Kuyini Ukupholisa Uketshezi?

Ukupholisa uketshezi ubuchwepheshe bokuphatha okushisayo obusebenzisa i-liquid coolant ukumunca nokudlulisa ukushisa kude nokushisa{0}}izingxenye ezikhiqizayo. Uketshezi luzungeza-kusistimu yeluphu evaliwe, lumunca amandla okushisa emthonjeni wokushisa futhi luwakhiphe ngerediyetha noma isishintshi sokushisa. Le ndlela inikeza ukusebenza kahle kokudlulisa ukushisa okuphakeme uma kuqhathaniswa nokupholisa komoya ngoba uketshezi lunamandla okushisa acishe abe ngu-3,500 omkhulu kunomoya.

Indlela Ukupholisa Uketshezi olusebenza ngayo

Imishini engemuva kokupholisa uketshezi ibandakanya inqubo eqhubekayo yokujikeleza eqhutshwa yizimiso ezintathu eziyinhloko: ukuqhutshwa, ukuguquguquka, nokudluliswa kwe-thermal.

Ukushisa kuqala uhambo lwakho emthonjeni-noma ngabe i-CPU, iseli yebhethri, noma iphrosesa yeseva. Ingxenye ekhethekile ebizwa ngokuthi i-cold plate noma i-water block ihlala ixhumene ngqo nalo mthombo wokushisa. I-thermal paste igcwalisa izikhala ezincane kakhulu phakathi kwezindawo, iqinisekisa ukuqhutshwa kokushisa okusebenzayo ohlelweni lokupholisa. Njengoba isipholile sigeleza eziteshini zepuleti elibandayo, sidonsa amandla ashisayo engxenyeni.

Iphampu igcina ukuzungeza koketshezi oluqhubekayo, isunduza isipholile esishisayo sisuke emthonjeni wokushisa siye kurediyetha. Idizayini yerediyetha yandisa indawo engaphezulu ngokusebenzisa amaphiko ensimbi amancane, okuvumela ukushisa kudlulele emoyeni ozungezile. Abalandeli bavame ukusiza le nqubo, ukusheshisa ukudluliswa kokushisa kwe-convective. Uma selipholile, uketshezi luyabuya ukuze luqedele umjikelezo.

Isipholisi ngokwaso siyahlukahluka ngokuya ngohlelo lokusebenza. Izixazululo{{1}ezisekelwe emanzini zibusa izinto zikagesi zabathengi ngenxa yezindawo zazo ezishisayo ezishisayo kanye nezindleko eziphansi. Izikhungo zedatha ziya ngokuya zisebenzisa uketshezi lwe-dielectric{3}okungahlangani{4}}noketshezi oluvumela ukucwiliswa kwengxenye eqondile. Amanye amasistimu akhethekile asebenzisa ingxube ye-glycol ukuvimbela ukuqhwanda ezimeni ezimbi kakhulu, kuyilapho iziqandisi ezimbili{6}}ezisebenza ngesigaba{7}zokushintsha i-thermodynamics ukuze zimunce ukushisa okukhulu.

Izingxenye zesistimu ezibalulekile zifaka:

Amapuleti abandayo noma amabhlogo amanzi: Isebenzisana ngqo nemithombo yokushisa, equkethe-amashaneli amancane akhulisa indawo yokuxhumana

Amaphampu: Dala izilinganiso zokugeleza ngokuvamile phakathi kwamalitha angu-1-5 ngomzuzu, ukulinganisa ukusebenza kahle kokupholisa nomsindo

Ama-radiator: Guqula ukushisa okuwuketshezi kube ukushisa komoya ngokusebenzisa i-aluminium noma i-copper fin array

Ishubhu: Ithwala into epholile kuyo yonke isistimu isebenzisa izinto eziguquguqukayo noma eziqinile ezilinganiselwe ngokweqisa kwezinga lokushisa

Amadamu: Gcina amaleveli oketshezi futhi uvumele ukuphuma kwebhamuza lomoya-ezilungiselelweni ezivulekile

Abalandeli: Thuthukisa ukusebenza kwerediyetha, ngesivinini esilungisa umthwalo oshisayo

Amasistimu esimanje ngokuvamile ahlanganisa izinzwa zokushisa nokulawula ama-algorithms alungisa isivinini sephampu namajika amafeni ngokuguquguqukayo. Lokhu kuhlakanipha kuvimbela ukupholisa ngokweqile-okumosha amandla{2}}ngenkathi kuqinisekisa ukuthi izingxenye azilokothi zeqe imikhawulo yokusebenza ephephile.

Izinhlobo zama-Liquid Cooling Systems

Ubuchwepheshe bokupholisa uketshezi buguquke baba yizakhiwo ezimbalwa ezihlukene, ngayinye ithuthukiselwe izimo ezithile zokusetshenziswa kanye nezidingo zokusebenza.

Konke-ku-One (AIO) Systems

Ama-coolers e-AIO afika njengamayunithi avaliwe adinga ukufakwa okuncane. I-AIO yomthengi evamile iqukethe iphampu ehlanganiswe nebhulokhi yamanzi, i-coolant{1}egcwele ngaphambili, ishubhu, kanye nerediyetha enabalandeli abagxunyekiwe. Lawa masistimu{3}}avaliwe awadingi ukulungiswa ngaphandle kokususwa kwezintuli ngezikhathi ezithile futhi ngokuvamile ahlala iminyaka engu-3-7 ngaphambi kokuwohloka kwephampu noma ukuhwamuka okupholisayo kuthinte ukusebenza.

