Kuyini Ukushaja Okungaphezulu?

Ukushajwa ngokweqile kwenzeka lapho ibhethri ithola amandla kagesi angaphezu komthamo wawo omkhulu, okubangela ukuba amandla kagesi eqe imikhawulo yokusebenza ephephile. Kumabhethri e-lithium-e-ion-amaseli aphinde ashajwa anika amandla ama-electronics amaningi esimanje ngokuhambisa i-lithium ion phakathi kwama-electrode{3}}ukushajwa ngokweqile kwenzeka lapho i-voltage idlula u-4.2V ngeseli, okubangela ukunqwabelana kokushisa, ukuwohloka kwamakhemikhali, kanye nokubaleka okungenzeka kwe-thermal.

Ukuqonda ukuthi iyini ibhethri ye-lithium ion kudinga ukubheka ukwakheka nokusebenza kwayo okuyisisekelo. Ibhethri ye-lithium-i-ion iyidivayisi yokugcina amandla eshajwayo ekhiqiza amandla kagesi ngokuhambisa i-lithium ion phakathi kwama-electrode amabili-i-cathode (positive) ne-anode (negative){3}}nge-electrolyte ewuketshezi. Lawa mabhethri abusa izinto zikagesi zesimanje ngoba zipakisha amandla abalulekile kumaphakheji amancane, angasindi kuyilapho esekela amakhulu emijikelezo yokushajwa.

Izingxenye eziyisisekelo zisebenza ndawonye kumdanso onembayo. I-cathode ngokuvamile iqukethe i-lithium metal oxides njenge-lithium cobalt oxide noma i-lithium iron phosphate. I-anode iqukethe izendlalelo zekhabhoni yegraphite ezikwazi ukufaka ama-ion e-lithium phakathi kwamashidi awo e-athomu. I-membrane yesihlukanisi ivimbela ukuthintana okuqondile phakathi kwama-electrode ngenkathi ivumela ukudlula kwe-ion. I-electrolyte{4}}imvamisa usawoti we-lithium oncibilikisiwe kuzincibilikisi zemvelo-uqhuba ama-ion kodwa hhayi ama-electron.

Ngesikhathi sokukhishwa, ama-ion e-lithium ageleza esuka ku-anode edlula ku-electrolyte eya ku-cathode, kuyilapho ama-electron ehamba emjikelezweni wangaphandle enika amandla idivayisi yakho. Ukushaja kubuyisela emuva le nqubo: amandla angaphandle ashayela ama-ion abuyele ku-anode ukuze agcinwe. Lokhu kubuyisela emuva kuvumela izinkulungwane zezindleko{2}}zokukhipha imijikelezo ngaphambi kokuba umthamo wehlise ngokuphawulekayo.

Lesi simiso esihle sichaza ukuthi kungani ubuchwepheshe be-lithium-ion bunika amandla yonke into kusukela kuma-smartphone kuya ezimotweni zikagesi. Isisindo se-athomu esikhanyayo se-lithium sinikeza ukuminyana kwamandla okuphezulu-ngokuvamile okungu-150-250 Wh/kg uma kuqhathaniswa no-30-50 Wh/kg wamabhethri e-lead-acid. Amandla kagesi angu-3.6-3.7V ngeseli asho amaseli ambalwa adingekayo ku-voltage enikeziwe, ehlisa isisindo nokuba yinkimbinkimbi.

Nokho, yona le khemistri eyenza amabhethri e-lithium{0}}ion abe namandla futhi iwenza abe sengcupheni yokushajwa kakhulu.

Amabhethri e-Lithium-ion anika amandla amadivayisi amaningi esimanje ngokuphendula kwamakhemikhali okubuyiseleka emuva ahambisa ama-ion e-lithium phakathi kwama-electrode. Uma ibhethri lishaja ngokujwayelekile, ama-ion e-lithium asuka ku-cathode aye ku-anode futhi azishumeke esakhiweni se-graphite. Le nqubo igcina amandla ngokuphephile ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo kagesi eklanyelwe.

Ngesikhathi sokushajwa ngokweqile, kusebenze izindlela ezimbalwa ezilimazayo. Ukwenyuka kwamandla kagesi ukudlula ku-4.2V kubangela i-lithium plating{2}}ifomu lediphozithi ye-metallic ye-lithium endaweni ye-anode kunokuba ihlangane kahle ku-graphite. Lawa madiphozithi adala inaliti{4}}njengezakhiwo ezibizwa ngama-dendrites ezingabhoboza ulwelwesi lwesihlukanisi phakathi kwama-electrode, okuholela kumasekhethi amafushane angaphakathi.

Ucwaningo lwango-2024 lukhombisa ukuthi ukushaja ngokweqile kuyashesha uma amazinga okushisa ehla. Ku--10℃, ukumelana kwangaphakathi kukhula kakhulu, okwenza imikhawulo yamandla kagesi ibe lula ukwephula ngisho namaza okushaja ajwayelekile. Olunye ucwaningo olubhalwe phansi amabhethri ashajwa ku-0.2C kanye namazinga okushisa angu-1C emazingeni okushisa aphansi, athola ukuthi ukushajwa okuncane kakhulu kukhiqiza izikhindi zangaphakathi kanye nokugqwala kwamanje kweqoqo phakathi kwamaviki kunezinyanga.

