Iyini i-Lithium Plating?

I-Lithium plating ukufakwa kwe-metallic lithium endaweni ye-anode yamabhethri e-lithium-e-ion phakathi nokushaja esikhundleni sokuxhumanisa okulungile esakhiweni segraphite. Lokhu kwenzeka lapho amandla e-electrochemical e-anode ehla aye noma ngaphansi kwalawo e-lithium eyinsimbi, okwenza ama-ion e-lithium akhe ungqimba lwensimbi kunokuba afake phakathi kwezingqimba zegraphite lapho engezakho.

Ngesikhathi sokushaja okuvamile, ama-ion e-lithium ahamba esuka ku-cathode aye ku-anode futhi ahlangane{0}}azifaka phakathi kwezingqimba ze-athomu ze-graphite. Kucabange njengabagibeli abagibela indiza, bagcwalise izihlalo ngendlela ehlelekile. I-graphite anode, ngokuvamile esetshenziswa kumabhethri e-lithium{3}}ion kuhlanganiseIbhethri ye-lithium engu-48vamasistimu, anesakhiwo esinezingqimba esingahlalisa la ma-ion phakathi kwesikhala sawo phakathi kweplana.

I-Lithium plating kwenzeka uma le nqubo yokuhlanganisa ihluleka. Esikhundleni sokungena esakhiweni se-graphite, i-lithium ion inqwabelana endaweni engaphandle ye-anode bese inciphisa ibe yi-metallic lithium. Amandla e-anode alingana noma abe ngaphansi kunamandla e-lithium yensimbi{2}}empeleni cishe ku-0V uma kuqhathaniswa ne-lithium metal{4}}okubangela lokhu kufakwa okungafunwa.

I-graphite esetshenziswa kumabhethri amaningi e-lithium-i-ion inamandla we-electrochemical eduze kakhulu ne-metallic lithium uma igcwele ngokugcwele i-lithium ion. Lokhu kuba seduze kudala ubungozi. Uma i-intercalation ingakwazi ukuhambisana nokugeleza kwe-ion engenayo, ama-ion akukho okunye angakwenza ngaphandle kokubeka njengensimbi phezulu.

Abacwaningi baseNyuvesi yasePurdue bayichaza njenge-lithium ion enqwabelana endaweni ye-anode futhi yakhe amadiphozithi ensimbi avimbela ukuthuthwa kwamanye ama-ion. Uma lesi sivimbelo sensimbi sesakhiwe, sivimbela ukusebenza kahle kwebhethri ngokuvimba izindlela ze-lithium ion ezidinga ukuhamba phakathi nokushaja nokukhipha.

lithium plating

Izimo ezintathu eziyinhloko zidala izimo ze-lithium plating, ngayinye ehlobene nezinga lapho ama-ion e-lithium angangena khona ku-graphite anode.

Ukushaja Ngokushesha Ngezilinganiso Zamanje Eziphezulu

Ukushaja okusheshayo kuphushela ama-ion e-lithium aye ku-anode ngenani elisheshayo kunalokho angakwazi ukuhlangana. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi kumazinga wokushaja angu-2C nangaphezulu, i-lithium plating iba maningi amathuba okuba. Inqubo ye-intercalation inesivinini esiphezulu{3}}uma uyeqa ngokusebenzisa i-high current, ama-ion e-lithium aba umugqa phezulu alinde ukungena. Lesi sipele sibangela indawo engaphezulu ye-anode ukuthi ifinyelele ku-100% wesimo sokushajwa endaweni ngisho nalapho iseli lilonke lingagcwele, okwehlisa amandla angaphansi komkhawulo obalulekile.

Ucwaningo olusuka ku-2024 luthole ukuthi amaseli ashajwa ku-4C ahlangabezane nokufiphala komthamo omkhulu, ukulayisha okucindezelwayo okwandisa inkinga. Kulawa mazinga eqisayo, ukungena kwe-ion kweqa ikhono le-graphite lokuzamukela, okufana nokuzama ukufenela abantu abaningi ngomnyango omncane.

Ukushaja Kwezinga Lokushisa Eliphansi

Izimo ezibandayo zehlisa-isimo sokusabalaliswa kwe-lithium ion ngaphakathi kwezinhlayiya zegraphite ngendlela emangalisayo. Emazingeni okushisa angaphansi kuka-10℃, futhi ikakhulukazi ngaphansi kuka-0℃, i-kinetics of intercalation iba ivila ngenxa yokuncipha kokuhamba kwe-ionic. Ngisho nemisinga yokushaja emaphakathi ingabangela ukucwenga uma kubanda ngokwanele.