Isikhalazo siqondile: ubunzima bokufaka bufana nezipholile zomoya ezivamile, kodwa ukusebenza okushisayo kusondela kumaluphu angokwezifiso. Osayizi berediyetha basuka ku-120mm eyodwa{2}}kumayunithi efeni afanele amaphrosesa amaphakathi ukuya ku-360mm kathathu-ekucushweni kwabalandeli okusingatha imithwalo enzima yokusebenza. Nokho, uma i-AIO yehluleka, yonke iyunithi idinga ukushintshwa{6}}ngokungafani namalophu angokwezifiso emojuli lapho izingxenye ezingazodwana zingase ziseviswe.

Custom Loop Systems

Abashisekeli nezingcweti ezidinga ukusebenza okuphezulu baphendukela kumaluphu angokwezifiso. Lawa masistimu avulekile-asebenzisa izingxenye ezihlukene: amaphampu azimele,{2}}amaradiyetha akhethiwe, amashubhu angokwezifiso, namabhulokhi amanzi ahlukene ama-CPU, ama-GPU, futhi ngezinye izikhathi nama-VRM noma inkumbulo. Ukukhetha okokupholisa kuba yisinqumo samabomu, ngezinketho ezihlanganisa uketshezi olunemibala, ukugxilisa ingqondo okucacile, noma amanzi acwebile acwecwe anezithasiselo.

Le modularity inika amandla ukulungiselelwa okunembile. Indawo yokusebenza eqhuba ukunikezwa okuqhubekayo ingase isebenzise irediyetha engu-480mm ewugqinsi enabalandeli be-RPM{2}}abaphansi ukuze isebenze buthule, kuyilapho i-overclocking rig ingase ibeke kuqala amaradiyetha amaningi azacile ngokusebenza kahle kokugeleza komoya. I-tradeoff iyinkimbinkimbi: ama-loops angokwezifiso adinga ukuhlela ngokucophelela, ukuhlolwa kokuvuza, ukunakekelwa kwaminyaka yonke okuhlanganisa ukushintshwa okupholile, namakhono okuxazulula izinkinga.

Ngqo-ku--Chip Cooling

Izikhungo zedatha kanye{0}}nezindawo zokusebenza zekhompuyutha eziphezulu ziya ngokuya zisebenzisa{1}}ku{2}}izixazululo ze-chip. Kunokupholisa yonke i-chassis yeseva, lawa masistimu anamathisela amapuleti abandayo ngokuqondile kuma-processor nama-GPU, asuse ukushisa emthonjeni ngaphambi kokuthi ahlakazeke endaweni yokubeka. Indlela ithuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza kahle-izikhungo zibika ukonga amandla okungama-30-40% uma kuqhathaniswa nokubamba komoya okuvamile.

Ukuqaliswa kuyehluka ngokwezidingo zokuminyana. Ukuthunyelwa okulingene kungase kupholise ama-CPU kuphela, okuvumela umoya ukuthi uphathe izingxenye ezisele. Ukulungiselela okudlulele{2}}okuvamile kumaqoqo okuqeqeshwa kwe-AI{3}}kupholisa wonke umthombo wokushisa obalulekile, kusukela kuma-GPU adonsa u-700W ngalinye ukuya kumamojula ememori namasekhethi okulethwa kwamandla. Imakethe yokupholisa uketshezi lwesikhungo sedatha ifinyelele ku- $3.9-5.6 billion ngo-2024 futhi ukukhula kwephrojekthi yabahlaziyi ku-18-32% minyaka yonke ngo-2034, okuqhutshwa ngokuyinhloko ukwanda komsebenzi we-AI.

Ukucwiliswa Ukupholisa

Indlela enamandla kakhulu ifaka zonke izingxenye ku-dielectric fluid. Amaseva ashelela emathangeni agcwele uketshezi olunjiniyela olungeke luphathe ugesi. Ukushisa kudlulisa ngokuqondile kusuka endaweni ye-chip kuye endaweni epholile ezungezile, kuqeda ukumelana nokushisa kwamapuleti abandayo nokunamathisela.

Kukhona okubili okuhlukile: -ukucwiliswa kwesigaba esisodwa kugcina isimo soketshezi kuwo wonke umjikelezo wokupholisa, kuyilapho{1}}amasistimu ezigaba ezimbili avumela uketshezi ukuthi lubilise endaweni engaphezulu, evuna ukushisa okucashile kokuhwamuka ngaphambi kokucinanisa umhwamuko ubuyele oketshezini. Izigaba ezimbili-ziletha ukususwa kokushisa okungajwayelekile{4}}okwanele kumaphrosesa asebenzisa u-1,000W noma ngaphezulu{7}}kodwa kudinga okokusebenza okukhethekile nokulawulwa kwengcindezi ngokucophelela.

Abamukela kuqala bahlanganisa imisebenzi yezimayini ye-cryptocurrency, lapho isikhathi nokusebenza kahle kunomthelela ngokuqondile enzuzweni, kanye nezikhungo zocwaningo ezisebenzisa ukulingisa okungu-24/7. Izindleko zokukhiqiza zihlala ziphezulu, kodwa njengoba ukuminyana kwamandla e-semiconductor kukhula, ukucwiliswa kuba namandla ngokwezomnotho ekusetshenzisweni okujwayelekile.

Izicelo Eziyinhloko

Amandla okuphatha okushisayo okuphezulu okupholisa uketshezi akusungule kuzo zonke izimboni lapho ukushisa kusongela ukusebenza, ukwethembeka, noma ukusebenza kahle.