I-cathode ihlangabezana nephethini yayo yokuwohloka. Ukukhishwa kwe-lithium ngokweqile okuvela ezintweni ze-cathode njenge-lithium cobalt oxide kubangela ukuwohloka kwesakhiwo, kukhiphe umoya-mpilo osheshisa ukubola kwe-electrolyte. Le cascade ikhiqiza ukushisa negesi, inyuse umfutho wangaphakathi. Uma ingcindezi idlula cishe u-500 psi, ikhesi yebhethri iphuma{4}}ngesinye isikhathi iqhume.

Izinga lokushisa likhuphuka kakhulu ngesikhathi sokuhluleka kokukhokhiswa ngokweqile. Ukuhlolwa kwaselabhorethri kubonisa ukukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa ukusuka ebangeni elijwayelekile lokusebenza (25-35 degrees) ukuya ngaphezu kwama-780 degrees ngesikhathi sokushisa okushisayo. Ukukhiqiza ukushisa kuvela emithonjeni eminingi: Ukushisa kwe-Joule okuvela kumanje okuphezulu, ukusabela okuseceleni kwe-exothermic ku-electrolyte, kanye nokushiswa kwamagesi akhishiwe.

Overcharging

Onjiniyela bebhethri bahlonza izigaba zokuhluleka ezihlukile ngokusekelwe kumaphesenti wesimo sokushaja.

Isiteji 1 (100-120% SOC): Ukukhokhiswa ngokweqile okuvamile kuyaqala. I-voltage ikhuphuka kancane ngenkathi yamanje isalawulwa. Ukumelana kwangaphakathi kuyanda njengoba ungqimba lwe-SEI (solid electrolyte interphase) lushuba ku-anode. Izinga lokushisa elizuzayo lihlala limaphakathi, ngokuvamile li-5-10℃ngaphezu kwe-ambient.

Isigaba 2 (120-140% SOC): I-Lithium plating ibonakala. I-metallic lithium inqwabelana endaweni ye-anode, idle i-electrolyte ngokusabela okukhiqiza ukushisa negesi. Ibhethri lingakhukhumala kancane njengoba ingcindezi yangaphakathi ikhula. Izilinganiso zamandla kulesi sigaba zibonisa ukulahlekelwa okungapheli okungu-10-15%.

Isigaba 3 (140-160% SOC): Ukukhula kwe-dendrite kuyashesha. Inaliti-njengezakhiwo ze-lithium ivala igebe phakathi kwama-electrode. Izikhindi{3}ezincane ziyakhula, okubangela ukushisisa kwendawo. Ukukhiqizwa kwegesi kukhuphuka kakhulu kusuka ku-electrolyte oxidation kanye nokubola kwe-cathode. I-voltage yebhethri iyashintshashintsha.

Stage 4 (>160% SOC): Ukuqala kokubaleka okushisayo. Izinga lokushisa langaphakathi lidlula i-130 degree, okubangela ukuncibilika kwesihlukanisi. Ukujikeleza okufushane kwangaphakathi okugcwele kwenzeka, kukhulula amandla agciniwe ngokushesha. Ngemizuzwana, izinga lokushisa lingagxumela kumadigri angamakhulu amaningana. I-casing iyaphuka, ikhiphe amagesi ashisayo futhi ikwazi ukuvutha.

Lokhu kuqhubekela phambili kuyahlukahluka ngokwekhemistri. Amabhethri e-lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) abekezelela ukushajwa kakhulu kunezinhlobonhlobo ze-lithium cobalt oxide ngenxa yezakhiwo ezizinzile ze-cathode. Nokho, wonke amakhemikhali e-lithium{3}}abhekana nomonakalo lapho eshajwe ngokwedlulele ngokwanele.

Ibhethri ye-lithium-ion ngaphandle komjikelezo wokuvikela idala ubungozi obukhulu. Amasistimu Okuphatha Ibhethri (BMS) asebenza njengesivikelo esiyinhloko ezimweni zokukhokhiswa ngokweqile ngokuqapha okuqhubekayo nokungenelela okusebenzayo.

I-BMS ilandelela amapharamitha amathathu abalulekile ngesikhathi sangempela-: i-voltage yeselula (akalwa ngama-millivolts), ukugeleza kwamanje (kuma-ampere), nezinga lokushisa (ngokujwayelekile ngamaphoyinti amaningi kuphakethe lebhethri). Amasistimu esimanje enza isampula lawa manani izikhathi ezingamakhulu ngesekhondi, eqhathanisa ukufundwa ngokumelene nemingcele yokuphepha ehleliwe.

Uma noma iyiphi iseli isondela ku-4.2V-ubukhulu obujwayelekile obujwayelekile bamaseli e-lithium{2}}i-ion-i-BMS inciphisa ukushaja kwamanje ngokuzenzakalela. Lokhu kunciphisa kwandisa isikhathi sokushaja kodwa kuvimbela ukuqhuma kwe-voltage. Uma amandla kagesi eqhubeka nokukhuphuka naphezu kokwehliswa kwamanje, isistimu inqamula ukushaja ngokuphelele ngokuvula amaswishi e-MOSFET endleleni yesekethe.