Abanikazi bezimoto zikagesi ezindaweni ezibandayo bazibonela mathupha lokhu. Amasistimu okuphatha ibhethri akhawulela isivinini sokushaja ebusika ngokunembile ukuze kuvinjelwe ukucwebezela. Izinga lokushisa elifanele lokushaja lihlala phakathi kuka-10℃no-30℃kumabhethri amaningi e-lithium-ion. Ngaphansi kuka-5℃, ingozi ikhula kakhulu.

Ucwaningo lwango-2018 lubonise ukuthi i-lithium plating yenzeke ngesikhathi sokushaja okungu-3.5C ngedigri engu-0, ekhonjwe isici sethafa lamandla ngesikhathi sokuphumula ngemva kokushaja. Ngokuphambene, amangqamuzana afanayo ayengabonisi ukucwenga ekamelweni lokushisa.

I-Anode Overcharging

Uma i-lithium eningi iphoqelelwa ku-anode kunalokho umthamo wayo okuvumela, ukucwenga kwenzeka ngokungenakugwenywa. Abakhiqizi bebhethri ngokuvamile bangaphezu kwe-anode ehlobene ne-cathode ukuvimbela lesi simo. Uma iklanywe kahle, i-anode akufanele neze ifinyelele umthamo wangempela we-100% ngesikhathi sokusebenza okuvamile. Kodwa-ke, amaphutha okukhiqiza, ukungalingani kweseli kumaphakethe webhethri, noma izimo zokusebenza ezidlulele zingakweqa lezi zivikelo.

Incazelo yobuchwepheshe igxile ekuhlukeni kwamandla engeziwe-ku-voltage aqhuba ukusabela kwe-electrochemical ngaphezu kwesimo sakhona sokulingana. Ngesikhathi sokushaja, ukumelana okuningana kudala amandla angaphezu kwamandla: ukuthuthwa kwe-lithium ion nge-electrolyte, ukunyakaza ngongqimba oluqinile-lwe-electrolyte interphase (SEI) olumboza i-anode, futhi ekugcineni lusakazeke esakhiweni segraphite.

Uma isamba lalawa mandla angaphezu kwamandla sidlula igebe levoltheji elincane phakathi kwe-lithiated graphite (~0.1V vs. Li/Li⁺) ne-metallic lithium (0V), amandla e-anode awela endaweni engalungile ngokumelene nensimbi ye-lithium. Kuleli qophelo, inketho ye-thermodynamic iyashintsha. Ukwehliswa kwe-lithium ion kuya ku-metallic lithium kuba kuhle ngamandla uma kuqhathaniswa nokuhlangana.

Igebe lingaba ngu-100-200 millivolts kuphela ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele. Phusha isistimu nge-current ephezulu noma yehlise ijubane ngezinga lokushisa elibandayo, futhi lawo mandla angaphezulu avala kalula leyo majikijolo amancane. Umsebenzi wakamuva wokumodela ngo-2025 uthuthukise izinkulumo zokuhlaziya eziphathelene nesikhathi sokuqala sokucwenga nezimo zokusebenza nezakhiwo zezinto ezibonakalayo, okusiza ukubikezela ukuthi ukucwenga kuzoqala nini ngaphansi kwezimo ezahlukahlukene.

Izimo{0}ezingezona umfaniswano zenza izinto zibe zimbi nakakhulu. Uma ukusabalalisa kwe-electrolyte kuyo yonke i-electrode kungalingani-mhlawumbe ngenxa yokucindezela kokuhlanganisa noma amaphutha okupakisha-ezinye izindawo ze-anode zithola i-electrolyte enganele. Lezi zifunda zibhekana nokuminyana kwamanje okuphezulu kanye nesimo sendawo esisheshayo-so-sokwenyuka kwezindleko, okubangela ukucwenga kwendawo ngisho nalapho izimo zibonakala ziphephile.

Akuwona wonke ama-lithium anepuleti abangela ukulimala okungapheli. I-metallic lithium efakwa phakathi nokushaja ingathatha izindlela ezimbili.