Ikhompyutha kanye neMidlalo

Ama-CPU{0}okusebenza okuphezulu nama-GPU akhiqiza ukushisa okukhulu, ikakhulukazi phakathi namaseshini amageyimu anwetshiwe noma umsebenzi onzima wokudala. Amaphrosesa we-Intel ne-AMD angadonsa i-150-250W emithwalweni ephezulu, kuyilapho ama-GPU akamuva e-NVIDIA edlula u-450W. Ukupholisa komoya kuyazabalaza nale mithwalo eshisayo kumakesi ahlangene noma ngesikhathi sokugqoka ngokweqile.

Abakhi abashisekayo bamukela ukupholisa okuwuketshezi ngenxa yezizathu ezintathu: amazinga okushisa aphansi okusebenza anika amandla amawashi e-boost, athuthukisa ama-framerates ngo-5-15% ezimeni ezinomkhawulo we-thermal; ukusebenza okupholile kumthamo wokupholisa olinganayo; kanye ne-aesthetics-i-coolant ye-RGB-lit egeleza ku-tubing ecacile isiphenduke isiginesha ebonakalayo ye-premium builds. Imakethe yokupholisa uketshezi lwe-PC yema ezigidini ezingama- $ 215.6 ngo-2024, nezinhlelo zemidlalo zibalwa ingxenye enkulu.

Izikhungo Zedatha Nengqalasizinda Yefu

Isikhungo sedatha esivamile sokupholisa-amayunithi e-computer room air conditioning (CRAC) aphusha umoya obandayo ezitezi eziphakeme{1}}akusebenzi njengoba ukuminyana kwama-rack kwanda. Amaseva esimanje apakisha ukucutshungulwa okwengeziwe ezindaweni eziqinile, adala izindawo ezishisayo lapho umoya ongeke ukwazi ukubhekana nazo.

Ukupholisa uketshezi kuxazulula izinkinga eziningi ngesikhathi esisodwa. Okuqondile-ku-amasistimu e-chip angagcina amazinga okushisa eseva ngisho nasezindaweni zokuminyana ezidlula u-100kW-okungenakwenzeka ngomoya wodwa. Lokhu kuthuthukiswa kokuminyana kunciphisa indawo yokuma kwesikhungo, konga izindleko zezakhiwo nezakhiwo. Izinzuzo zokonga amandla zibalulekile ngokulinganayo: ukususa ukushisa ngqo emthonjeni kususa amandla amoshayo okuhambisa amavolumu amakhulu omoya. Izikhungo zibika ukuthuthukiswa Kokusetshenziswa Kwamandla (i-PUE) kusuka ku-1.6-1.8 kwehle kuya ku-1.1-1.3, okusho ukuthi amandla kagesi engeziwe ekhompuyutha aqhathaniswa nengqalasizinda.

Ubuchwepheshe bufinyelele ephuzwini le-inflection. Opharetha be-Hyperscale abanjengoMicrosoft, Google, kanye ne-AWS balungisa kabusha izinsiza ezikhona futhi bacacisa ukupholisa okuwuketshezi kokwakhiwa okusha. Amaqoqo okuqeqeshwa kwe-AI{2}}nezidingo zawo zamandla adlulele{3}}enza ukupholisa uketshezi kube isibopho ngokwezomnotho kunokuba kube ngokuzikhethela.

I-Electric Vehicle Battery Thermal Management

Ukusebenza kwebhethri, ukuphepha, nokuphila isikhathi eside kuzwela kakhulu izinga lokushisa-. Amakhemikhali e-Lithium-i-ion{3}}okuhlanganisa namabhethri e-lithium iron phosphate{4}}asebenza kahle kakhulu phakathi kuka-15-35 degree. Amazinga okushisa angaphezu kuka-45℃asheshisa ukuwohloka, okungenzeka ehlise ubude bebhethri ngo-30-40%. Ngaphansi kokuqandisa, ukwehla kwamandla kanye nokushaja kuba yinkinga noma kungenzeki.

Ukupholisa uketshezi kukhuluma kokubili okudlulele. Ngesikhathi sokushaja okusheshayo noma{1}okuphuma kwamandla okuqhubekayo okuqhubekayo, isipholile esigeleza eziteshini ezingaphansi kwamaseli ebhethri kuvimbela izindawo ezishisayo eziyingozi. Ucwaningo lubonisa amaphekhi awuketshezi-apholile agcina izinga lokushisa elifanayo ngaphakathi koku-3-ku-5℃kuwo wonke amaseli, uma kuqhathaniswa nokuhluka okungu-10-15℃kumadizayini apholile. Lokhu kufana kuthuthukisa ukusebenza ngokuqondile: wonke amaseli anikela ngokulinganayo, akhulise ububanzi nokulethwa kwamandla.

Isimo sezulu esibandayo siletha inselele ephambene. Izifudumezi zebhethri zingafudumeza amabhethri e-lithium iron phosphate emazingeni okushisa okushaja aphephile, kodwa amasistimu okulawula okushisayo okuwuketshezi anikeza amandla okuqondisa kabili{1}}iluphu yokupholisa efanayo ingafudumeza noma iphole njengoba izimo zidingeka. Amanye ama-EV ahlanganisa ukuphathwa kokushisa kwebhethri nekhabethe le-HVAC, esebenzisa ukushisa kukadoti kusukela ku-elekthronikhi noma amasistimu epompo yokushisa ukuya kumabhethri ombandela wangaphambili ngenkathi ipakiwe.

