Ungawashintsha Nini Amabhethri e-Lithium Ion?

battery lithium ion

Idivayisi yakho ifile kokungu-40%. Futhi. Noma mhlawumbe kushisa ngokwanele ukuthosa iqanda ngesikhathi sokushaja okulula. Lokhu akuzona izinto eziyindida-zingezakhoibhethri lithium ioniphakethe limemeza lifuna ukushintshwa.

Nali iqiniso akekho ofuna ukulizwa: ngisho namaseli e-lithium e-premium awonakala kusukela osukwini lokuqala. Umbuzo awukona ukuthi "uma" kodwa "nini." Ugeja izimpawu eziyisixwayiso, futhi ugembula ngayo yonke into kusukela kumadivayisi akhiwe ngezitini kuya ezingozini zomlilo ezingaba khona. Ngihlaziye izinkulungwane zokuhluleka kwebhethri kuwo wonke ama-electronics omthengi, ama-EV, namasistimu wezimboni. Amaphethini acacile, ayabikezelwa, futhi ayavinjelwa ngokuphelele-uma wazi ukuthi yini okufanele uyibheke.

Lona akuwona omunye umhlahlandlela webhethri ojwayelekile. Ngizokukhombisa izinkomba eziqondile zobuchwepheshe ezihlukanisa ibhethri lapho selizophela khona neselivele liyingozi. Uzofunda ukuthi kungani "umthetho weminyaka emi-2-3" wemboni uwumbhedo ophelelwe yisikhathi, uqonde izindleko ezifihliwe zokulinda isikhathi eside, futhi uthole ukuthi ungayiminyanisa kanjani impilo ephezulu otshalweni lwakho ngaphambi kokuthi ukushintshwa kuphuthume.

Impendulo emfushane

Shintshanisa ibhethri lakho le-lithium ion lapho uqaphela ukukhishwa okusheshayo (ukukhipha u-30%+ ngokushesha kunentsha), izikhathi zokushaja ezinwetshiwe (ezingu-2x+ ubude), ukuvuvukala komzimba, ukushisa okungapheli okungaphezu kwamazinga okushisa avamile okusebenza, ukuvala shaqa okungalindelekile, noma umthamo wehla ngaphansi kuka-80% woqobo lwangempela. Ungalindi ukwehluleka okuyinhlekelele-lezi zimpawu zibonisa ukufa kwebhethri okuseduze noma izingozi zokuphepha eziba zimbi ngokushesha.

Ukufa kwebhethri akuveli kungazelelwe-kuyimpi yamakhemikhali ehamba kancane eyenzekayo kuwo wonke amaseli.

I-Lithium ions shuttle phakathi kwama-electrode phakathi nomjikelezo wokushaja ngamunye. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lokhu emuva{1}naphambili{2}}kudala umonakalo omncane kakhulu. Ungqimba oluqinile lwe-electrolyte interphase (SEI) lujiya njenge-arterial plaque. Amapuleti e-lithium ku-anode esikhundleni sokuhlangana kahle. Izinto ezisebenzayo ziyaqhekeka ngaphansi kwengcindezi yokwanda nokufinyela.

Ukuwohloka kuyashesha ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile.Ukushisa ngaphezu kuka-30℃({1}}℃F) kuphinda kabili izinga lokuguga. Ukukhishwa okujulile okungaphansi kwama-20% kugqoka i-cathode ngokushesha. Ngisho nokuhlala ungasetshenzisiwe ngokushaja okungu-100% kubangela ukusabela kwe-oxidation okunciphisa umthamo unomphela.

Ucwaningo oluvela ku-Pacific Northwest National Laboratory lubonisa amaseli e-lithium cobalt oxide ngokuvamile aphila imijikelezo engu-500-1000 egcwele ngaphambi kokufinyelela umthamo ongu-80%{5}}womkhawulo womkhakha "wokuphela kwempilo." Kodwa lokho kungaphansi kwezimo eziphelele. Ukusetshenziswa komhlaba wangempela? Izibalo zishintsha kakhulu.

Izinga lokushisa libaluleke kakhulu kunalokho abaningi abakucabangayo. Ibhethri eligcinwe ku-40℃lilahlekelwa amandla angu-35% ngonyaka ngisho nangaphandle kokusetshenziswa, uma kuqhathaniswa no-6% kuphela kuma-degree angu-25. Lokhu kuchaza ukuthi kungani amafoni asezimotweni ezishisayo eguga ngokushesha kunalawo asemahhovisi alawulwa yisimo sezulu-.

