Kuyini Ukuzinza Kwegridi?
Ukuzinza kwegridi kusho ikhono legridi likagesi ukugcina ukutholakala okulinganiselwe kanye nesidingo kuyilapho igcina amandla kagesi kanye nemvamisa ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo yokusebenza ephephile. Le bhalansi iqinisekisa ukulethwa kwamandla okuqhubekayo, okuthembekile kubathengi ngisho nalapho kwenzeka ukuphazamiseka okungalindelekile, njengokuhluleka kwemishini noma izinguquko zesidingo esiphuthumayo.
Umqondo ubalulekile ngoba amagridi angazinzile aholela ekulimaleni kwemishini, ukungasebenzi kahle, kanye nokucisha ugesi okusabalele okuphazamisa izinsiza ezibalulekile. Amagridi esimanje abhekana nezinselele ezikhulayo zokuzinza njengoba eshintsha esuka ekuphehleni uphethiloli wezinsalela ezimbiwa phansi aye emithonjeni eguquguqukayo evuselelekayo njengelanga nomoya, okushintsha ngokuyisisekelo ukuthi amanethiwekhi akugcina kanjani ukulingana.
Izinsika Ezintathu Zokuqina Kwegridi
Ukuzinza kwegridi kuncike ezintweni ezintathu ezixhumene ezisebenza ndawonye ukuze kugcinwe ukulethwa kwamandla okuthembekile.
Imvamisa Ukuzinza
Imvamisa imele izinga lapho imijikelezo yamanje eshintshanayo-ngokuvamile engu-50 Hz eYurophu noma engu-60 Hz eNyakatho Melika. Uma ukukhiqizwa kukagesi kanye nokusetshenziswa kulinganisa kahle, imvamisa ihlala injalo. Noma yikuphi ukungalingani kubangela ukuthi imvamisa isuke kumanani aqondiwe.
Izitshalo zamandla endabuko ziqukethe izinjini ezinkulu ezizungezayo namajeneretha amelana ngokwemvelo noshintsho lwemvamisa ngokusebenzisa inertia ebonakalayo. Uma isidingo sikhuphuka ngokuzumayo, lesi sisindo esijikelezayo sincipha kancane, siguqule amandla e-kinetic abe ugesi futhi kubhafa ukwehla kwemvamisa. Lokhu kwenzeka ngokuzenzakalelayo, ukuthenga isikhathi samasistimu okulawula ukulungisa ukuphuma kwamandla.
Igridi kufanele igcine imvamisa phakathi kokubekezelelana okuqinile-ngokuvamile okungu-±0.2 Hz. Ukuchezuka okungaphezu kwale mikhawulo kubangela okokusebenza kokuvikela ukuthi kunqanyulwe, okungenzeka kudlulele ekunqamukeni okubanzi. Ngo-2021, i-Texas yaba nokwehla okukhulu kwemvamisa phakathi nezivunguvungu zasebusika lapho isizukulwane singakwazi ukufana nesidingo, okuholele ekucinyweni kukagesi okusabalele okuthinta izigidi.
Ukuqina kwamandla kagesi
Ukuzinza kwe-voltage kubandakanya ukugcina umfutho kagesi ofanele kuyo yonke inethiwekhi yokudlulisa nokusabalalisa. I-voltage encane kakhulu idala ukuphuma kwe-brownout kanye nokungasebenzi kahle kwemishini. Amandla kagesi amaningi alimaza ukwahlukanisa futhi afinyeze ukuphila kwemishini.
Inselele ikhula ngebanga. Njengoba ugesi uhamba emigqeni yokudlulisela, amandla kagesi ayancipha ngokwemvelo ngenxa yokumelana. Ama-opharetha egridi asebenzisa ama-transformer, ama-capacitor banks, kanye nesinxephezelo samandla asebenzayo ukuze kugcinwe i-voltage ngaphakathi kwebanga elamukelekayo-ngokuvamile ±5% wamanani avamile.
Imithwalo esindayo phakathi nezikhathi zesidingo esiphezulu yenza ukuqina kwamandla kagesi. Amamotho ezimboni, amasistimu okupholisa umoya, nezikhungo zedatha ezinkulu zisebenzisa amandla abalulekile asebenzayo, okungase kubangele ukuwa kwamandla kagesi uma kungaphathwa kahle. Abaqhubi begridi baqhubeka beqapha amazinga kagesi ezindaweni ezibucayi futhi bakhiphe izindlela zokulawula ukuvimbela ukuwohloka.
Ukuzinza Kwesikhashana
Ukuzinza okudlulayo kusho ikhono legridi lokubhekana nokushaqeka okungazelelwe{0}}ukushaywa kombani, ama-short circuit, ukwehluleka kwezisetshenziswa, noma ukulimala kolayini wokudlulisela. Lezi ziphazamiso zingabangela ukushintsha kwamandla okunodlame okusongela ukukhipha amajeneretha ekuvumelaniseni.
Uma amajeneretha elahlekelwa ukuvumelanisa, adonsana ngogesi, adale ama-oscillations alimazayo. Amasistimu okuvikela kufanele asebenze phakathi kwama-millisecond ukuze ahlukanise amaphutha futhi avimbele ukuhluleka okuphumayo. Ukucinywa kuka-2003 eNyakatho-mpumalanga kubonise ukuthi ukwehluleka kolayini wokudlulisela owodwa kungasakazeka kanjani ngokuvikelwa okunganele, okuthinta ekugcineni abantu abayizigidi ezingama-50.