Ukulinganisa kweseli kwengeza esinye isendlalelo sokuvikela. Amaseli angawodwana ngaphakathi kwephakethe lebhethri awavamisile ukugcina izimo ezifanayo zokushaja ngenxa yokuhluka okuncane kokukhiqiza namaphethini okusetshenziswa. I-BMS iqapha iseli ngalinye ngokuzimela futhi isabalalise kabusha ukushaja ukuze ivimbele noma yiliphi iseli elilodwa ekushajeni ngokweqile kuyilapho amanye asala ngemuva. Ukulinganisa okwenziwayo kuhlakaza amandla engeziwe njengokushisa ngokusebenzisa izinto eziphikisayo; ukulinganisa okusebenzayo kudlulisa amandla phakathi kwamaseli ukuze asebenze kangcono.

Ukuqapha izinga lokushisa kubangela amaphrothokholi okuphatha okushisayo. Amabhethri amaningi e-lithium{1}}ion ahlanganisa izinzwa eziningi zokushisa ezibekwe eduze kwamaseli ajwayele ukushisisa. Uma amazinga okushisa edlula amadigri angu-45 ngesikhathi sokushaja, i-BMS inciphisa amasistimu okupholisa amanje noma asebenze. Ngaphezulu kwamadigri angu-60 , ukushaja kuma ngokuphelele ukuvimbela ukubaleka okushisayo.

Amashaja ahlakaniphile asebenzisana nezinhlelo ze-BMS ngezimiso zokuxhumana. Ishaja ithola{1}}idatha yesikhathi sangempela sebhethri futhi ilungise ugesi wayo ophumayo futhi isebenze ngokufanele. Lokhu kuxhumana kwezindlela ezimbili-zivimbela izimo lapho izilungiselelo zeshaja zingqubuzana namandla ebhethri.

Idatha yenkundla yango-2024-ukufakwa kuka-2025 ibonisa ukuthi amayunithi e-BMS alungiswe kahle afinyelela izilinganiso zokuhluleka ngaphansi kuka-0.3%-lokho ukwehluleka okungaphansi kokungu-3 ngamabhethri ayi-1,000. Lokhu kumelela intuthuko enkulu kusukela kumabhethri e-lithium-ion asekuqaleni, ahlangabezane nezilinganiso zokuhluleka cishe kwesigidi esingu-1 kweziyi-10 uma esetshenziswa ngendlela efanele kodwa amanani aphezulu kakhulu lapho ukuvikela kuhlulekile.

Izimpawu ezingokomzimba zivela lapho amabhethri eshajwa kakhulu, nakuba omunye umonakalo uhlala ungabonakali kuze kuhlolwe ukusebenza.

Izinga lokuvuvukala njengenkomba esobala kakhulu. Amabhethri ashajwe ngokwedlulele aba namaqhuqhuva njengoba umfutho wegesi wangaphakathi ukhubaza ikesi. Amaseli esikhwama se-Lithium{2}}abonisa lokhu ngokucacile, anwebeka njengemicamelo. Amaseli angama-cylindrical angase abonise ukuvuvukala okungabonakali, kodwa ukulinganisa ngokucophelela kuveza ububanzi obuningi.

Ukushisa okudlulele ngesikhathi noma ngemva kokushaja kubonisa izinkinga. Ibhethri elisebenza kahle likhiqiza ukufudumala okuthile-ngokuvamile okungu-5-9℃F ngaphezu kwe-ambient phakathi nokushajwa okuvamile. Amazinga okushisa aphakeme ngokuphawulekayo kunalokhu, ikakhulukazi uma ibhethri izwa kushisa ukuyithinta imizuzu embalwa ngemva kokunqamula ishaja, abonisa ukushajwa ngokweqile noma ukulimala kwangaphakathi.

Ukwehliswa kwamandla kubonakala kancane kancane. Amabhethri ashajwe ngokweqile aphindelela ukubamba ukushajwa okuncane ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Idivayisi ebihlala amahora angu-8 phakathi kokushajwa ingase yehle iye emahoreni angu-5-6 ngemva kokushajwa ngokweqile. Izinhlelo zokusebenza zokuqapha ibhethri zingalandelela lokhu kwehla ngokuqhathanisa umthamo wamanje nomthamo wokuklama.

Izilinganiso zamandla kagesi zinikeza ulwazi lokuxilonga. Usebenzisa i-multimeter, hlola i-voltage yebhethri ngemva kokuba idivayisi isiphumule amahora ambalwa (hhayi ngokushesha ngemva kokushaja noma ukushajwa, njengoba ukufundwa kuzobe kunganembile). Ukufundwa kwamandla kagesi aphezulu ngokungaguquki{2}}ngaphezulu kuka-4.2V ngeseli ye-lithium evamile-i-ion-iqinisekisa izinkinga zokushajwa ngokweqile.

Ukuvuza kubonakala ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu. Izinsalela zempuphu emhlophe eduze kwamatheminali noma ukugeleza okuwuketshezi ekesi yebhethri kubonisa ukuphuma kwe-electrolyte. Lokhu kuyingozi; i-lithium battery electrolytes iqukethe izinto ezinobuthi nezivuthayo. Amabhethri avuzayo akufanele asetshenziswe.