I-Reversible Plating

Eminye imichilo ye-lithium ecwebile ihlehla ngesikhathi ikhipha noma ingena kancane kancane ingene kugraphite ngemva kokuma kokushaja kwamanje. Lokhu plating "okubuyisela emuva" akuwehlisi ngokushesha umthamo osebenzisekayo webhethri. Ucwaningo olusebenzisa i-neutron diffraction luthole ukuthi kufika ku-70% we-lithium ecwecwe kuma-electrolyte ajwayelekile aphuma ngesikhathi sokukhishwa kwezinye izimo.

Ukwengezwa kwe-fluoroethylene carbonate kuma-electrolyte kubonise ukuthuthukisa lokhu kuguqulwa kakhulu. Phakathi nesigaba sokuphumula ngemva kokushaja ngokushesha, i-lithium eyinsimbi ingasabela kancane ngegraphite, ihlangane phakathi kwezingqimba ngenqubo ebambezelekile, yokushaja ehamba kancane.

I-Pating Engenakuhlehla kanye ne-Lithium efile

I-fraction eyinkinga i-plating engenakuhlehliswa. Izindlela ezimbalwa zokukhiya i-lithium ukuze ingazuzwa unomphela. I-lithium ecwecwe ihlangana ne-electrolyte, idle kokubili i-lithium ne-electrolyte ekuphenduleni kwe-parasite. Lokhu kusabela kuphoqa ukukhula kabusha kongqimba lwe-SEI, olusebenzisa i-lithium ne-electrolyte eningi.

Okubaluleke kakhulu, ukwakheka kwe-mossy, i-dendritic ye-lithium ecwecwe ayizinzile ngokwemishini. Ngesikhathi sokukhishwa, izingxenye eziphezulu ze-lithium dendrites zinganqamuka, zilahlekelwe ukuthintana kukagesi ne-anode. Uma isihlukanisiwe, amafomu e-SEI amasha azungeze lezi zingcezu. Njengoba i-SEI ifaka i-electric insulating, le lithium "ifile"-ayitholakali unomphela ukuze ishaje{4}}imijikelezo yokukhipha.

Umjikelezo ngamunye wokushaja onamapulangwe unciphisa ngokuqhubekayo i-lithium esebenzayo. Umthamo webhethri uyafiphala ngoba kukhona i-lithium encane etholakalayo yokuthutha phakathi kwama-electrode. Ukunemba okuphezulu kwe-coulometry ingakwazi ukubona lokhu ngokuncipha okucashile ekusebenzeni kahle kwe-coulombic{2}}isilinganiso somthamo wokukhipha ukushaja umthamo.

lithium plating

Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, i-lithium ehlanganisiwe ayihlali njengengubo eyisicaba. Ikhula ibe izakhiwo ze-dendritic-isihlahla-efana nezakhiwo ezinenaliti ecijile{3}njengamagatsha asuka endaweni ye-anode.

Lawa ma-dendrite adala izingozi ezinkulu zokuphepha. Bangakwazi ukubhoboza isihlukanisi se-polymer esincanyana phakathi kwe-anode ne-cathode, kwakheka isifunda esifushane sangaphakathi. Isekhethi emfishane ibangela-ukukhululwa ngokushesha kweseli okungenani, ikhiphe amandla njengokushisa. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu{4}}, lokhu kuholela ekubalekeni kokushisa{5}}ukusabela kochungechunge lapho ukukhiqizwa kokushisa kushesha, okungase kubangele imililo.

Ingozi iyanda ngokufakwa okuphindaphindiwe. Umjikelezo ngamunye wokushaja osheshayo-ezimeni ezingezinhle wengeza i-lithium eyinsimbi, futhi ama-dendrite akhula isikhathi eside. Kungakho amasistimu okuphatha amabhethri ezimotweni zikagesi eqinile mayelana nokushaja izivumelwano, ikakhulukazi emakhazeni noma kumazinga aphezulu wamandla.

I-metallic lithium iphinde isebenze kakhulu ngama-electrolyte kanye nomswakama, okungeza engcupheni yomlilo uma iseli lonakele futhi okuqukethwe kuveziwe.

Ukuthola i-lithium plating kuletha inselele ngoba ukuvula ibhethri kunikeza isifinyezo kuphela, futhi inani le-metallic lithium lishintsha njalo. Abacwaningi basungule izindlela zokuthola{1}}ezingelona ukonakalisa, ezinobunzima obuhlukahlukene kanye nokunemba.

Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Voltage Relaxation

Indlela esebenzayo kakhulu yezinhlelo zokuphatha ibhethri iqapha i-voltage ngemva kokuma kokushaja. Lapho ukucwenga sekwenzekile, i-lithium yensimbi ikhumula i-anode ngesikhathi sokuphumula, idale i-voltage plateau eyisici. Lokhu kubonakala njengesifunda esiyisicaba ku-voltage curve noma inani eliphakeme ngesikhathi sokuphuma kokuphuma ku-voltage.

Ucwaningo lwango-2024 luzuze ukunemba kokutholwa okungaphezu kuka-97% kusetshenziswa izici ezikhishwe kumaphrofayela wokuphumuza amandla kagesi, kuhlanganiswe nama-algorithms okufunda komshini. Indlela isebenza ngoba ukukhumula i-lithium eyinsimbi igcina i-voltage eduze namandla ensimbi ye-lithium kuze kudliwe ungqimba olunamanzi, okuthi ngemva kwalokho i-voltage yehle kakhulu.

Inselele ukuzwela. Ukuxegiswa kwamandla kagesi ngokuvamile kudinga okungenani u-1% wesamba esiphelele ukuze sibekwe ngaphambi kokuba isignali icace ngokwanele ukuze ibonwe okuthembekile. Ngokungenelela kusenesikhathi, lokhu kukhawulelwa kubalulekile.

I-Differential Voltage Analysis (DVA) kanye Nokuhlaziywa Kwekhono Lokukhuphuka (ICA)

I-DVA ihlola amajika e-dV/dQ-indlela i-voltage eshintsha ngayo ngomthamo ngesikhathi sokuphuma. Ukuphakama okwengeziwe kubonakala endaweni yoguquko phakathi kwe-lithium metal stripping kanye ne-graphite de-intercalation uma i-plating yenzekile. I-ICA isebenzisa amajika e-dQ/dV futhi ingakwazi ukubona ukwakheka kwe-plating ngesikhathi sokushaja.

Zombili izindlela zinikeza{0}}ulwazi oluncane mayelana nenani le-plating. Ucwaningo lwango-2024 lwabonisa ukuthi i-DVA ikhombisa ngokuqondile umthamo wokukhipha i-lithium yensimbi endaweni ye-plating peak, kuyilapho amandla e-ICA avame ukuba phezulu kune-lithium yangempela ekhishiwe, okuphakamisa ukulahlekelwa okuthile okungenakuhlehliswa.

Ukuzwa Ingcindezi Ehlukile

Indlela eqanjiwe embikwe ku-Nature Communications isebenzisa izinzwa zokucindezela ukuze ithole ukuphahlazeka ngesikhathi sangempela-ngesikhathi sokushaja. I-Lithium plating ibangela ukushuba okukhulu kakhulu kanye nomfutho wegazi okhuphukayo kunokuhlangana okuvamile{2}}okungenzeka kube mkhulu ngokuphindwe ka-7 kumthamo ofanayo.

Ngokuqapha okuphuma kokunye kwengcindezi ngokuphathelene nomthamo (dP/dQ), isistimu ingakwazi ukubona lapho leli nani lidlula umkhawulo osungulwe ngesikhathi sokushaja okuvamile ngamanani aphansi. Le ndlela ingabamba i-plating ngaphambi kokukhula okubanzi futhi idinga iseli yomthwalo kuphela, iyenze ifanele ukuhlanganisa iphakethe lebhethri.

I-impedance-Izindlela Ezisekelwe

I-Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) kanye nokuhlaziywa kwezikhathi zokuphumula (DRT) kungakhomba izinguquko ezinqubweni zokudlulisa ukushaja lapho i-plating kwenzeka. Ukucwenga kushintsha isimo sokusatshalaliswa kwenkokhiso futhi kudala izinqubo ezintsha zokudlulisa ukushaja kusixhumi esibonakalayo se-lithium esicwebeziwe.

Lezi zindlela zinolwazi olukhulu ocwaningweni lwaselabhorethri kodwa zidinga amathuluzi akhethekile nobungcweti, zikhawulela ukusetshenziswa kwazo ezinhlelweni zokuphatha amabhethri ezentengiselwano.