Amagridi esimanje asebenzisa izendlalelo eziningi zokuvikela. Ama-relay athola izimo ezingavamile futhi anqamule izigaba ezithintekile. Amasistimu azenzakalelayo ahambisa kabusha amandla ngezinye izindlela. Izipele ezigciniwe zimi ngomumo ukunxephezela isizukulwane esilahlekile. Lokhu kuphelelwa umsebenzi kufakazela ukuthi kubalulekile-amagridi kufanele asinde ekulahlekelweni kwejeneretha yawo eyodwa enkulukazi noma ulayini wokudlulisa ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka okusabalele.
Indlela Amagridi Endabuko Akugcina Ngayo Ukuzinza
Emashumini eminyaka, izimboni ezinkulu zamandla aphakathi nendawo zinikeze izinzuzo zemvelo zokuzinza abaqhubi abangathembela kuzo ngokungenelela okuncane.
Izimboni zamalahle, igesi, kanye nezenuzi zifake amathuluzi amakhulu azungezayo-amaturbine, amajeneretha, namamotho-aphotha ngokuvumelanisa nefrikhwensi yegridi. Le nqwaba ejikelezayo igcine amandla amakhulu e-kinetic, idala inertia yemvelo ebimelana noshintsho lwemvamisa. Isitshalo samalahle esijwayelekile esingu-500 MW singaqukatha imizuzwana emi-5-10 yokugcina amandla e-kinetic, okwanele ukunzinzisa ukuvama ngesikhathi sokuphazamiseka okuningi.
Lawa majeneretha ajwayelekile nawo anikeze amandla athunyelwayo. Ama-opharetha angakwazi ukwehlisa okukhiphayo phezulu noma phansi phakathi namaminithi ngokulungisa okokufaka kukaphethiloli. Lokhu kulawulwa kwenza ukunikezwa kokulinganisa kanye nesidingo saqondana. Ukwehla kwefrikhwensi yegridi? Khulisa ukugeleza kwesitimu kuma-turbines. Ukunyuka kwemvamisa? Yehlisa ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amajeneretha angama-synchronous afaka ngokuzenzakalelayo amandla asebenzayo ukuze asekele i-voltage. Ukuziphatha kwabo kozibuthe kagesi ngokwemvelo kwahlehlela emuva ekuguquguqukeni kukagesi, kunikeze ukuzinza-okuzilawulayo. Onjiniyela baklame amagridi becabanga ukuthi lezi zici zizohlala zikhona.
Uhlelo lusebenze ngokwethembeka. Amakhasimende ase-US ahlangabezane nokunqamuka kwamahora angaphansi kwamahlanu ngonyaka ngokwesilinganiso-99.95%. Ukucisha okuningi kwenzeke emigqeni yokusabalalisa yendawo kusukela ezigatsheni zezihlahla noma ezingozini zezimoto, hhayi ngenxa yokungaqini kahle kwesistimu ngobuningi.
Inselele Yokuguqula Amandla Avuselelekayo
Ukushintshela kumandla avuselelekayo emhlabeni jikelele kushintsha ngokuyisisekelo ukusimama kwegridi, kwethula izinselele imiklamo evamile engakaze ilindele.
Inkinga ye-Inertia
Amaphaneli elanga nama-wind turbines axhuma kumagridi ngama-inverter kagesi kagesi, hhayi imishini ezungezayo. Lezi ziguquli azinakho ukuphotha kwesisindo somzimba ekuvumelaniseni nefrikhwensi yegridi. Lapho ama-spikes esidingo, awakwazi ukukhulula ngokuzenzakalelayo amandla e-kinetic agciniwe ngoba awekho.
Ucwaningo lulinganisa lolu daba ngokunembile. Ucwaningo lwezinhlelo zokuhlola ze-IEEE lubonisa ukuthi ukufaka esikhundleni se-40% yesizukulwane esivumelanayo nezinto ezivuselelekayo kunganciphisa inertia yesistimu ngo-60%. Lokhu kwehliswa kwenza imvamisa zizwele kakhulu eziphazameni-izinga lokushintsha imvamisa lingaphindaphinda kathathu, okunikeza amasistimu okulawula isikhathi esincane sokuphendula.
I-California ne-Texas, ezinokungena okuphezulu okuvuselelekayo, zihlangabezane nokuntengantenga kwemvamisa{0}}kuqala. Ngezikhathi zakusihlwa lapho amandla elanga ehla ngokushesha, opharetha besistimu bayazabalaza ukugcina imvamisa njengoba izitshalo ezijwayelekile zikhuphuka. Amasistimu okugcina ibhethri manje ahlinzeka ngomthetho we-millisecond{3}}wemvamisa yokuphendula owawungadingeki eminyakeni eyishumi edlule.
I-Intermittenncy Challenge
Ngokungafani nezitshalo zamalahle ezikhiqiza amandla aqinile uma seziqalile, okukhiphayo okuvuselelekayo kuyashintshashintsha nezimo zezulu. Ifu elilodwa elidlulayo linganciphisa ukuphuma kwepulazi lelanga ngo-70% ngemizuzwana. Ukukhiqizwa komoya kuyehluka ngehora, nsuku zonke, nangesizini ngokususelwe kumaphethini wesimo sezulu.
