMicken e-Arizona - Ephreli 2019 - useyisigameko esibi kakhulu. Ukuqhuma kwalimala izicishamlilo ezine, okungenzeka kube yinhlekelele.

Ngikhulume nomunye wabaphenduli bokuqala engqungqutheleni yezokuphepha. Uthe ngesikhathi befika, ama-protocol ajwayelekile athi fafaza amanzi emlilweni wamabhethri. Waqala ukwenza lokho. Yabe isiqhuma. "Akekho owasitshela ukuthi lezi zinto zingase zibaleke ngisho nangemva kokuba umlilo usuphumile."

Lowo mcimbi uveze ukuthi imboni ibikuqonda kabi kanjani ukusakazeka kokushisa okushisayo kumasistimu aphethwe ngamakhonteyina. Besicabanga ukuthi siyazi. Kuvele ukuthi asizange. Amazinga okuhlola athuthuke kakhulu ngemva kwalokho. I-UL 9540A ibe ireferensi yawo wonke umuntu.

Kodwa wonke amakhemikhali amasha eseli adinga ukuhlolwa kusukela ekuqaleni. Akubona bonke abathengisi abalandela izinqubo zokuklama ezifanayo zokuhlukanisa amaseli, ukupholisa, ukucisha umlilo. Abanye benza izimfuneko zekhodi ezingenalutho. Abanye bayamangalisa. Ngeke ukwazi ukusho njalo ekukhangiseni ukuthi iyiphi indlela esetshenziswa yiphrojekthi. Lokho kuyinkinga.

I-South Australia inikeza amazwibela{0}ezinga eliphezulu lokungena esikhathini esizayo. Cishe isitoreji esingu-300 MW esinikeza cishe isidingo esikhulu esingu-2,000 MW ngo-2022. Lokho kufana no-15% wesidingo esikhulu somthamo wokugcina. Okukhulu.

Imisebenzi yegridi eshintshe ngokuyisisekelo. Kodwa umbuso ohluke kakhulu kune-Texas noma California lapho ukugcinwa kuhlala kuyiphesenti elincane lomthamo ophelele. Ungakwazi yini ukukala indlela yaseNingizimu Australia ku-ERCOT? Mhlawumbe, mhlawumbe akunjalo.

Ngabuza u-opharetha wegridi waseNingizimu Australia ngalokhu engqungqutheleni. Impendulo yakhe: "Siyicala lokuhlola. Uma liphuka lapha, okungenani sibancane ngokwanele ukuthi ukwehluleka kuqukethwe." Akukhona ukuzethemba{3}okuqondile kodwa okuthembekile.

grid-scale energy storage

I-NREL iphrojekthi efana 250+ nesitoreji se-GW US ngo-2050 ngaphansi kwezimo ezivuselelekayo eziphakeme. Noma bekuyi-300 GW? Kuzomele ngiyibheke. Ukuthi lokho kwenzeka kuncike ezintweni eziningi. Ukwehliswa kwezindleko okuqhubekayo ngokusobala. Ukusekela inqubomgomo ukuhlala endaweni, okungaqinisekisiwe. Abasebenzisa igridi empeleni bashintsha izindlela zokusebenza esikhundleni sokukhuluma ngakho.

Ezinye izilinganiso zeminyaka emihlanu edlule sezivele zibukeka zilondoloza. Ukuthunyelwa kudlule izibikezelo zangaphambili. Kodwa okunye ukuqagela kungase kubonakale kunethemba elikhulu uma ukuqagela okubalulekile kungabambeki noma kwenzeka okuthile okungalindelekile. Kunzima ukusho.

Amakhemikhali amasha alokhu evela kumalebhu ocwaningo. I-sodium-ion ithembisa izindleko zento ephansi ngoba awusebenzisi i-lithium. I-Zinc{3}ifuna ukuminyana okuphezulu. Ezinye izinto cishe ngiyazikhohlwa. Ingabe ikhona i-lithium{6}}ezosusa i-ion ezinhlelweni zegridi? Mhlawumbe hhayi ngokuphelele, kungaba ukuqagela kwami. Ubuchwepheshe obukhona bunezinga lokukhiqiza ezintsha ezingakwazi ukufana ngokushesha. Kuthatha iminyaka ukwakha izimboni.