Iphunga lixwayisa ngokuwohloka kwamakhemikhali. Iphunga lesibabule-elifana noma lekhemikhali elimnandi elivela ebhethrini, ikakhulukazi phakathi noma ngemva kokushajwa, liphakamisa ukubola kwe-electrolyte ngenxa yokushisa ngokweqile. Leli phunga ngokuvamile landulela ukwehluleka okukhulu kakhulu.

Ukungahambisani kokusebenza kuveza ukungalingani kweseli. Uma idivayisi ivala kungazelelwe naphezu kokubonisa ukushajwa okungu-30-40% okusele, amanye amaseli ephaketheni lebhethri angalimala ngenxa yokushajwa ngokweqile kuyilapho amanye egcina umthamo.

Overcharging

Amasu okuvimbela ayahluka ngokusebenza, kusukela kuzinto zikagesi ezithengwayo ezincane ukuya-kusitoreji esikhulu samandla.

Ama-Smartphones kanye nama-laptops: Imishini yesimanje ihlanganisa ukuphathwa kwamandla okuyinkimbinkimbi okuvimbela ngokobuchwepheshe ukushajwa ngokweqile kwangempela. Isifunda sokushaja simisa ukugeleza kwamanje kumthamo ongu-100%. Kodwa-ke, ukugcina amadivaysi exhunywe njalo kudala imijikelezo yokushaja kancane{3}}amanani amancane wamandla agcwalisa ukukhishwa okwenziwa ngokwemvelo, okubangela{4}}imijikelezo emincane. Nakuba kungashajeli ngokweqile ngokobuchwepheshe, lokhu kukhiqiza ukushisa futhi kucindezele ibhethri. Ukuzijwayeza okuphelele kuhilela ukunqamula ipulaki lapho ishajwe ngokugcwele noma ukusebenzisa izici zokushaja eziguquguqukayo ezitholakala kumadivayisi amasha afunda amaphethini okusebenzisa futhi alibazise ukushajwa okuphelele kuze kube kudingekile.

Izimoto zikagesi: Ama-EV asebenzisa amasistimu e-BMS athuthukile alawula amakhulukhulu amaseli. Lawa masistimu asebenzisa izendlalelo eziningi zokuvikela:-ukuqapha izinga leseli, ukuphathwa kwe-thermal ngokusebenzisa ukupholisa uketshezi, kanye{2}}nemikhawulo yokukhokhiswa ephoqelelwe yesofthiwe. Ama-EV amaningi avumela abanikazi ukuthi babeke amazinga enkokhiso aphezulu-80% noma u-90% kuno-100% -okusetshenziswa nsuku zonke, begcina izindleko ezigcwele zohambo olude. Lokhu kunciphisa ingcindezi evela ezifundeni zamandla kagesi aphezulu. Ukushaja ngamanani aphansi (Ileveli 1 noma Izinga 2) kunokushaja okusheshayo kwe-DC nakho kunciphisa ingcuphe yokukhokhiswa ngokweqile ngokuvumela ukuphathwa okungcono kokushisa.

Amathuluzi Amandla Namadivayisi Wokuzilibazisa: Amabhethri e-lithium polymer avamile ezimotweni ze-RC, ama-drones, namathuluzi angenazintambo adinga ukuqapha ngokucophelela. Sebenzisa amashaja adizayinelwe ngokuqondile umthamo webhethri nokubalwa kwamaseli. Ukushaja ibhalansi kuqinisekisa ukuthi wonke amaseli afinyelela ku-voltage efanayo. Ungalokothi ushiye lawa mabhethri kumashaja engagadiwe isikhathi eside. Isitoreji kokuthi 3.7-3.8V iseli ngalinye (cishe inkokhiso engu-40-50%) esikhundleni sokushajwa ngokugcwele kunciphisa ukuwohloka kwesikhathi eside.

Isitoreji Samandla Avuselelekayo: Amasistimu ebhethri lasekhaya ahamba ngebhayisikili nsuku zonke esuka kumaphaneli elanga adinga ukuvikelwa okuqinile kwe-BMS kanye nokulungiselelwa okufanele kwesilawuli sokushaja. Isilawuli sokushaja kufanele sihambisane nokucaciswa kwekhemistri yebhethri. Ngamabhethri e-LiFePO4, lokhu ngokuvamile kusho u-14.4-14.6V kumasistimu ajwayelekile angu-12V. I-voltage ye-float float ngendlela efanele-imvamisa engu-13.4-13.6V ye-LiFePO4-ivimbela ukushajwa okuqhubekayo ngemva kokuba ibhethri lifinyelela umthamo.

Izicelo zasolwandle kanye ne-RV: Amabhethri omthofu{0}}ayelawula lezi zinhlelo zokusebenza ngokomlando kodwa ukwamukelwa kwe-lithium{1}}kuyanda. Lapho kufakwa kabusha amabhethri e-lithium kumasistimu adizayinelwe i-asidi yomthofu{{3}, isistimu yokushaja kufanele imiswe kabusha. Amandla wokushaja umthofu-(14.8V noma ngaphezulu) azoshaja amakhemikhali amaningi e-lithium. Ukufaka ishaja ye-lithium{8}}ehambisanayo noma isiguquli kuvimbela umonakalo.