Lokhu kuhlukahluka kwenza kube nzima{{0}ukulinganisa kwesidingo. Ama-opharetha egridi kufanele abikezele ngokuqhubekayo okuphumayo okuvuselelekayo futhi ahlele ukukhiqizwa kwekhophi yasenqolobaneni. Amaphutha esibikezelo ahumusha ngokuqondile ezingozini zokuzinza. Ezinsukwini lapho ukukhiqizwa komoya kwehla ngokuzumayo ngaphansi kwezibikezelo, ama-opharetha kufanele akhiphe izinqolobane ngokushesha-noma abhekane nezinkinga zokuvama.
"Ijika ledada" laseCalifornia libonisa inselele. I-solar ifinyelela umvuthwandaba emini, bese iyehla ntambama lapho ilanga lishona. Isidingo siyakhuphuka ngesikhathi esifanayo njengoba abantu bebuyela ekhaya futhi bavule izinto ezisebenza ngogesi. Ama-opharetha wegridi kufanele akhuphule ukukhiqizwa okuvamile ngo-13,000 MW emahoreni amathathu nje{5}izinga elicindezela amandla esistimu futhi andise izingozi zokuntengantenga.
Inselelo Yesizukulwane Esisabalalisiwe
Ngokomlando, ugesi wawugeleza ngendlela efanayo: usuka ezitshalweni ezinkulu ngezintambo zokudlulisela kubathengi. Ilanga elisophahleni nomoya osabalele uhlehlisa le paradigm, okwenza abathengi nabo babe abakhiqizi. Amandla manje ageleza kabili nhlangothi zombili kumazinga okusabalalisa awakaze akhelwe ukusebenza okunjalo.
Lokhu kusatshalaliswa kwenza ukuphathwa kwamandla kagesi kube nzima. Lapho ukukhiqizwa kwe-solar endaweni yeqa isidingo sasendaweni, amandla kagesi akhuphuka ngaphezu kwemikhawulo eyamukelekayo. Ama-transformer asabalalisa nezinto zokusebenza ahlangabezana nokuguga okusheshisiwe. Amasistimu okuvikela aklanywe ngokucabangela ukugeleza kwamandla angaqondise ngakunye angase ehluleke ukuthola amaphutha{3}}agelezayo ahlehlayo.
Ama-opharetha egridi alahlekelwa ukubonakala ekukhiqizeni okusabalalisiwe. Ngokungafani nezitshalo ezimaphakathi ezinezixhumanisi zokuxhumana eziqondile, izinkulungwane zamasistimu ophahleni zisebenza ngokuzimela. Abaqhubi abakwazi ukulawula ngokuqondile lesi sizukulwane ngesikhathi sezimo eziphuthumayo, benciphisa amandla abo okugcina ukuzinza ngezikhathi ezibucayi.
Izixazululo Zesimanje Zokuzinza
Onjiniyela nabacwaningi bathuthukise izindlela eziningi zokugcina ukuqina kwegridi njengoba kukhuphuka ukungena okuvuselelekayo, ngayinye ibhekana nezinselele ezithile zobuchwepheshe.
Amasistimu Okugcina Amandla Ebhethri
Amabhethri avele njengamathuluzi okuqina anamandla ngenxa yamandla awo okuphendula ashesha kakhulu. Amasistimu ebhethri esimanje angajova noma amunce amandla ngaphakathi kwama-milliseconds angu-20-50 ngokushesha kunamajeneretha avamile.
I-Hornsdale Power Reserve eseNingizimu ye-Australia, enebhethri ye-lithium{1}}ye-ion engu-100 MW, ibonise leli khono ngendlela emangalisayo. Lapho imboni yamalahle ikhubeka ngokuzumayo kokungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi ngo-2017, ibhethri liphendule ngamamillisecond angu-140, lazinzisa ifrikhwensi yegridi ngaphambi kokuba izitshalo ezivamile zisabele. Lokhu kuvimbele ukwehluleka okungenzeka kwe-cascade.
Izindleko zebhethri zehle ngo-90% kusukela ngo-2010, okwenza ukuthunyelwa kwegridi{2}}kusebenze ngokwezomnotho. I-California yengeze u-8,000 MW wesitoreji sebhethri phakathi kuka-2020-no-2024, manje osekuyinani elikhulu kakhulu emhlabeni jikelele. Lawa masistimu ahlinzeka ngezinsizakalo eziningi zokuzinza: ukulawula imvamisa, ukwesekwa kwe-voltage, ukushefa okuphezulu, kanye namandla okuqalisa phansi.
Amasistimu wamabhethri wamandla-i-lithium{1}}ion adizayinelwe ngokuqondile izinhlelo zokusebenza zegridi{2}}ahlukile kulawo asezimotweni zikagesi. Babeka phambili ukukhishwa kwamandla futhi bajikeleze impilo ngaphezu kokuminyana kwamandla, alungiselelwe izinkulungwane zemijikelezo yokushaja yansuku zonke{4}}yokukhipha. Ikhemikhali ye-LFP iya ibusa isitoreji segridi ngenxa yokuphepha okuphakeme kanye nokuphila komjikelezo ongu-6,{7}}.