Amasu Asafufusa

I-Ultrasonic spectroscopy ibonisa isithembiso sokubona kusenesikhathi-iplating yesiteji ngokulandelela izinguquko ekusakazweni kwe-acoustic wave ngamaseli ebhethri. Ucwaningo lwango-2025 lubike ukuzwela okuphezulu ekuhlonzeni ukubethelwa ngokuphazamiseka okuncane kusuka kusimo-so{4}}sokuhluka kwezindleko.

I-Fluorescence probe isebenzisa-ama-molecule aphumayo ahlanganisiwe angathola ngokubona i-lithium ecwecwe. Uma i-4'{3}}i-hydroxychalcone ixhumana ne-lithium ecwecwe, ikhiqiza i-fluorescence ephuzi eqinile phakathi kwamasekhondi, okuvumela ukuhlaziya{4}}kobuningi benani le-plating nokusabalalisa.

lithium plating

Imiphumela ye-lithium plating inweba ngaphezu kokulahlekelwa umthamo ngokushesha ukuze ithinte izici eziningi zokusebenza kwebhethri.

Amandla Afiphala

Isenzakalo ngasinye sokucwenga sisusa i-lithium ku-inventory esebenzayo ngokusabela okungenakuhlehliswa kanye nokwakheka kwe-lithium efile. Ngisho noma u-70% uhlehla, u-30% osele umele ukulahlekelwa umthamo unomphela. Ngokufakwa okuphindaphindiwe phakathi nemijikelezo yokushaja okusheshayo, lokhu kunqwabelana ngokushesha.

Idatha yokuhlola ibonisa amaseli athola i-lithium plating angalahlekelwa ngu-20-30% womthamo phakathi kwemijikelezo engu-50-100, uma kuqhathaniswa nokuwohloka okuncane ngaphansi kwezimo zokushaja ezivamile. Izinga lokufiphala lincike ebugqileni bokucwenga-imali efakwa i-lithium ngomjikelezo ngamunye.

Ukwehliswa Kwamandla Amandla

I-lithium ecwecwe kanye nezingqimba ze-SEI eziqinile zandisa ukumelana kwangaphakathi. Ukumelana okuphezulu kusho ukwehla kwamandla kagesi amaningi ngaphansi komthwalo, kunciphisa amandla ebhethri elingawaletha. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ezicelweni ezidinga amanani aphezulu okukhipha, njengokusheshisa ezimotweni zikagesi.

Isendlalelo sensimbi siphinde sivimbe izingxenye ze-anode, sinciphise indawo esebenzayo etholakalayo ukuze kudluliswe imali. Lokhu kuphoqa izindawo ezisele ezisebenzayo ukuthi zithwale ukuminyana okuphezulu kwamanje, kusheshise ukuwohloka ngomjikelezo ononya.

Ukuncipha kwe-Electrolyte

Ukusabela phakathi kwe-lithium ehlanganisiwe ne-electrolyte kudla umthamo we-electrolyte. Njengoba i-electrolyte isiza ukuthuthwa kwe-ion, ukuncipha kwayo kuphakamisa ukumelana kulo lonke iseli. I-electrolyte enganele ekugcineni ingaba isici esikhawulelayo empilweni yebhethri, ngisho noma izinto ze-electrode zisenamandla.

Ukuvimbela i-lithium plating kudinga{0}}indlela enezinhlangothi eziningi yokubhekana nezinto, idizayini yeseli, namaphrothokholi wokushaja.

Amaphrothokholi Wokushaja Alungiselelwe

Ama-algorithms wokushaja ahlakaniphile aqapha izimo zeseli futhi alungise amanje ngokuguqukayo ukuze ahlale ngaphansi komkhawulo wokucwenga. Amanye amasistimu alinganisela amandla e-anode ngesikhathi sangempela-esebenzisa amanethiwekhi e-neural aqeqeshwe ngedatha yokuhlola ebanzi, ngokunemba okubikiwe ngaphakathi kwama-millivolts angu-2.

Uma amandla alinganiselwe e-anode asondela ku-0V uma kuqhathaniswa ne-lithium, ukushaja kwamanje kuncipha ngokuzenzakalelayo. Ukusetshenziswa okukodwa kubonise ukuthi amabhethri asebenzisa lesi silawuli esiguqukayo angashajwa izikhathi eziningi ngaphambi kokuwohloka uma kuqhathaniswa nokushajwa okujwayelekile{2}}kwamanje.