I-Tesla, i-BMW, ​​i-Chevrolet Volt, ne-Jaguar i-I-Pace yonke zisebenzisa ukupholisa uketshezi kumaphakethe azo ebhethri. Ubuchwepheshe sebujwayelekile kuma-premium EVs futhi buvame ukwanda kuwo wonke amaphuzu amanani njengoba ingqalasizinda yokushaja ikhula ngokushesha. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi amabhethri awuketshezi{4}apholile angamukela u-30-50% wezilinganiso zokushaja ngokushesha kuyilapho egcina izimo zokusebenza eziphephile.

Ubudlelwano phakathi kokupholisa uketshezi namabhethri e-lithium iron phosphate bufanele ukunakwa ngokukhethekile. Ikhemistri ye-LiFePO4 inikezela ngezici zokuphepha ezihlukile nempilo yomjikelezo-imvamisa idlula 3,000-imijikelezo yokushaja engu-5,000 uma iqhathaniswa no-800-1,500 kwezinye izinhlobo ze-lithium-ion. Kodwa-ke, ukuphathwa kwe-thermal kusalokhu kubalulekile ekufezeni lezi zinzuzo. Emazingeni okushisa aphakeme, ngisho ne-LiFePO4 chemistry ezinzile ihlangabezana nokusheshisa amandla ayafiphala. Ngokuphambene, i-LiFePO4 ibonisa ukusebenza okuncishisiwe ngaphansi kwe-degree engu-0, nokumelana kwangaphakathi okukhulayo nokwehla kwamandla atholakalayo.

Amasistimu okulawula ukushisa okuwuketshezi asebenzayo amabhethri e-lithium iron phosphate ngokuvamile asebenzisa amapuleti abandayo afakwe ngaphansi kwamamojula eseli noma amashaneli apholile ahlanganiswe ezindaweni ezivalekile zebhethri. Uketshezi{{1}ngokuvamile okungama-50/50 amanzi-ingxube ye-glycol{5}}izungeza kulawa mashaneli ngamanani okugeleza alawulwayo. Amasistimu okuphatha amabhethri aqapha amazinga okushisa eseli ngezinzwa eziningi, alungisa ukugeleza kokupholisa kanye nezinga lokushisa ukuze kugcinwe izimo ezifanele. Ngesikhathi sokushaja okusheshayo kwe-DC, lapho ukukhiqizwa kokushisa kuphakama, ukugeleza kwe-coolant kuyenyuka futhi izinga lokushisa liyehla. Ezimweni ezibandayo, isistimu ishintshela kumodi yokushisisa, isebenzisa ukushisa okulahlwayo okuvela kuma-inverter okushayela noma ama-heaters azinikele.

Ucwaningo olushicilelwe ngo-2023-2024 lubonisa lokho kupholise uketsheziibhethri ye-lithium iron phosphateamasistimu angagcina amazinga okushisa eseli ngaphakathi kobubanzi obufanele kuzo zonke izimo ze-ambient ukusuka -ku-20℃kuya ku-45℃. Lokhu kuzinza kwe-thermal kuhumushela ezinzuzweni ezilinganisekayo zangempela-zezwe: izikhathi zewaranti enwetshiwe yebhethri, ukuthuthuka okuthuthukisiwe-kwebanga lesimo sezulu esibandayo, kanye nokwehluleka okuhlobene{7}}nokushisa okuncishisiwe. Ukufakwa kwesitoreji samandla{9}lapho i-LiFePO4 ibusa khona ngenxa yokuphepha nokuphila isikhathi eside{10}kucacisa ngokwandayo ukupholisa okuwuketshezi ekusetshenzisweni kwenani elikhulu.

I-Industrial and High{0}}Computing Performance

Ucwaningo lwesayensi, ukumodela kwezezimali, nokuqeqeshwa kobuhlakani bokwenziwa kudinga izinsiza zokubala ezikhiqiza ukushisa okungajwayelekile. Ama-Supercomputers namaqoqo e-HPC apakisha izinkulungwane zamaphrosesa ezindaweni ezihlangene, adala izinselele ezishisayo okungeke kwenzeke ukuzixazulula ngokupholisa okuvamile.

Amalabhorethri kazwelonke kanye nezikhungo zocwaningo zaba ngabamukeli bokuqala bokupholisa uketshezi. Uhlelo lwe-COOLERCHIPS loMnyango Wezamandla wase-US, oluqaliswe ngokubambisana ne-NVIDIA ne-Boyd Corporation, luhlose ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okupholisa esikhungweni sedatha kube ngaphansi kuka-5% wesamba sokudonsa amandla{4}}okutholakala kuphela ngezindlela ezisekelwe kuketshezi-.

Izinhlelo zokusebenza zezimboni zihlanganisa ingqalasizinda yezokuxhumana, lapho iziteshi eziyisisekelo ze-5G zipakisha ukucutshungulwa okubalulekile ezindaweni ezingaphandle ezingamelana nesimo sezulu, kanye nokusebenza kukawoyela negesi kusetshenziswa i-edge computing ezindaweni ezimbi kakhulu. Lokhu kusetshenziswa kuyakwazisa ikhono lokupholisa uketshezi lokugcina amazinga okushisa azinzile kungakhathaliseki izimo ze-ambient.

Izinzuzo Ngokupholisa komoya

Ukuguquka ukusuka emoyeni kuye ekupholiseni okuwuketshezi akunasizathu-kubhekana nezingqinamba eziyisisekelo ze-physics ezikhawulela{1}}ukulawulwa komoya okusekelwe ku-thermal.