Izisetshenziswa zezimboni kanye ne-Warehouse: Ama-Forklift nezinye izisetshenziswa zezimboni ziya ngokuya zisebenzisa amabhethri e-lithium-ion ukuze akwazi ukushaja ngokushesha kanye nempilo yomjikelezo omude. Lokhu kufakwa kuhlomula ekushajweni kwethuba{2}kuseshini yokushaja isikhashana ngesikhathi sekhefu kunezindleko ezigcwele zasebusuku. I-BMS kufanele isekele le phethini yokusetshenziswa ngaphandle kokuqongelela umonakalo ovela emijikelezweni yokushaja engaphelele noma ivimbele ukushajwa ngokweqile ngesikhathi sokuphumula esinwetshiwe.

Izinga lokushisa{0}}ukushaja okuncikile kwengeza ubunkimbinkimbi kumasistimu okuvimbela. Amabhethri e-Lithium-ion akumele ashaje ngaphansi kuka-0℃(32℃F) njengoba lokhu kuthuthukisa i-lithium plating ngisho nakuma-voltage avamile. Amasistimu e-BMS ekhwalithi akhubaza ukushaja ngaphansi kwalo mkhawulo futhi angase anike amandla ukufudumala kwamaseli ngaphambi kokuvumela ukugeleza kwamanje.

Ukungasebenzi kahle kweshaja kudala izingozi zokushajwa ngokweqile naphezu kokuvikelwa kwebhethri. Ukuqonda izindlela zokuhluleka kusiza ukukhomba izimo eziyingozi ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke umonakalo.

Ukuhluleka kokulawula ugesi kuphezulu ohlwini lwezinkinga zeshaja. Amashaja asebenzisa izilawuli ze-voltage ukuze zigcine ukuphuma kuzinzile. Uma lezi zingxenye zingaphumeleli{2}ngokuvamile kusukela eminyakeni yobudala, ingcindezi yokushisa, noma ukuphakama kwamandla{3}}okuphumayo kungakhuphuka ngaphezu kokucaciswayo. Ishaja elinganiselwe ku-4.2V ingase ilethe i-5V noma ngaphezulu, amasekhethi avikela ibhethri amakhulu kakhulu.

Izinkinga zamanje zokulawula zidala izimo ezingasheshi kodwa ezilimaza ngokulinganayo. Amashaja aklanyelwe ukutepha amandla njengoba amabhethri esondela ekushajweni okugcwele kwesinye isikhathi ayahluleka{1}kumodi yamanje engashintshi, eqhubeka nokuphusha i-amperage enkulu ngisho nasemandleni kagesi aphezulu. Lokhu kuphoqa amandla engeziwe ebhethri, okukhiqiza ukushisa nokucindezela.

Amashaja ajwayelekile noma omgunyathi adala ubungozi obuthile. Le mikhiqizo ingase ingabi namasekhethi okulawula afanele, isebenzise izingxenye ezisezingeni eliphansi, noma ibe namaphutha edizayini. Ukuhlola okwenziwa izinhlangano zokuphepha kwabathengi kuhlala kuthola amashaja ashibhile edlula amandla kagesi aphephile kanye nokucaciswa kwamanje. Ukonga kwezindleko kuyanyamalala uma kucekela phansi ibhethri noma kudala izingozi zomlilo.

Amashaja angahambisani alimaza amabhethri ngogesi kanye nokungafani kwamanje. Ukusebenzisa ishaja yefoni engu-5V kudivayisi engu-3.7V, noma ishaja edizayinelwe amabhethri e-nickel-asekelwe kumaseli e-lithium{4}}eion, kuqinisekisa izinkinga. Njalo qinisekisa ukuthi ukucaciswa kweshaja kufana nezidingo zebhethri.

Ukulimala ngokomzimba kumashaja ngenxa yokuwa, ukuchayeka emanzini, noma izinkinga zekhebula kungashintsha izici zikagesi. Izintambo eziphukile zidala ukumelana okushintsha ukuziphatha kokushaja. Ukulimala kwamanzi kungase kubangele amasekhethi amafushane ngaphakathi kweshaja, okuholela ekuphumeni okungalawuleki.

Izibalo zophenyo lokuphepha komkhiqizo zibonisa izehlakalo ezihlobene neshaja{0}ezibangela cishe u-25% wokuhluleka kwebhethri ye-lithium{2}}ion. Ukukhetha kahle ishaja, ukuhlolwa ngezikhathi ezithile komonakalo, kanye nokushintshwa kwamayunithi asebekhulile kunciphisa kakhulu ingcuphe yokushaja ngokweqile.

Akuwona wonke amabhethri e-lithium{0}}ion aphendula ngokufanayo ekushajweni ngokweqile. I-Chemistry inquma amazinga okubekezelelana nezindlela zokwehluleka.