I-Synthetic Inertia Technologies
Njengoba amasistimu avuselelekayo engenawo amandla okusebenza ngokomzimba, onjiniyela bakha izindlela zokukulingisa nge-elekthronikhi. Ama-inverter angahlelwa ukuze abone izinguquko zemvamisa futhi aphendule ngokulungisa ukuphuma kwamandla ngokulinganayo, alingise ukuziphatha kwejeneretha evumelanayo.
Le "inertial inertia" noma "synthetic inertia" isebenza ngokuqapha ukuchezuka kwemvamisa. Uma imvamisa yehla, isistimu yokulawula inyusa ngokushesha amandla aphuma kumabhethri noma ikhipha amandla e-kinetic kumarotha enjini yomoya. Uma ifrikhwensi ikhuphuka, isistimu inciphisa okukhiphayo. Isikhathi sokuphendula sibalulekile-ukusetshenziswa okuningi kuzuza impendulo engama-millisecond angu-100-300.
Ama-inverter akha igridi-amelela intuthuko engaphezu kwe-inertia eyisisekelo yokwenziwa. Esikhundleni sokulandela kancane i-voltage yegridi kanye nemvamisa, lezi ziguquli zisungula amareferensi kagesi, ziziphatha njengamajeneretha endabuko. Amaphrojekthi amaningi emhlabeni wonke abonisa ukusebenza kahle kwawo{3}}ibhethri le-AGL Broken Hill e-Australia lisebenza ngempumelelo kugridi{4}}imodi yokwenza, lihlinzeka ngezinsizakalo zokuzinza ngaphambilini ebezidinga amajeneretha avumelanayo.
Ucwaningo oluvela ku-National Renewable Energy Laboratory luqinisekisa ukuthi "izitshalo zamandla elanga, umoya, kanye nengxubevange zinganikeza umthombo wazo wokuzinza kwegridi{0}}ngokungenzeka ngokungafani nanoma yini okwamanje ekugridi" uma zifakwe izilawuli ezithuthukisiwe nokugcinwa kwamandla.
Ama-synchronous Condensers
Ezinye izinsiza zikhethe ukugcina imishini ezungezayo ukuze izuze ukuqina kwayo, ngisho nangaphandle kokukhiqiza ugesi. Ama-synchronous condensers angamajeneretha angenawo ama-prime movers-inqwaba yokuphotha enikeza inertia kanye nosekelo lwamandla asebenzayo.
U-Elering, u-opharetha kagesi wase-Estonia, ufake ama-condenser amathathu angama-MVAR angama-50 ngo-2024 ukuze aqinise igridi yawo ngesikhathi sokuhlanganiswa okuvuselelekayo. Iyunithi ngayinye inikeza ama-megawatt angu-1,750-amasekhondi e-inertia-okulingana nokugcina amandla ajikelezayo ejeneretha etholakala ukuze kusekelwe ukuzinza.
Lawa madivayisi abonakala ewusizo ikakhulukazi ezifundeni ezishintshayo ukusuka kumafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi. Ezinye izindawo ziguqula izitshalo zamalahle ezithatha umhlalaphansi zibe ama-condenser ahambisanayo, agcine amajeneretha azo kuyilapho ekhipha ama-boilers namasistimu kaphethiloli. Lokhu kulungiswa kabusha kulondoloza ingqalasizinda yokuzinza ngezindleko eziphansi kunokufakwa okusha.
Okubi kuhilela izindleko nokunakekelwa. Ama-synchronous condensers adinga ukugcinwa njalo kwemishini ejikelezayo, amasistimu okupholisa, nezinto zokugcoba. Izindleko zokusebenza zidlula lezo zama-electronics amandla amile, nakuba abanye o-opharetha bekwamukela lokhu ngezici eziqinile zokuzinza ezinikezwa yile mishini.
Amasistimu Okuphatha Igridi Athuthukile
Ukuzinza kwesimanje kuya ngokuya kuncika kusofthiwe eyinkimbinkimbi nezinzwa ezinikeza{0}}ukubonakala kwesikhathi sangempela nokulawula kuwo wonke amanethiwekhi.
Amasistimu okuqapha wendawo-ebanzi asebenzisa amayunithi okulinganisa i-phasor (PMUs) ukuze athwebule izimo zegridi ngokulungiswa kwe-millisecond. Lezi zinzwa zithola amaphethini okungazinzi ngaphambi kokuthi zisakaze, okuvumela isenzo sokuqala. I-US yasebenzisa ama-PMU angaphezu kuka-2,000 ngo-2024, idala ukuqwashisa ngezimo okungakaze kubonwe kubasebenzisi begridi.
Ubuhlakani bokwenziwa nokufunda komshini kuthuthukisa ukuphathwa kokuqina. Ama-algorithms abikezela okukhiphayo okuvuselelekayo, isidingo sesibikezelo, futhi atusa amashejuli okuthumela alungile. Ukulungiselela{2}}kwangempela kwesikhathi kulungisa izinkulungwane zezinsiza ezisabalalisiwe-amabhethri, imithwalo evumelana nezimo, kanye nokukhiqiza okulawulekayo{4}}ukuze kugcinwe ukuzinza ngendlela ephumelela kakhulu kunalokho okwenziwa opharetha abangabantu mathupha.