Amabhethri{0}}okushisa ngaphambili ngaphambi kokushajwa ezimweni ezibandayo kuvamile ezimotweni zikagesi, nakuba zengeza isikhathi namandla. Amanye amasistimu athuthukisiwe asebenzisa izinto zokushisisa zangaphakathi ezingafudumeza ngokushesha iseli ngaphakathi ngaphansi kwamasekhondi angu-30, anike amandla ukushaja okusheshayo ngisho naku- -20℃ngaphandle kokucwenga.

Ukuthuthukiswa Kwezinto Ze-Anode

Izembatho ezingaphezulu ezinhlayiyeni zegraphite zingathuthukisa ezokuthutha ze-lithium-ze-ion kanye ne-intercalation kinetics. Izinto ezifana ne-titanium dioxide (TiO₂), i-aluminium oxide (Al₂O₃), ne-titanium-niobium oxide (TiNb₂O₇) zibonise izinzuzo ocwaningweni lwango-2024.

Lezi zimbobo zisebenza ngokulinganisa ezokuthutha nge-electron kanye ne-ion, kunciphisa amandla angaphezu kwamandla endawo abengase abangele ukucwenga. Abanye bakha izendlalelo ze-lithium{1}}ze-phosphide{2}ezisekelwe ku-crystalline SEI ezisiza amandla okushaja asheshayo.

Ama-electrode azacile anciphisa ibanga lokusatshalaliswa kwe-lithium ion okufanele ahambe phakathi kwezinhlayiya, ehlisa ukugxila okungaphezu kwamandla. Ucwaningo luthole ukuthi ukwehlisa ukujiya kwe-electrode kusuka ku-100μm kuya ku-50μm kuthuthukisa kakhulu ukubekezelela ukushaja okusheshayo-, nakuba ngezindleko zokuncipha kokuminyana kwamandla ngevolumu ngayinye.

Ubunjiniyela be-Electrolyte

Ama-electrolyte aphezulu e-Localized high{0}}(LHCE) abonise ukuthuthuka okuphawulekayo ekuguquleni ukuguqulwa kwamapulangwe kanye nokulawula i-morphology. Lokhu kwakheka kwakha amashethi okuxazulula agxilile eduze kwe-lithium ion kusixhumi esibonakalayo se-electrode kuyilapho kusetshenziswa okuncane-okuncibilikisa okuncibilikisayo ku-electrolyte eyinqwaba.

Umphumela uba i-LiF-ecebile eqinile-i-electrolyte interphase enika amandla ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu kwe-coulombic (99.9%) kanye nokuhlehla kwe-lithium plating (99.95%). Olunye ucwaningo lwango-2024 lubika ukuthi lawa ma-electrolyte agcina ukusebenza ngisho -ku-30 degree , ukubhekana nenselele yesimo sezulu esibandayo.

Ukwengeza i-fluoroethylene carbonate noma enye ifilimu-ukwakha izithasiselo kuqinisa isendlalelo se-SEI, kusenze simelane kakhulu nokuphazamiseka kusuka ekushintsheni kwevolumu ngesikhathi sokucwebeza nokuhlubula. Lokhu kunciphisa ukusabela kwe-parasitic futhi kuthuthukisa ingxenye ye-lithium ecwecwe ehlehlayo.

Ikhwalithi Yokukhiqiza Amaseli

Ukuqinisekisa ukusatshalaliswa kwengcindezi efanayo, ukuqondaniswa kwe-electrode okunembile, kanye nokugcwaliswa kwe-electrolyte okungaguquki ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza kuvimbela amaphuzu abuthaka enziwe endawo lapho ukucwenga kwenzeka khona ngokukhethekile. Ukusabalalisa-okungajwayelekile kwe-electrolyte kungabangela ukukhala-njengamaphethini okucwenga, nokugxiliswa okugxilile ezindaweni ezicebile ze-electrolyte{3}}.

I-anode efanele-kuya{1}}ku-cathode umthamo ratio (N/P ratio) inikeza imajini yokuphepha. Ukweqa i-anode ngo-10-20% uma kuqhathaniswa nomthamo we-cathode kuqinisekisa ukuthi i-anode isebenza ngaphansi kwezinga layo eliphezulu le-lithiation ngisho nangesikhathi sokushaja okunolaka.