I-Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LCO): Ivamile kuma-smartphones namakhompyutha aphathekayo, i-LCO inikeza ukuminyana kwamandla okuphezulu kodwa ukubekezelela ukukhokhiswa ngokweqile okungekuhle. I-cathode iba nokungazinzi kakhulu ngaphezu kuka-4.2V, ikhipha umoya-mpilo osabela ngobudlova ne-electrolyte. Amabhethri e-LCO adinga imikhawulo eqinile kagesi kanye nokuvikelwa okuqinile kwe-BMS. Ukushaja ngokweqile ngisho no-0.1V kusheshisa ukuwohloka ngokuphawulekayo.

I-Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4): Eyaziwa ngokuphepha, i-LiFePO4 iphatha ukushaja kangcono kunamanye amakhemikhali ngenxa yesakhiwo se-iron phosphate cathode esizinzile. I-voltage plateau iphansi (3.65V ngeseli) futhi iyacaba, okwenza ukushajwa ngokweqile kube mancane amathuba. Noma ishajwe ngokweqile, i-LiFePO4 ikhiqiza ukushisa okuncane negesi. Kodwa-ke, ukushajwa ngokweqile okuphindaphindiwe kusabangela ukulahlekelwa umthamo unomphela kanye nempilo yomjikelezo ibe mfushane. Ukwenyuka kokumelana kwangaphakathi okuvela ekushajweni ngokweqile kuyanqwabelana ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ekugcineni kwenze amaseli angasebenziseki.

I-Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC): Isetshenziswa kakhulu ezimotweni zikagesi, i-NMC ibhalansisa ukuminyana kwamandla ngokuzinza okuhloniphekile. I-voltage enkulu ngokuvamile ifinyelela ku-4.2V ngeseli. I-NMC ibekezelela ukushajwa ngokweqile okuncane kune-LCO kodwa kubi kune-LiFePO4. Izinga lokuzifudumeza-ngesikhathi sokushajwa ngokweqile liphansi kune-LCO, linikeza isikhathi esithe xaxa sokuthi amasistimu okuvikela aphendule ngaphambi kokubaleka kokushisa.

I-Lithium Manganese Oxide (LMO): Amathuluzi wamandla namadivayisi wezokwelapha asebenzisa i-LMO ngamanani ayo aphezulu okukhishwa kanye nokuzinza kwe-thermal. Isakhiwo-sezinhlangothi ezintathu zomgogodla sivumela ukunyakaza kwe-lithium ion ngokushesha kodwa sikhawulela impilo yomjikelezo ngisho nangaphansi kwezimo ezivamile. Ukushaja ngokweqile kusheshisa-umthamo okhona kakade, ngokuvamile kunciphisa ukuphila okusebenzisekayo kusuka kumjikelezo we-700 kuya ku-300-400.

I-Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminium Oxide (NCA): I-Tesla namanye ama-EV e-premium asebenzisa i-NCA ngokuminyana kwamandla okukhethekile. Kodwa-ke, i-NCA ibalwa phakathi kwamakhemikhali azinzile kancane uma ekhokhiswa ngokweqile. Okuqukethwe kwe-nickel ephezulu kwenza i-cathode isebenze kuma-voltage aphakeme. Le khemistri idinga ukuphathwa okushisayo kwe-thermal kanye nokulawulwa kwe-voltage okunembile.

Ucwaningo lwakamuva mayelana nokushajwa ngokweqile-lapho amabhethri eshaja khona ngale kwemikhawulo kunokuhlala-embula umonakalo okhulayo kuwo wonke amakhemistri. Ngisho nemicimbi yokukhokhisa ngokweqile emfushane idala izinguquko zesakhiwo esincanyana kakhulu: ukuqhekeka kwezinhlayiyana ze-cathode, ukuhlakazeka kwensimbi eguqukayo, namadiphozithi angaphezulu kwe-anode. Iziqephu eziningi zihlanganisa le miphumela, zichaza ukuthi kungani amabhethri kwesinye isikhathi ashajwa ngokweqile ehla ngokushesha kunamaphethini okusebenzisa ewodwa abikezelayo.

Overcharging

Izinga lokushisa lithinta kakhulu kokubili amathuba okushajwa ngokweqile kanye nobukhulu bemiphumela. Izindawo ezibandayo nezishisayo zidala izinselele ezahlukene.

Amazinga okushisa aphansi andisa ingozi yokushajwa ngokweqile ngokusebenzisa ukumelana okuphezulu kwangaphakathi. -Ku-10℃, ukumelana kwebhethri le-lithium-ion kungase kuphindeke kabili noma kathathu uma kuqhathaniswa nezinga lokushisa legumbi. Lokhu kumelana okuphezulu kubangela i-voltage inyuke ngokushesha phakathi nokushaja okokufaka okufanayo kwamanje. Amashaja aqapha amandla kagesi ebhethri kuphela angase ahumushe amandla kagesi aphezulu njengokusondela ekushajweni okugcwele, kodwa lokhu kubonisa ukumelana nangaphakathi kunesimo sangempela sokushajwa. Ukuqhubeka nokushaja bese kushaja ibhethri ngokweqile.