Izinhlelo zokuphendula ngesidingo zishintsha amaphethini okusetshenziswa ukuze zisekele ukuzinza. Ngesikhathi sezimo eziqinile, amasistimu azenzakalelayo anciphisa imithwalo evela ezikhungweni zezimboni ezibamba iqhaza, izakhiwo zezentengiselwano, nama-smart thermostats. Umthamo wokuphendula wesidingo waseTexas wafinyelela ku-3,500 MW ngo-2024, okulingana nokugwema ukwakhiwa kwesikhungo esikhulu sikagesi.
Amamethrikhi wokuzinza kwegridi nokusebenza
Ukuqonda ukusebenza kwegridi kudinga amamethrikhi alinganisekayo aqashwe opharetha ngokuqhubekayo.
Amagridi esimanje azuza ukwethembeka okuphawulekayo naphezu kokwanda kobunzima. Isilinganiso esimaphakathi sekhasimende lase-US lihlangabezana nokucisha okungaphansi kokubili ngonyaka, okuhlanganisa amahora angaphansi kwamahlanu-okugcina ukutholakala okungu-99.95%. Cishe konke ukucima kuvela ezinkingeni zokusabalalisa zendawo njengokulimala kwesiphepho, hhayi ukungazinzi kwesistimu ngobuningi.
Amamethrikhi okuzinza kwemvamisa agxila kumapharamitha amabili: i-frequency nadir (iphoyinti eliphansi kakhulu ngemva kokuphazamiseka) kanye nezinga lokushintsha kwemvamisa (RoCoF). Amakhodi egridi ngokuvamile adinga imvamisa ukuhlala ngaphezu kuka-59.5 Hz ngesikhathi sesimo esibucayi kakhulu. Imikhawulo ye-RoCoF ivimbela okokusebenza kokuzivikela ekugibeleni enkathazo-amasistimu amaningi abekezelela u-0.5-1.0 Hz ngomzuzwana.
Amamethrikhi okuzinza kwamandla kagesi agcizelela ukugcinwa kwamandla kagesi ngaphakathi kuka-±5% wamanani amancane ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile kanye no-±10% ngesikhathi sezimo eziphuthumayo. Izilinganiso zekhwalithi yamandla zilandelela ukuhambisana, ukucwayiza, nezidlulayo ezehlisa ukusebenza kwemishini ngisho noma i-voltage ihlala yamukeleka ngokwezwi nezwi.
Amandla esistimu-amandla okugcina ukuqina kwe-voltage waveform{1}}avele njengemethrikhi ebalulekile. Ikala{3}}umthamo wendilinga omfushane ezindaweni zokuxhuma kugridi. Izifunda ezinokungena okuphezulu okuvuselelekayo kwesinye isikhathi zibhekana namandla esistimu anganele, okudinga ingqalasizinda yokuqina eyengeziwe ngaphambi kokuxhuma okuvuselelekayo okwengeziwe.
I-California ibonise ukuphathwa kokuqina okuphumelelayo phakathi nehlobo lika-2024. Naphezu kokushisa okurekhodiwe kanye no-18 GW wokukhiqiza ilanga (21% wesidingo esiphezulu), igridi igcine ukwethembeka ngaphandle kokukhipha izexwayiso eziguquguqukayo. Isitoreji sebhethri esikhipha u-8,000 MW ngezikhathi zakusihlwa sibonakale sibalulekile kule mpumelelo.
Imithelela Yezomnotho Nezenhlalakahle
Ukuzinza kwegridi kuthinta okungaphezu kokwethembeka kobuchwepheshe{0}kuthonya ezomnotho, ukulingana, kanye nokuphila kahle komphakathi{1}}.
Ukungazinzi kubiza umnotho wase-US cishe amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-150 minyaka yonke ngokucisha nezindaba zekhwalithi yamandla. Izikhungo zedatha, izikhungo zokukhiqiza, nezibhedlela zibhekana nemiphumela emibi ngisho nokuphazamiseka kwesikhashana. Ukwehla kwamandla kagesi okukodwa kungaphazamisa izinqubo zezimboni, kuchithe amahora okukhiqiza kanye nokumosha izinto.
Lezi zindleko zithwalisa kanzima abantu abasengozini. Imiphakathi-ehola kancane kanye nezindawo zasemakhaya zivame ukubhekana nokucisha isikhathi eside ngenxa yengqalasizinda endala kanye nokubambezeleka kokubuyiselwa. Ngesikhathi sesivunguvungu sasebusika sase-Texas sango-2021, ukuphuma kwahamba kwaze kwaba yizinsuku kwezinye izindawo kanti ezinye zabuyiselwa amandla emahoreni ambalwa.
Ukugcina uzinzo ngenkathi udlulela ezintweni ezivuselelekayo kudinga ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu. UMnyango Wezamandla wase-US unikeze amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-30 ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuhanjiswa kanye nokwenza igridi ibe yesimanje phakathi kuka-2022-2024. Ukutshalwa kwezimali okwengeziwe kugeleza kusitoreji sebhethri, ama-inverter athuthukile, nezinhlelo zokuqapha. Lezi zindleko zigcina zinomthelela emazingeni kagesi, nakuba izinzuzo ezivela ekuncishisweni kokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli wezinsalela ezimbiwa phansi kanye nokulimala kwesimo sezulu okugwenyiwe ngokuvamile kunezindleko zoshintsho.