Ingxenye. Ingxenye ebalulekile ye-lithium ecwebile ingahlubuka ngesikhathi sokuphuma noma ingene kancane kancane ku-anode ngemva kokuma kokushaja, ikakhulukazi ngama-electrolyte akhiwe kahle. Kodwa-ke, ingxenye ethile ihlala ingenakuhlehliswa ngokusabela nge-electrolyte noma ukuhlukaniswa ngokomzimba ku-electrode. Ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuguqulwa okungama-60-70% ezimeni ezivumayo, okusho ukuthi u-30-40% udala ukulahleka kwamandla unomphela.

Lokhu kuncike ekushiseni nasekuklanyweni kweseli, kodwa ubungozi bokucwebezelisa banda kakhulu ngaphezu kuka-1-1.5C ekamelweni lokushisa lamaseli avamile. Ku-0 degree, ngisho no-0.5C kungabangela ukucwenga. Amaseli esimanje anama-anode athuthukisiwe nama-electrolyte kwesinye isikhathi angaphatha u-2-3C ekamelweni lokushisa ngokuphepha. Amasistimu okuphatha ibhethri ngokuvamile akhawulela ukushaja ku-0.5-1C ngaphansi kuka-10℃njengesexwayiso.

Ngaphandle kwemishini ekhethekile, kunzima ukuyithola ngokuqondile. Izimpawu zibandakanya ukufiphala komthamo okungajwayelekile ngemva kokushaja okusheshayo noma ukusetshenziswa kwesimo sezulu esibandayo-, isikhathi eside kunomthamo ojwayelekile "isikhathi sokumisa" ngemva kokuqeda ukushaja, noma amandla ancishisiwe. Uma idivayisi yakho isebenzisa{3}}ukuqapha ukukhululeka kwe-voltage, ingase ihlabe umkhosi imicimbi yeplating enamandla. Ukuhlolwa kochwepheshe kusetshenziswa i-impedance spectroscopy noma ukuhlaziywa kwamandla kagesi okuhlukile kunikeza izimpendulo eziqondile.

I-plating emaphakathi ngokuyinhloko idala ukwehla kokusebenza kunezinkinga zokuphepha ezisheshayo. Ingozi ikhula ngokufakwa okuqinile, okuphindaphindiwe okwenza ama-dendrite akwazi ukungena kusihlukanisi. Amasistimu okuphatha amabhethri adizayinelwe ukuvimbela ukuphahlazeka ekufinyeleleni amazinga ayingozi, kodwa ukusebenza ngaphandle kwezicaciso{2}}njengokushaja ngokuphindaphindiwe{3}}kubanda kakhulu{4}}kwenyusa ubungozi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Iqiniso le-lithium plating libonisa ibhalansi ngokucophelela edingekayo kubuchwepheshe bebhethri besimanje. Phusha isivinini sokushaja kakhulu, futhi ulimaza ibhethri. Sebenza ezimeni ezibandayo ngaphandle kwezinyathelo zokuphepha ezifanele, futhi i-plating iyenzeka. Nokho isidingo sokushaja okusheshayo namazinga okushisa okusebenza abanzi siyaqhubeka sikhula, ikakhulukazi ezimotweni zikagesi.

Ukuthuthuka kwakamuva ezindleleni zokuthola, ama-algorithms wokushaja ahlakaniphile, nezinto ezithuthukisiwe kunciphisa igebe phakathi kwalokho okufunwa ngabasebenzisi nalokho amabhethri angalethwa ngokuphephile. Ukuthola{1}}isikhathi sangempela sokutholwa kwe-plating kuthola ukunemba okungu-99%, kuhlanganiswe nezinqubo zokushaja eziguquguqukayo, kusho ukuthi amabhethri manje angakwazi ukusondela emikhawulweni yawo ebonakalayo eduze ngaphandle kokuwelela endaweni eyingozi.

Kunoma ubani osebenza ngamabhethri e-lithium-e-ion{1}}noma ngabe kuku-ebikes, ama-smartphone, noma izimoto zikagesi-ukuqonda i-lithium plating kunikeza ukuqonda kokuthi kungani amabhethri eziphatha ngendlela asebenza ngayo. Leyo mikhawulo yamandla kagesi, imikhawulo yesivinini sokushaja, nezixwayiso zezinga lokushisa zikhona ngezizathu eziqinile ze-electrochemical, ivikela uhlu lwe-lithium olunquma ukuthi ibhethri lakho lizokusebenzela isikhathi esingakanani.