Isimo sezulu esibandayo siphinde sikhuthaze i-lithium plating emazingeni aphansi e-overcharge kunezimo ezifudumele. Ngokuvamile ama-ion e-lithium kufanele afinyelele i-anode futhi afake phakathi kwezingqimba ze-graphite. Amazinga okushisa abandayo anciphisa le nqubo yokuhlanganisa. Ama-ion anqwabelana endaweni ye-anode esikhundleni salokho, enze amadiphozithi ensimbi. Lokhu plating kungaqala ngama-voltage angaphansi kwalawo abhekwa njengokushaja ngokweqile ekamelweni lokushisa.

Izifundo ezivela ku-2024 ezihlola amaseli e-LFP ku--10℃ezitholwe ukushaja ngokweqile ku-4.0-4.8V kubangele ukuwohloka okusheshayo. Amandla ehle ngo-30-40% ngemva kwemijikelezo yokushaja engama-50 kuphela, uma kuqhathaniswa nokulahlekelwa okungu-5-10% kokusebenza kwezinga lokushisa legumbi. Umkhawulo ophansi wokuqhuma (LEL) wamagesi aphumayo ashisayo nawo wehlile, okusho ukunqwabelana kwegesi okuncane okudingekayo ezimweni zokuqhuma.

Amazinga okushisa aphezulu adala inkinga ephambene{0}}anciphisa isikhathi phakathi kokutholwa kokushajwa ngokweqile kanye nokubaleka kokushisa. Ukushisa kusheshisa konke ukusebenza kwamakhemikhali ebhethrini. Ibhethri elishajewe ngokweqile elingu-40℃lingase lifinyelele ekubalekeni okushisayo phakathi namaminithi, kuyilapho ukushajwa ngokweqile okufanayo ngo-20℃kungathatha amaminithi angu-30. Leli windi lokuphendula elifushanisiwe lehlisa ukusebenza kwezinhlelo zokuvikela.

Ukushisa kwe-ambient kwengeza ekushiseni okukhiqizwa ngaphakathi okuvela ekushajweni ngokweqile, okudala iluphu yempendulo. Ukushajwa kwebhethri emotweni eshisayo (izinga lokushisa elingaphakathi kwamadigri angu-60) liqala kuzinga lokushisa eliphakeme. Ukushaja ngokweqile kudala ukushisa okwengeziwe. Inhlanganisela iphushela izinga lokushisa kumabanga ayingozi ngokushesha kunanoma iyiphi into iyodwa.

Ukuhluka kwesizini ezigamekweni zebhethri kubonisa lo mphumela wezinga lokushisa. Iminyango yomlilo ibika ukusha kwebhethri ye-lithium{1}}yengeziwe phakathi nezinyanga zasehlobo, nokushajwa ngokweqile namazinga okushisa aphezulu adala izinhlanganisela eziyingozi. Ngokufanayo, ubusika buletha izinkinga eziningi zokushaja{3}ezihlobene njengoba amabhethri abandayo ehlangabezana nezinkinga zangaphakathi zokumelana.

Izinga lokushisa elilungile lokushaja lamabhethri e-lithium{0}}i-ion liwela phakathi kuka-10-no-30℃. Ngaphandle kwalolu banga, amanani enkokhiso kufanele ehle ukuze anxephezele imiphumela yezinga lokushisa. Amasistimu e-BMS athuthukisiwe ahlanganisa ama-algorithms esinxephezelo sezinga lokushisa alungisa amapharamitha wokushaja ngokusekelwe kuzinga lokushisa kwebhethri, avimbele ukushajwa ngokweqile okuhlobene nezinga lokushisa.

Igama elithi "ukushaja ngokweqile" lidlulela ngalé kwamabhethri liye ezizindeni zezomnotho nezomthetho, lapho lichaza ukushaja izintengo ezeqile noma ukungeza izindleko zobugebengu ezingathetheleleki.

Ezinkokhelweni zebhizinisi, ukukhokhisa ngokweqile kusho ukufuna inkokhelo edlula{0}}izintengo okuvunyelwene ngazo noma ezifanele. Usonkontileka okhokhisa u-$5,000 ngomsebenzi okuvunyelwene ngawo ngo-$3,500 ukhokhisa ngokweqile. Ngokufanayo, izindawo zokudlela ezengeza izinto ezikweletini ezinga-odwanga noma ukubala isamba ngokungalungile kuhlanganisa ukushaja ngokweqile. Imibhalo yezomnotho ikuchaza ngokuqondile njengomehluko wentengo phakathi kwezintengo zemakethe ezihlangene nezintengo zokuqhathanisa eziqhudelanayo.

Imithetho yokuvikela abathengi ezindaweni eziningi ikhuluma ngokukhokhiswa ngokweqile kwezentengiso. Amabhizinisi atholwe ekhokhisa ngokweqile ngendlela ehlelekile abhekana nezinhlawulo, izimfuneko zokubuyiselwa imali, namacala obugebengu angaba khona okukhwabanisa. Ubunzima buncike enjongweni{2}}emaphutha okukhokha ezikhathi ezithile athola isijeziso esincane kunezinhlelo zamabomu zokukhipha izinkokhelo ezeqile.