Amashifu okuqashwa ahambisana noguquko lokuzinza. Izikhundla zomqhubi wesikhungo samandla esijwayelekile ziyehla njengoba izindawo zithatha umhlalaphansi, kuyilapho isidingo sikhula kochwepheshe besistimu yebhethri, onjiniyela bamandla kagesi, nabathuthukisi besofthiwe yegridi. Izinhlelo zokuqeqesha kabusha abasebenzi zisiza abasebenzi abasusiwe bashintshele ezindimeni ezisafufusa kugridi ethuthukisiwe.
Izinguquko Zesifunda kanye Nezifundo Zezimo
Izifunda ezihlukene zibhekana nezinselele zokuzinza eziyingqayizivele ngokusekelwe kungxube yazo yensiza, indawo, nezakhiwo zokulawula.
Ibhethri lase-California-Ukuzinza Okunamandla
I-California ihola ekusetshenzisweni kwesitoreji sebhethri, okuqhutshwa izinhloso ezivuselelekayo ezinolaka kanye nezidingo zokuzinza. Umbuso wengeze ngaphezu kuka-5,000 MW womthamo webhethri phakathi kuka-2021-2024, manje usuhlinzeka ngezinsizakalo ezibalulekile zokuzinza ezazidinga izimboni zegesi phambilini.
Okthoba 2024 wabonisa leli khono. Amasistimu ebhethri akhiphe u-8,000 MW phakathi nenani eliphakeme lakusihlwa, okwenza kube bushelelezi ukwehla kokuphehlwa kwelanga kanye nokugcina ukuqina kwegridi. Ngokokuqala ngqa, umbuso uthole ukusebenza kwamandla ahlanzekile angu-100% ezinsukwini ezingama-60%, okufakazela ukuthi izinto ezivuselelekayo kanye nokuzinza kuhambisana nengqalasizinda efanele.
Ukuhlanganiswa Kwe-Texas Okuvuselelekayo
I-Texas isebenzisa igridi engayodwa (ERCOT) enokuxhumana okulinganiselwe ezifundeni ezingomakhelwane, okuqinisa izinselele zokuzinza. Umbuso wengeze ngokushesha umoya nelanga{1}manje u-40% womthamo wokuphehla{3}ngenkathi ugcina ukuzinza kwemvamisa ngokusebenzisa izindlela zokudala zemakethe.
I-ERCOT ithenge inertia yokwenziwa kanye nempendulo yemvamisa esheshayo evela kumabhethri namapulazi omoya ngokusebenzisa izimakethe zesevisi ezihambisanayo. Ngo-2024,-izinsiza ezingezona zendabuko zanikeza u-35% wokulawulwa kwamafrikhwensi, okunciphisa ukuncika kumajeneretha avamile. Kodwa-ke, isiphepho sasebusika sango-2021 siveze ubungozi{6}}isimo sezulu esibi kakhulu ngasikhathi sinye esinciphise ukukhiqizwa kanye nesidingo esikhuphuke kakhulu ngale kwemikhawulo yokuzinza.
Igridi yase-Australia-Ukwenza Izixazululo
I-South Australia izuze ukungena okuvuselelekayo okungama-70% ngo-2024, okudinga izindlela ezintsha zokuzinza. Ukunwetshwa kwe-Hornsdale Power Reserve kuya ku-150 MW kuhlanganisa namakhono okwenza igridi{4}}, okuvumela ukusebenza kwebhethri ngaphandle kwamajeneretha aseduze ahambisanayo.
I-Australian Energy Market Operator ithuthukise izimakethe ezintsha zokuzinza, ikhokha izinsiza ze-inertia kanye nezinsizakalo zamandla esistimu. Lolu hlaka lwezomnotho lwasheshisa ukusetshenziswa kokuzinza{1}} kobuchwepheshe obuthuthukisayo kuyilapho kuhoxiswa izimboni zamalahle. Ngo-2024, iSouth Australia yagcina ukwethembeka naphezu kokukhiqizwa okuncane kokuvumelanisa ngesikhathi sezikhathi ezivuselelekayo.
Izikhombisi-ndlela kanye nobuchwepheshe obusafufusa
Izixazululo zokuzinza kwegridi ziyaqhubeka nokuvela njengoba ukungena okuvuselelekayo kukhula kanye nobuchwepheshe obusha buvuthwa.
Isitoreji samandla e-Hydrogen sinikeza-usekelo lokuzinza lwesikhathi eside ngaphezu kwamandla ebhethri. Ama-Electrolyzer aguqula ugesi ovuselelekayo owedlulele ube yi-hydrogen ngezikhathi zensalela. Amaseli amafutha noma ama-hydrogen turbines avuselela ugesi ngesikhathi sokushoda, okuhlinzeka ngesitoreji sesizini amabhethri angakwazi ukusiletha ngokomnotho. Izinsiza eziningana zaseYurophu zihlela ukuhlanganiswa kwesitoreji se-hydrogen ngo-2026-2028.