Cishe amakhemikhali ahlukene athola izindawo ezithile ezisekelwe kumandla athile. Imakethe ihlukahluka ngokwanele ukusekela izindlela eziningi, kucatshangwa ukuthi empeleni ifinyelela esikalini sezentengiso hhayi nje ukuhlala kumaphrojekthi okuhlola unomphela.

Isitoreji siqale njengesixazululo sesikhashana esivuselelekayo kodwa savela kabanzi. Manje sekuyithuluzi lokuguquguquka kwegridi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isizukulwane sivela kuphi. Shintshanisa ama-turbine avuthayo ukuze ulawule imvamisa. Hlehlisa ukuthuthukiswa kokudlulisela okubizayo ngokulawula ukuminyana kwendawo. Nikeza amandla-amnyama okuqala okubuyisela igridi ngemva kokuphazamiseka okukhulu.

Lezi zinhlelo zokusebenza zinendaba ukuthi ukungena okuvuselelekayo kufinyelela ku-80% noma kuhlala kubambeke ku-40% noma ngabe kuphelela kuphi.

Ezomnotho zilokhu ziba ngcono ngokwandayo. Izindleko zokukhiqiza izilinganiso zehla njalo ngonyaka. Ukusebenza kwebhethri - ukuminyana kwamandla, impilo yomjikelezo, konke lokho - kuthuthukisa kakhulu futhi. Ukuthi isitoreji siba yisixazululo esivumelana nezimo noma inketho eyodwa phakathi kwezimbalwa (impendulo yesidingo, ukudluliswa okuthuthukisiwe, ukubikezela okungcono) kuhlala kungumbuzo ovulekile okungenzeka ukuthi ongeke uphendulwe elinye ishumi leminyaka noma amabili.

Okubonakala kucacile: amagridi ashintsha ngezindlela ezibalulekile. Ubuchwepheshe besitoreji - nanoma yiziphi izinhlobo ezithathayo - zivumela okuningi kwalolo shintsho. Lokho okuningi kubonakala kuqinisekile impela.

Emuva kulowo opharetha waseTexas phakathi ne-Winter Storm Uri. Ngemuva kokuthi amanani ehle abuyele kokujwayelekile kanye nenhlekelele yadlula, ngambuza ukuthi ufundeni. Ikhefu elide. "Ukuthi amabhethri angawenza umsebenzi. Kodwa futhi akekho owaziyo ngempela ukuthi enzeni. Sonke siyakucabangela lokhu ndawonye."

Uzizwa ngokulungile.

I-EIA ishicilela izibalo zenyanga zokugcina. Ithembekile nakuba iphuma ne-lag. I-Bloomberg NEF yenza imibono yonyaka, idinga ukubhalisa okumba eqolo. I-NREL igcina imininingwane yolwazi lokusebenza, idatha ibambezela iqiniso ngezinyanga eziyi-12-18. Isasebenziseka ngezinjongo zemfundo.

UWood Mackenzie kanye namafemu afanayo ashicilela izibikezelo. Landelela ukunemba kwerekhodi{1}}kuhlakaniphile ezilinganisweni zesikhathi ezinde, ake sithi kuxutshiwe. Bahlale bewalinganisela kancane amanani okuthunyelwa ka-2018-2022. Kuyahlekisa uma sibheka emuva.

Izincwadi zohwebo ezifana ne-Utility Dive kanye ne-Energy Storage News zihlanganisa amaphrojekthi kahle kakhulu. Ithambekele ekufakeni okuhle kodwa. Ingxenye yezinto abazimemezelayo ngokuthi "ziyeza maduze" ayifinyeleli ekusebenzeni kwezentengiso. Thatha ngosawoti.

Sibe nezingxoxo eziwusizo phakathi neminyaka edlule nonjiniyela e-California ISO, ERCOT, South Australia Power Networks, kanye nabaqhubi ezingqungqutheleni ezihlukahlukene (Austin, San Diego, Berlin, Adelaide). Izinto eziningi ezifundisayo zivele ezingxoxweni zebha ngemuva kokuphela kwamaphaneli asemthethweni.

Idatha yamanje kusukela ngo-2023 noma ekuqaleni kuka-2024. Imboni ishintsha ngokushesha ngokwanele kufanele uqinisekise izinombolo ezithile uma uyisebenzisela noma yini ebalulekile. Ungamane ucaphune lesi sihloko - ngingumuntu othile ku-inthanethi.