Ukusebenza kahle kokudlulisa ukushisaibangelwa izici eziyisisekelo ze-thermodynamic. Umthamo wokushisa othize wamanzi-4,186 J/kg·K-dwarfs air's 1,005 J/kg·K. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ikhilogremu lamanzi lingakwazi ukumunca amandla ashisayo aphindwe izikhathi ezingu-4 ngokwezinga lokushisa ngalinye. Ukwengeza, i-thermal conductivity yamanzi (0.6 W/m·K) idlula kakhulu umoya (0.026 W/m·K), isheshisa ukudluliswa kokushisa ezindaweni ezingaphansi.

Imithelela esebenzayo mikhulu. I-air cooler{1}ephezulu ephezulu ingase ilawule i-250W ngeheatsink enkulu kanye namafeni amaningi angu-140mm ajikeleza ngo-1,500 RPM. Isistimu yokupholisa uketshezi elinganayo iphatha umthwalo ofanayo oshisayo ngerediyetha engu-240mm namafeni ku-800 RPM-50% ngokuthula kuyilapho igcina izinga lokushisa eliphansi lengxenye.

Ukunciphisa umsindoiba yinto ebalulekile ezindaweni ezisebenzayo. Izitudiyo zokuqopha, izindawo zokudala okuqukethwe, namahhovisi azuza ekupholiseni okuthule. Amasistimu oketshezi angasebenzisa amafeni ngesivinini esiphansi ngenxa yokuthi isipholile ngokwaso sithutha ukushisa kahle. Okunye ukusetshenziswa kusebenzisa amafeni amakhulu,{3}}aphothayo angasheshi (600-900 RPM) angezwakali uma usuka kude imitha, uma kuqhathaniswa nama-air coolers adinga u-2,000+ RPM ngokupholisa okuqhathanisekayo.

I-headroom eshisayo yokusebenza kwe-overclocking nokusebenzaizindaba ezimeni zokuncintisana nezomsebenzi. Amaphrosesa asebenzisa i-thermal throttling{1}}enciphisa isivinini sewashi lapho amazinga okushisa edlula ama-threshold-ukuze anqande umonakalo. Ukusebenza okupholile kusho amawashi e-boost aqhubekayo, okuhumushela ekuthuthukisweni kokusebenza okungu-3-10% kumthwalo olinganiselwe womsebenzi. Ama-Overclockers ajaha amarekhodi ebhentshimakhi kudala athembela ekupholiseni uketshezi, kwesinye isikhathi afinyelela ukwanda kwama-30-40% ngaphezu kokucaciswa kwesitoko.

Ukusebenza kahle kwesikhala ezindaweni ezinomkhawuloinika amandla izici zefomu ezincane. Amakhompyutha aphathekayo azacile,{1}}amasistimu egeyimu ye-ITX amancane, kanye{2}}nokukhweza amaseva zonke izithiyo zevolumu yobuso. Ukupholisa uketshezi kungabeka ingxenye yokukhipha ukushisa (i-radiator) endaweni ehlukile kunomthombo wokushisa, exhunywe kuphela ngamashubhu azacile. I-PC encane-yefomu-yesici yokudlala ingase ikhweze irediyetha engu-240mm kuphaneli engaphambili kuyilapho ipholisa i-CPU enamandla ne-GPU ku-chassis enkulu ngokuncane kunebhokisi lezicathulo.

Ukusebenza okungaguquki ngaphansi kwemithwalo eqhubekayoihlukanisa uketshezi ekupholiseni komoya phakathi nomsebenzi owandisiwe. Ama-air cooler angakwazi ukulwa nokucwiliswa kokushisa{1}}lapho izinga lokushisa le-ambient likhuphuka amahora amaningi, okunciphisa ukupholisa kahle. Amasistimu oketshezi anomthamo owanele werediyetha agcina amazinga okushisa azinzile unomphela, abalulekile ekunikezeni amapulazi, amaseva, nezifaniso zesayensi ezisebenza izinsuku noma amaviki ngokuqhubekayo.

Izinselelo Nokucatshangelwa

Naphezu kwezinzuzo eziphoqelelayo, ukupholisa uketshezi kwethula ubunkimbinkimbi nezingozi ezingekho kumasistimu asekelwe emoyeni{{0}.

Ukufaka inkimbinkimbi kanye nezidingo zobuchwepheshedala izithiyo zokungena. Amalophu angokwezifiso adinga ukuqonda kwamazinga okugeleza, ukuhambisana kwengxenye, ukugoba kweshubhu okufanele noma ukukhetha kokufaka, kanye nokugcwaliswa kwesistimu ngaphandle kokwethula amabhamuza omoya. Okokuqala-abakhi babhekana nejika lokufunda, futhi amaphutha{3}}njengokuhlanganisa ama-coolant angahambelani noma ukukhwezwa kwepompo okungafanele{4}angalimaza ihadiwe. Ngisho nama-AIO adinga ukunakwa ekubekweni kwerediyetha kanye nomzila wamashubhu ukuvimbela i-pump cavitation.

Izindleko zokuqala eziphakemehlala ubalulekile. I-air cooler eyikhwalithi ibiza u-$40-100, kuyilapho i-AIO liquid cooler iqala ku-$80 futhi inwebe idlule u-$300 kumamodeli eprimiyamu. Amalophu angokwezifiso adlula kalula u-$500-1,000 uma izingxenye eziningi zithola amabhulokhi amanzi. Ukuqaliswa kwesikhungo sedatha kudinga izindleko ezinkulu-ukubuyisela kabusha indawo ekhona kungase kubize u-$50-200 i-kilowatt ngayinye yomthamo we-IT.