Imoto-eya-kugridi (V2G) ubuchwepheshe busebenzisa amabhethri emoto kagesi ukuze kuqine igridi. Ngezinxephezelo ezifanele, izigidi zama-EV amisiwe zinganikeza ngokuhlanganyela ukulawulwa kwefrikhwensi okukhulu namandla okusekela amandla kagesi. Ukuhlangana kweIbhethri Lamandlaintuthuko yobuchwepheshe-eyakhelwe okokuqala ezimotweni zikagesi{1}ezinezinhlelo zokusebenza zokugcina igridi idala amandla akabili-okusebenzisa lapho amabhethri e-EV engakwazi ukunikeza kokubili izidingo zokuhamba nezokuqinisa igridi. Izinhlelo zokuhlola zibonisa ukuba nokwenzeka kobuchwepheshe-inselele ihilela ukuthuthukisa izimakethe nezimiso eziyisisekelo ezinxephezela ngokufanelekile abanikazi bezimoto kuyilapho kuvikela impilo yebhethri.
Amasistimu we-Superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) ahlinzeka ngomjovo wamandla-osheshayo wokuzinza kwesikhashana. Lawa madivayisi agcina amandla kukazibuthe, awakhiphe ngaphakathi kwama-millisecond ngesikhathi sokuphazamiseka. Nakuba kubiza, ama-SMES abonakala ewusizo ezindaweni ezibalulekile zokuxhuma igridi lapho amamajini okuzinza emancane.
Izinto ezithuthukisiwe zithuthukisa ukusebenza kwama-electronics wamandla. I-Silicon carbide ne-gallium nitride semiconductors inika amandla ama-inverters ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu, isivinini sokushintsha ngokushesha, nokuphathwa okungcono kokushisa. Lezi zici zithuthukisa amandla okulawula ukuzinza kuyilapho kunciphisa usayizi wemishini nezindleko.
Izinhlelo zokusebenza zekhompuyutha ze-Quantum zingaguqula ukusebenza kahle kwegridi. Ubunkimbinkimbi bekhompyutha bokuthuthukisa izinkulungwane zezinsiza ezisabalalisiwe ngesikhathi sangempela{1}}kudlula amakhono ekhompyutha wakudala. Ama-algorithms e-Quantum angaxazulula le miyalo yezinkinga yobukhulu ngokushesha, enika amandla ukuphathwa kokuqina okuthuthuke kakhulu njengoba amagridi ekhula eba nzima.
imibuzo ejwayelekile ukubuzwa
Kwenzekani lapho ukuzinza kwegridi kwehluleka?
Ukwehluleka ukuzinza kwegridi kubonakala njengokuphambuka kwefrikhwensi noma amandla kagesi angaphezu kwemikhawulo ephephile, okungase kubangele ukulimala kwezisetshenziswa kanye nokucisha kwensimbi. Amasistimu okuvikela anqamula ngokuzenzakalelayo izindawo ezithintekile ukuze kuvinjelwe umonakalo obanzi, okuholela ekucinyweni kukagesi. Ukubuyisela kungase kuthathe amahora noma izinsuku kuye ngobunzima bokwehluleka, njengoba opharetha kufanele ngokucophelela{2}} banike amandla izigaba kuyilapho begcina ukuzinza. Ukucima kuka-2003 eNyakatho-mpumalanga kubonise ukuthi ukungazinzi kwenzeka kanjani-ukwehluleka kolayini wokudlulisela kubhebhetheke ngezilawuli ezinganele, kugcine kuthinte abantu abayizigidi ezingu-50 ezifundazweni eziyisishiyagalombili zase-US nase-Canada.
Ingabe amagridi wamandla avuselelekayo angafinyelela ukuzinza okufanayo namagridi kaphethiloli wezinto ezimbiwa phansi?
Yebo, amagridi wamandla avuselelekayo angafanisa noma eqe ukuzinza kwegridi yamafutha ensalela lapho efakwe ubuchwepheshe obufanele. Ukugcinwa kwebhethri, amasistimu okwenziwa kwe-inertia, kanye nokuphathwa kwegridi okuthuthukisiwe kunikeza izinsizakalo zokuzinza ezihlinzekwa ngokuvamile ngamajeneretha ajikelezayo. I-California ibonise leli khono ngo-2024, isebenza ngamandla ahlanzekile angu-100% ku-60% wezinsuku kuyilapho igcina ukwethembeka. Ukhiye ubandakanya ukuphakela ingqalasizinda yokuzinza eyanele-amabhethri, igridi{7}}ukwenza ama-inverter, kanye namasistimu okulawula{8}}okuhambisana nokuphehla okuvuselelekayo. Ucwaningo oluvela ku-National Renewable Energy Laboratory luqinisekisa ukuthi izinto ezivuselelekayo zinganikeza izinsizakalo zokuzinza "okungenzeka zingafani nanoma yini okwamanje ekwigridi" uma kuklanywe kahle.
Ingabe amasistimu okugcina amandla ebhethri akuthuthukisa kanjani ukuzinza kwegridi?