Amabhethri esimanje ahlanganisa Amasistimu Okulawula Ibhethri (BMS) aklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukuhlukumeza okubi kakhulu. Lawa masekhethi aqapha i-voltage yeselula, izinga lokushisa, kanye namanje, avimbele ukushajwa ngokweqile kanye nokukhishwa okujulile. Uma i-BMS yakho yehluleka, ukuwohloka okusheshisiwe kulandela emavikini ambalwa.

Izinga lokuhluleka kwekhwalithi yamaseli e-lithium ion lihlala eduze kwesigidi esingu-1 kweziyi-10 ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile. Nokho ngamayunithi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-12 adliwe emhlabeni wonke ngo-2024, ngisho nalelo phesenti elincane lidala izigidi zokuhluleka okungaba khona minyaka yonke. Umsebenzi wakho: qaphela lapho owakho ujoyina leso sibalo ngaphambi kokuthi sibe yinkinga.

Ukubona ukwehluleka kwebhethri kusenesikhathi kwehlukanisa abasebenzisi abahlakaniphile nalabo abasebenzelana namadivayisi afile ngezikhathi ezibucayi.

Isilinganiso Sokukhipha Ngokushesha

Ifoni yakho yathatha usuku lonke ezinyangeni eziyisithupha ezedlule. Manje iyafa ngo-3 PM ngokusetshenziswa okufanayo. Lokhu kufiphala kwamandla kubonisa ukuthi ukumelana kwangaphakathi kwenyuke ngaphezu kwamazinga amukelekayo.

Izinombolo zixoxa indaba: uma isikhathi sokusebenza sehla ngo-30% noma ngaphezulu sisuka kokusha, ukuwohloka kwamakhemikhali kubeke engozini ikhono leseli lokuletha amandla agciniwe. Abakhiqizi bavamise ukukala amabhethri 2-iminyaka emi-3 noma imijikelezo yokushaja engu-500-noma yikuphi okuza kuqala. Abasebenzisi abakhulu bafika ngokushesha kulowo mkhawulo.

Ukuhlola kuveza ukuthi amabhethri e-lithium cobalt oxide ku-elekthronikhi yabathengi alahlekelwa cishe umthamo ongu-20% ngemva konyaka wawo wokuqala wokuhamba ngebhayisikili nsuku zonke. Ngonyaka wesithathu, umthamo wehla ufike ku-60-70% woqobo. Lokho kushaywa okungu-40% kwenzeka kancane kancane, bese kungazelelwe.

Izikhathi zokushaja Ezandisiwe

Ukushaja okusheshayo okwake kwathatha amaminithi angu-90 manje kudinga amahora amathathu{1}}ifulegi elibomvu elikhuphukile ukumelana kwangaphakathi.

Njengoba amabhethri ekhula, ama-ion e-lithium alwela ukufuduka ngokusebenzisa izendlalelo ze-SEI ezishubile. Ibhethri alikwazi ukwamukela okwamanje ngokushesha. Ishaja yakho isebenza isikhathi esengeziwe izama ukusunduza ama-electron ezindleleni eziba namandla okungezwani.

Lokhu akuhlali kubonakala kusibonisi sokushaja. Kwesinye isikhathi ibhethri livela ligcwele kodwa libamba amandla angempela amancane kakhulu. I-voltage ifundeka kahle, kodwa umthamo otholakalayo uphahlazekile. Kufana nokugcwalisa ibhakede elivuzayo{3}}igeji ibonisa igcwele, kodwa okuqukethwe kwangempela kuyadumaza.

Ukuvuvukala Emzimbeni noma Ukuqunjelwa

Ibhethri elikhukhumele liyibhethri elihlulekayo. Akukho okuhlukile.

Ukukhiqizwa kwegesi ngaphakathi kweseli kubangela lokhu kuguqulwa. Kwenzeka lapho ukubola kwe-electrolyte kushesha-ngokuvamile kusukela ekushiseni ngokweqile, ekushajeni ngokweqile, noma kumasekhethi amafushane angaphakathi. Lelo qhubu limelela ingcindezi evela kumakhemikhali okungafanele kwenzeke.

Ngibone amabhethri ekhukhumala ngokwanele ukuthi angahlakaza izikrini zefoni ngaphakathi. Ucwaningo olulodwa lwango-2024 lwabhala ibhethri lekhompuyutha elinwebeka ngo-40% ngaphezu kobukhulu bangempela ngaphambi kokuba umnikazi abone. Ngaleso sikhathi, ingozi yokuqhekeka{4}kanye nomlilo ongaba khona{5}iba nkulu.

Ungalokothi ubhoboze noma ucindezele ibhethri elivuvukele. I-electrolyte evuthayo ngaphansi kwengcindezi idala izingozi ezinkulu zokulimala.