Ngaphakathi kwezinhlelo zomthetho, ukukhokhiswa ngokweqile kwabashushisi kuchaza ukufaka amacala abucayi kakhulu kunokusekelwa ubufakazi. Abashushisi bangase bakhokhise-izinga lesibili lokubulala uma ubufakazi busikisela ukubulala umuntu kuphela, okuveza isimo esiqinile sokuxoxisana ngecala. Abameli bokuvikela bahlukanisa phakathi kokushaja ngokweqile okuvundlile (ukuphindaphinda izinsolo ngokungenangqondo) nokushaja ngokweqile okuqondile (ukushaja kumazinga aphezulu ngokungafanele). Nakuba izinkantolo zingawukhuthazi lo mkhuba, izindinganiso ezingaba imbangela zenza kube nzima ukuhoxiswa kwamacala akhokhiswe ngokweqile.

Lokhu -okungasetshenzisiwe kwebhethri "kokushajwa ngokweqile" kwabelana ngetimu evamile nokushajwa kwebhethri: ukweqa imikhawulo efanele kudala izinkinga. Njengoba ugesi omningi ulimaza amabhethri, izindleko ezeqile kwezohwebo noma emthethweni zidala izimo ezingalungile ezidinga ukungenelela.

Ama-smartphones esimanje akhe{0}}ezivikelayo eziyeka ukushaja ngomthamo ongu-100%, ezivimbela ukushajwa ngokweqile okungokwesiko. Kodwa-ke, ukugcina amafoni exhunyiwe ngokuqhubekayo kubangela imijikelezo yokushaja edonsayo eyenza ukushisa futhi icindezele ibhethri ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lokhu kushisa kunciphisa kancane kancane ukuphila kwebhethri. Ukunqamula lapho kushajwe ngokugcwele noma kusetshenziswa izici zokushaja eziguquguqukayo kuthuthukisa impilo yebhethri.

Amaseli e-lithium-ajwayelekile ion ashaja ngokweqile uma i-voltage idlula u-4.2V iseli ngalinye. Ngebhethri ephathwayo enamaseli angu-3, lokhu kusho amandla ombane angaphezu kuka-12.6V abonisa ukushajwa ngokweqile. Amabhethri e-lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) anemikhawulo ephansi, ngokuvamile engu-3.65V ngeseli. Ukuhlola i-voltage kudinga ibhethri ukuthi liphumule amahora ambalwa ukuze lifunde kahle, njengoba amandla kagesi enyuka okwesikhashana ngesikhathi sokushajwa okusebenzayo noma ukushajwa.

Isikhathi sokwehluleka sincike ebucayini bokushajwa ngokweqile kanye namakhemikhali ebhethri. Ukushaja ngokweqile kungabangela ukubaleka okushisayo phakathi nemizuzu ukuya emahoreni. Ukushaja ngokweqile okuthambile okungapheli kwehlisa umthamo phakathi kwamaviki kuya ezinyangeni, ibhethri libonisa ukulahlekelwa kwamandla angu-20-30% ngemva kwemijikelezo engu-50-100 uma kuqhathaniswa nokusebenza okuvamile. Amabhethri anamasistimu okuvikela asebenzayo ngokuvamile awahluleki ngendlela eyingozi kodwa alahlekelwa ukusebenza kancane kancane.

Ukushajwa ngokweqile kudala umonakalo unomphela ezintweni zebhethri ezingakwazi ukuhlehliswa. Izinhlayiya ze-cathode ziyaqhekeka, i-lithium plating ihlala kuma-anode, futhi ukubola kwe-electrolyte akubuyiseleki emuva. Nakuba ukumisa ukushajwa okwengeziwe kuvimbela umonakalo owengeziwe, umthamo olahlekile ngaphambilini awukwazi ukubuyiselwa. Amabhethri ashajwe kakhulu abonisa ukuvuvukala, ukuvuza, noma umthamo ongaphansi kuka-60% wangempela kufanele kushintshwe kunokuthi uzame ukulungisa.

Impilo yebhethri nokuphepha kuncike ezindleleni zokushaja ezifanele. Ukuqonda izindlela zokushaja ngokweqile kusiza ukuvikela umonakalo noma ngabe ushaja i-smartphone ngobusuku obubodwa noma uphatha imoto kagesi. Amasistimu okuvikela athuthuke kakhulu, okwenza ukwehluleka okuyinhlekelele kungavamile uma okokusebenza kusebenza kahle. Ukuhlolwa okuvamile kwamashaja namabhethri, izinqubo ezifanele zokulondoloza, nokunaka izimo zokushisa kugcina ukusebenza kwebhethri esikhathini esihlosiwe sempilo.

Ukuvela kwekhemistri yebhethri kuqhubekela ekwakhiweni okuphephile. Amabhethri esimo esiqinile-asathuthukiswayo njengamanje athembisa ukumelana nokushajwa ngokweqile ngokufaka ama-electrolyte avuthayo avuthayo ngezinto eziqinile ezizinzile. Kuze kube yilapho lobu buchwepheshe buvuthwa, amasistimu okuvikela akhona kakade ahlanganiswe nezinqubo zabasebenzisi ezinolwazi zinikeza ukuphepha okuthembekile kwezigidigidi zamabhethri e-lithium{3}}ion asetshenziswa nsuku zonke.