Amasistimu okugcina amandla ebhethri athuthukisa ukuzinza ngokusebenzisa izindlela eziningi ezisebenza ngezilinganiso zezikhathi ezihlukene. Ngokuzinza kwefrikhwensi, amabhethri aphendula phakathi kwama-millisecond angu-20-100 ukuze ajove noma amunce amandla, ngokushesha kakhulu kunamajeneretha avamile adinga amasekhondi angu-5-10. Ngokuzinza kwe-voltage, amabhethri ahlinzeka ngosekelo lwamandla asebenzayo, agcina amazinga kagesi afanelekile kuyo yonke inethiwekhi. Ngokuphathwa kwamandla, amabhethri agcina ukukhiqiza okuvuselelekayo okudlulele phakathi{9}}nezikhathi zesidingo esiphansi kanye nokuphuma ngesikhathi sokuphakama, okwenza kube bushelelezi ukungalingani kwezidingo zokunikezwa. I-Hornsdale Power Reserve e-Australia ibonise lawa makhono, iqinisa imvamisa yegridi phakathi kwama-millisecond angu-140 ngesikhathi sokwehluleka kwesitshalo samalahle-ukuvimbela ukucisha okungaba khona okuthinta izinkulungwane zamakhasimende.
Kungani inertia encishisiwe ibalulekile ekuzinzeni kwegridi?
I-inertia imele amandla ajikelezayo agciniwe kumajeneretha ajikelezayo amelana ngokuzenzakalelayo noshintsho lwemvamisa. Uma ijeneretha ihamba ngokungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi, inertia ibambezela ukwehla kwemvamisa, ihlinzeka isikhathi samasistimu okulawula ukuze aqalise ukugodla. Amagridi{2}}aphansi e-inertia ahlangabezana nezinguquko ezisheshayo zemvamisa{3}}okungenzeka ehle ukusuka ku-60 Hz ukuya ku-59.5 Hz ngaphansi kwesekhondi elilodwa kunemizuzwana engu-5-10. Lesi silinganiso sokushintsha ngokushesha sibekela inselele imishini yokuvikela namasistimu okulawula aklanyelwe izimpendulo ezihamba kancane. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukufaka esikhundleni se-40% yesizukulwane esivumelanayo nezinto ezivuselelekayo kunganciphisa inertia ngo-60%, kuphindwe kathathu izinga lokushintsha kwemvamisa ngesikhathi sokuphazamiseka. Amasistimu okwenziwa kwe-inertia anciphisa le nkinga ngokulingisa nge-elektroniki ukuziphatha kokuzinza kwesisindo somzimba esijikelezayo.
Indlela eya Phambili
Ukuzinza kwegridi kumele enye yezinselelo zobuchwepheshe ezibucayi kakhulu ekushintsheni kwamandla omhlaba. Ukugcina ngempumelelo amandla athembekile ngenkathi ushintshela emithonjeni evuselelekayo kudinga imizamo ehlanganisiwe kukho konke ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe, ukwakheka kwemakethe, nezinhlaka zokulawula.
Izixazululo zobuchwepheshe zikhona futhi ziyaqhubeka nokuthuthuka. Amabhethri, ama-synthetic inertia, igridi{1}}akha ama-inverter, nezilawuli ezithuthukisiwe zinikeza izinsizakalo zokuzinza ezilingana noma ezingcono kunendlela evamile. Izindleko ziyehla njengoba izikali zokuthumela{3}}izintengo zebhethri zehle ngo-90% kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, okuguqula ukusebenza komnotho.
Izakhiwo zezimakethe kumele zithuthuke ukuze kwazise kahle izinsiza zokuzinza. Amandla endabuko{1}}izimakethe kuphela azinxephezeli ngendlela enganele izinsiza zokuhlinzeka ngokulawulwa kwamafrikhwensi, ukwesekwa kwamandla kagesi, kanye ne-inertia. I-California, i-Texas, ne-Australia ithuthukise imikhiqizo emisha yemakethe ekhokhela ngokusobala iminikelo yokuzinza, okugqugquzela ukuthunyelwa kobuchwepheshe obufanele.
Izinhlaka zokulawula zidinga ukubuyekezwa ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nama-paradigms amasha okuzinza. Amakhodi egridi abhalelwe amajeneretha avumelanayo adinga ukubuyekezwa ukuze kucaciswe izidingo zokusebenza zezinsiza ezisekelwe ku-inverter{1}. Izinqubo zokuxhumanisa kufanele zihlole amandla esistimu nomthelela wokuzinza, hhayi nje umthamo wokukhiqiza.
Uguquko ludinga ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu kodwa iletha izinzuzo ezibalulekile ezingaphezu kokuzinza. Ukwehliswa kokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli wezinto ezimbiwa phansi kunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa, kubhekiselwa kubashayeli bokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu. Ukugcinwa okuthuthukisiwe nokuguquguquka kuvumela ukungena okuphezulu okuvuselelekayo, kusheshise ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni. Ukuqapha nokulawula okuthuthukisiwe kudala amagridi akhuthazela kangcono ukuze asingathe izehlakalo zesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu.
Ukuzinza kwegridi enkathini evuselelekayo kuyahluka kakhulu ezindleleni ezivamile, kodwa kuhlala kufinyeleleka ngokuhlela okufanele, ukutshalwa kwezimali, kanye nokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe. Ubufakazi obuvela ezifundeni ezihamba phambili bubonisa ukuthi amandla ahlanzekile namandla athembekile awaphikisani nemigomo{1}}kuyizinjongo ezihambisanayo ezidinga ukuhlanganiswa okucatshangelwayo.