Isibalo siyashintsha uma kubhekwa izindleko eziphelele zobunikazi. Ukonga amandla kusuka ku-PUE ethuthukisiwe kungabuyisa ukutshalwa kwezimali kokupholisa uketshezi phakathi neminyaka engu-2-4 ezikhungweni zedatha. Abasebenzisi abathengi kufanele balinganise izindleko zangaphambili ngokusebenza ngokuthula, ukusebenza okungcono, kanye nezintandokazi zobuhle.

Izidingo zesondloziyahlukahluka ngohlobo lwesistimu. Ama-AIO empeleni ayalungiswa-amahhala kuze kube sekupheleni-kokuphila{3}, ngokuvamile iminyaka engu-3-7 kuye ngekhwalithi. Izihibe zangokwezifiso zidinga ukushintshwa okupholisayo konyaka (izikhathi eziningi kusetshenziswa uketshezi olunemibala olucekela phansi), ukuhlanzwa kwamashubhu, nokuhlolwa kwengxenye. Amasistimu ebhizinisi adinga ukuhlolwa kokulungisa kwekota, okuhlanganisa ukutholwa kokuvuza, ukuhlolwa kwekhwalithi yokupholisa, nokuqinisekiswa kokusebenza kwephampu.

Izingozi zokuvuza nezindlela zokwehlulekazimelela ukukhathazeka okubaluleke kakhulu. Nakuba kungavamile kumasistimu afakwe kahle, ukuvuza kungacekela phansi ihadiwe khona manjalo. Isipholile esihambisa ugesi kuwo wonke amabhodi esekethe kubangela izikhindi ezisheshayo. Ingozi iyahlukahluka: Ama-AIO anamazinga aphansi okuvuza ngenxa yokuhlangana kwasefekthri nokuhlola, kuyilapho amalophu angokwezifiso ancike ngokuphelele ekhonweni lomakhi. Izikhungo zedatha zisebenzisa izinzwa zokuthola ukuvuza,{4}}zinqamule okokufakwayo ngokushesha, namasistimu ephampu angasebenzi ukuze kuncishiswe izingozi.

Ukwehluleka kwezingxenye kuyahluka phakathi kokupholisa komoya noketshezi. Ama-air cooler ahluleka kancane kancane-abalandeli baba nomsindo ngaphambi kokuba bafe, banikeze isexwayiso. Amaphampu okupholisa uketshezi angahluleka ngokuzumayo, abangele ukukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa ngokushesha. Amasistimu esimanje afaka ukuqapha kwepompo ye-tachometer nokuvikela ukuvala shaqa okushisayo, kodwa lezi zici zokuphepha azikho emhlabeni wonke, ikakhulukazi ekusetshenzisweni kwesabelomali.

Ukuwohloka kokupholisa kanye nokuhwamukakuthinta ukusebenza-kwesikhathi eside. Ngisho nama-AIO avaliwe alahlekelwa ukupholisa kancane kancane ngenxa yokungena, futhi izithasiselo ezivimbela ukugqwala nokukhula kwezinto eziphilayo ziwohloka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Izihibe zangokwezifiso zisebenzisa amanzi ahlanzekile zingathuthukisa ukukhula kwe-algae ngaphandle kwama-biocides. Izipholisa ezinemibala zingashiya insalela noma zidale amabala. Lezi zinkinga zidinga ukunakekelwa ngezikhathi ezithile ukuze kusebenze okuzinzile.

I-Market Outlook kanye Nentuthuko

Ubuchwepheshe bokupholisa uketshezi bumi endaweni yokushintshashintsha, busuka kusixazululo se-niche enthusiast ukuya kwingqalasizinda evamile.

Imakethe yokupholisa uketshezi lwesikhungo sedatha ikhombisa izindlela zokukhula eziqhumayo. Kusukela kusisekelo sango-2024 phakathi kwama- $ 3.5-5.6 billion (izilinganiso ziyahlukahluka ngefemu yocwaningo), imakethe kulindeleke ukuthi ifinyelele ku-$16.5-48 billion ngo-2033-2034. Lokhu kumelela amazinga okukhula onyaka ahlanganisiwe we-18-32%, eqhutshwa amandla amaningana ahlanganayo.

Ubuhlakani bokwenziwa nokufunda komshinizingama-catalysts ayinhloko. Amaqoqo okuqeqeshwa kwe-AI apakisha i-NVIDIA H100 noma i-H200 GPUs{3}}umdwebo ngamunye ongu-700W-ekulungiselelweni okuminyene kakhulu. Irack eyodwa ingadla u-80-120kW, ikhiqiza ukushisa okungeke kususwe ukupholiswa komoya. Imithwalo yemisebenzi ecatshangelwayo, kuyilapho ingalambele kangako amandla kunokuqeqeshwa, ikhula ngokushesha njengoba izinhlelo ze-AI zanda. Iphrojekthi yabahlaziyi bemboni ye-AI umthamo wesikhungo sedatha uzokhula ngo-40-60% ngonyaka ngo-2028.

Ukwandiswa kwekhompyutha yomkhawulokudala amathuba amasha okupholisa uketshezi. Izikhungo zedatha zomphetho-eziseduze nabasebenzisi ukuze kuncishiswe ukubambezeleka{2}}zisebenza emkhathini namandla{3}}ezindaweni ezibambekile. Igumbi lempahla yezokuxhumana lingase libe nomthwalo ongu-50kW we-IT endaweni engu-10-skwele-esikhala somthamo we-HVAC olinganiselwe. Ukupholisa uketshezi kuvumela lokhu kuthunyelwa konqenqemeni olusebenza kahle ngaphandle kokulungiswa kwesikhungo okumba eqolo.

Imiyalelo yokusimamangokuya ngokuthanda ukupholisa uketshezi. Iziyalezo ze-European Union ziqondise isikhungo sedatha i-PUE engaphansi kuka-1.3 ngo-2030, efinyeleleka ngokuyinhloko ngokwamukelwa kokupholisa uketshezi. Izibopho zokunciphisa ikhabhoni yebhizinisi-izinkampani eziningi eziqondise ku-net-zero ngo-2040-enza amandla{9}}ingqalasizinda esebenza kahle ibe isibopho esikhundleni sokuzikhethela. Izingcindezi zokongiwa kwamanzi ezifundeni{10}ezijwayele isomiso zivuna amasistimu oketshezi avaliwe kunemibhoshongo yokupholisa ehwamukayo.

Ubuchwepheshe obushaqhubeka nokuthuthuka amakhono. Ukupholisa kwezigaba ezimbili-ezimbili{2}}okukhawulelwe ezinhlelweni ezikhethekile{3}}kuyavuthwa ukuze kusetshenziswe kabanzi. Abakhiqizi bathuthukisa amadizayini ajwayelekile ethangi lokucwiliswa ahlanganiswe nengqalasizinda ekhona yamarack. Izixazululo eziqondile-kuya{7}}ku-chip ziya ngokuya ziba yimodyuli, zivumela ukubuyiselwa ngaphandle kokuhlelwa kabusha kweseva okuphelele.

Ucwaningo lwamakhemikhali apholile luphishekela ukusebenza okuthuthukisiwe kanye namaphrofayili emvelo. Isizukulwane esilandelayo-Uketshezi lwe-dielectric lwesizukulwane lunikeza ukudluliswa kokushisa okungcono kuyilapho esusa izinhlanganisela ze-PFAS ezibhekene nemikhawulo yokulawula. Ama-Nanofluids-ama-coolants afakwe nge-metallic noma i-carbon nanoparticles{4}}abonisa ukuthuthukiswa kwe-thermal conductivity engu-10-20% ekuhlolweni kwaselabhorethri, nakuba ukusebenza kwezohwebo kusasele kusasele iminyaka.

Ukwamukelwa kwemoto kagesingokungaqondile ushayela izimakethe zokupholisa uketshezi. Njengoba ukukhiqizwa kwe-EV kukhula kusuka ezigidini kuya emashumini ezigidi ngonyaka, amasistimu okulawula ukushisa kwebhethri aba yizinqubo zokukhiqiza umthamo ophezulu{1}. Ukwehliswa kwezindleko ngesilinganiso somnotho kwenza ukupholisa uketshezi kusebenze ngokwezomnotho kuwo wonke amasegimenti ezimoto. Ubudlelwano buyizindlela ezimbili-zobuchwepheshe obuthuthukiselwe ukudluliselwa kwezicelo zezimoto ezikhungweni zedatha futhi ngokuphambene nalokho.

Ukupholisa kwe-PC yabathengi kubonisa izitayela ezihlukene. Amasistimu wegeyimu{1}}wokugcina okuphezulu ngokuya acacisa ukupholisa okuwuketshezi njengokujwayelekile, okwenza ubuchwepheshe kubathengi abavamile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izipholile zomoya ezithuthukisiwe zivale igebe lokusebenza ngomthwalo omaphakathi, okwenza ukupholisa uketshezi kungabi yimpoqo kunangaphambili. Imakethe inezinhlangothi ezimbili: abafuna ukusebenza ngokwedlulele bakhetha uketshezi, inani{4}}abakhi abaqaphelayo bakhetha izixazululo zomoya ocolisekile.

Ubambiswano lwezimboni lubonisa ukukhula kwe-ecosystem. Ukutholwa kuka-Schneider Electric ka-2024 kwe-Motivair Corporation ngamadola ayizigidi ezingu-850-uchwepheshe wokupholisa uketshezi{4}okubonisa abadlali abakhulu abenza imali enkulu kulo mkhakha. Ukuzibandakanya okuqondile kwe-NVIDIA ekuthuthukisweni kwesistimu yokupholisa, okuhlanganisa ubambiswano ne-Boyd kanye ne-Vertiv, kukhombisa abaklami bama-chip beqaphela ukuphathwa okushisayo njengokuhlukaniswa komkhiqizo kunokucatshangwa kamuva.

Izinselelo zisekhona ngaphambi kokuba ukupholisa uketshezi kube yinto yonke ngempela. Imizamo yokumisa{1}efana nezicaciso zokupholisa uketshezi zephrojekthi ye-Open Compute{2}}ihlose ukunciphisa inkimbinkimbi yokuqaliswa nokuthuthukisa ukusebenzisana. Izinhlelo zokuqeqesha ziyavela ukuze kubhekwane negebe lamakhono ochwepheshe ekufakweni nasekulungiseni. Izinhlaka zokulawula zokulahlwa kwezinto ezipholile kanye nokuphepha kwemvelo zisathuthuka ezindaweni eziningi.

Iminyaka eyishumi ezayo cishe izobona ukuguquka kokupholisa okuwuketshezi ukusuka kusixazululo esikhethekile ukuya ekukhetheni okuzenzakalelayo-kuzinhlelo zokusebenza ezisebenza kahle. Izibikezelo zemakethe ezifinyelela ku-2037 iphrojekthi yokupholisa uketshezi lwesikhungo sedatha iyodwa ingafinyelela ku- $ 90 wezigidigidi, emele ngaphezu kwama-30% wesamba semali esetshenziswa nengqalasizinda yesikhungo sedatha. Lolu shintsho alubonisi i-hype yobuchwepheshe kodwa i-physics eyisisekelo: njengoba ukuminyana kwekhompiyutha kukhuphuka kanye nezimfuneko ezisebenza kahle zikhula, ukupholisa uketshezi kuba ukuphela kwendlela eqhubekela phambili.

imibuzo ejwayelekile ukubuzwa

Amasistimu okupholisa uketshezi ngokuvamile ahlala isikhathi esingakanani?

Konke-kuma-cooler{1}}okukodwa okuwuketshezi ngokuvamile kuhlala iminyaka engu-3-7 ngaphambi kokuwohloka kwephampu noma ukuhwamuka kwe-coolant kuthinte ukusebenza. Amasistimu e-loop angokwezifiso angasebenza unomphela ngokulungiswa okufanele, nakuba izingxenye ezifana namaphampu zingadinga ukushintshwa njalo ngemva kweminyaka emi-5-8. Ukufakwa kokupholisa uketshezi lwesikhungo sedatha kuklanyelwe ukuphila kweminyaka eyi-10-15 yokusebenza ngokulungiswa okuhleliwe.

Ingabe ukupholisa uketshezi kuyingozi ezintweni ezibizayo?

Amasistimu okupholisa uketshezi esimanje abeka engcupheni encane uma efakwe kahle. Ama-coolers e-AIO anamazinga avuzayo angaphansi kuka-0.1% ngenxa yokuhlanganiswa nokuhlolwa kwasefekthri. Amaluphu angokwezifiso athwala ubungozi obukhulu ngesikhathi sokufakwa kokuqala kodwa azinza uma ukuvuza-sekuhloliwe. Izikhungo zedatha zisebenzisa amasistimu okuthola ukuvuza, amaphampu angasebenzi, kanye{5}}nokunqamula okokufaka okusheshayo ukuze kuqedwe izingozi. Ukusebenzisa amanzi acwengekile noma{7}}uketshezi lwe-dielectric olungenayo i-conductive kunciphisa kakhulu umonakalo ongaba khona wokuvuza okungajwayelekile.

Ingabe amasistimu okupholisa uketshezi angaba yiqhwa ezindaweni ezibandayo?

Amanzi ajwayelekile{{0}ama-coolant asekelwe emanzini angaba yiqhwa ngaphansi kuka-0℃, kodwa ukusetshenziswa okuningi kusebenzisa izingxube ze-glycol ezilinganiselwe ku--20℃noma ngaphansi. Izikhungo zedatha zigcina{6}}izindawo ezilawulwayo zesimo sezulu zisusa ukukhathazeka ngokuba yiqhwa. Amasistimu okuphatha amabhethri emoto kagesi asebenzisa izipholisa zezinga lezimoto ezilinganiselwe ngokubanda kakhulu. Amasistimu adizayinelwe ukuphakelwa kwendawo ngaphandle noma okungashisiswanga acacisa ukwakheka okupholisayo okufanelekile ngokusekelwe kumazinga okushisa alindelekile.

Kubiza malini ukupholisa uketshezi uma kuqhathaniswa nokupholisa komoya?

Izinhlelo zokusebenza zabathengi zibonisa ukupholisa okuwuketshezi kubiza okungu-2-5× ngaphezu kokupholisa komoya okufanayo-$80-300 kuma-AIO uma kuqhathaniswa no-$40-100 wezipholile zomoya. Izihibe zangokwezifiso ziqala cishe ku-$500. Kodwa-ke, izindleko eziphelele zesikhungo sedatha zobunikazi zivuna ukupholisa uketshezi naphezu kwezindleko ezinkulu zekhephithali: ukonga amandla ku-PUE ethuthukisiwe ngokuvamile kubuyisela ukutshalwa kwezimali phakathi neminyaka engu-2-4. Izimoto zikagesi zidinga ukuphathwa kwebhethri okushisayo kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iyiphi indlela yokupholisa, ngakho ukuqhathanisa kuwuketshezi uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izindlela zokupholisa ezisebenzayo kune-liquid ngokumelene nokungapholisi.

Imithombo Yedatha Yemakethe:

Ucwaningo Lwemakethe Ye-Polaris - Umbiko Wemakethe Yokupholisa Uketshezi Lwedatha Yango-2024

Ucwaningo Lwemakethe Yengqondo - Ukuhlaziywa Kwemakethe Yokupholisa Kwe-PC Liquid 2024

I-Precedence Research - Ngqo{1}}ku-Chip Liquid Cooling Market Forecast 2024

Ucwaningo lwe-Grand View - lwe-Data Center Liquid Cooling Industry Analysis 2024

Imithombo Yezobuchwepheshe:

I-Intel Corporation - I-CPU Cooling Technology Comparison 2024

I-Asetek - I-Liquid Cooling Technology Overview 2024

I-Boyd Corporation - I-Battery Thermal Management Systems 2024

I-Neural Concept - I-Battery Liquid Cooling Analysis 2024

Izinqubo ze-MDPI - Cooling Technologies in Lithium{1}}Ion Power Batteries 2023