Ukushisa Okuqhubekayo

Amabhethri afudumala ngokwemvelo ngesikhathi sokushaja nokusetshenziswa kanzima. Kodwa ukushisa okudlulele{1}}ngaphezu kuka-45℃(113 degrees F) phakathi nokusebenza okuvamile{4}}kuphawula izinkinga zangaphakathi.

Ukushisa ngokweqile kusheshisa yonke indlela yokuwohloka ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ilimaza ulwelwesi lwesihlukanisi oluvimbela i-cathode{1}}ukuxhumana kwe-anode. Ithuthukisa ukuwohloka kwe-electrolyte. Ikhuthaza ukwakheka kwe-dendrite okungabhoboza izihlukanisi futhi kubangele izikhindi.

Umphumela we-Arrhenius ubeka ukuthi izinga lokushisa ngalinye le-10℃liphinda kabili izinga lokuphendula kwamakhemikhali. Ibhethri elisebenza ngokushisa njalo liguga ngokushesha okukhulu. Okufanele kuhlale iminyaka emithathu kungase kuhluleke ezinyangeni ezingu-18.

Amasistimu e-Smart BMS afaka ukuvikela ukuvala shaqa okushisayo. Uma idivayisi yakho ikwenza lokhu njalo, ikhemistri yangaphakathi yebhethri ingasebenzi.

Ukuvala Amandla Okungalindelekile

Ibhethri lakho lifunda u-45%, bese idivayisi iyafa ngaso leso sikhathi. Noma ibonisa ukuthi ishajwe ngokugcwele kodwa ivala ngaphansi komthwalo omncane.

Lokhu kuncipha kwamandla kagesi kubonisa ukuthi ibhethri ayikwazi ukusekela ukulethwa kwamanje. Njengoba kukhula ukumelana nangaphakathi, i-voltage yehla kakhulu ngaphansi komthwalo naphezu kokuthi{1}}ukufunda{2}}kokushaja kubonakala kujwayelekile. Amasekhethi okuvikela edivayisi abona ukuwa kwe-voltage futhi aphoqelele ukuvala ukuze kuvinjwe umonakalo.

Lokhu kuvalwa kwezipoki kuvame kakhulu njengoba umthamo ufiphala. Ekugcineni, ibhethri ligcina lingasasebenziseki ngisho nalapho inkomba yokushajwa iphakamisa okuhlukile. Kufana nemoto ezima kuzo zonke izibani-ezisebenza ngobuchwepheshe, kodwa ingenamsebenzi walutho.

Ukushaja Okungahambisani

Ibhethri lishaja lifike ku-100%, lehle liye ku-90% khona manjalo, bese libamba linganyakazi amahora. Noma iyenqaba ukukhokhisa u-80% odlule naphezu kokuthi ibonakala inempilo.

Lokhu kungahambi kahle kukhomba ukungalingani kwamaseli kumaphakethe-amaseli amaningi. Amaseli ngamanye aguga ngamanani ahlukene. Uma iseli eyodwa ochungechungeni lweyunithi yezinhlamvu ifinyelela imikhawulo yamandla, lonke ukusebenza kwephekhi konakala. I-BMS izama ukunxephezela, idale impatho yokushaja engaqondakali.

Ukungalingani kweseli kuphinde kuchaze ukuthi kungani amanye amabhethri ehluleka kungazelelwe ngemva kokubonakala ekahle. Iseli elibuthakathaka lishaya ukucekelwa phansi okubucayi, lihudulela phansi lonke iphekhi.

Amandla angaphansi kuka-80% Woqobo

Lona umkhawulo wezobuchwepheshe lapho ukushintshwa kuba nengqondo ngokwezomnotho.

Ngomthamo ongu-80%, ibhethri lisasebenza kodwa alisafinyeleli ukucaciswa kwedizayini yalo. Emotweni kagesi enebanga lamamayela angu-300-uma iyintsha, umthamo ongu-80% usho amamayela angu-240-ukushaya okungu-20% okuba nomthelela omkhulu ekusebenziseni.

Amandla okuhlola adinga amathuluzi ayinkimbinkimbi noma amathuluzi esofthiwe aqapha imijikelezo yokushaja. Imishini eminingi yesimanje ihlanganisa izinkomba zempilo yebhethri ezibonisa umthamo omkhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nomthamo wokuklama. Uma leyo nombolo ishona ngaphansi kwama-80%, hlela ukushintshwa maduzane.

Ukuqagela impilo yebhethri ukugembula. Nansi indlela yokwazi ngokuqinisekile.

Yakhelwe-Ngamathuluzi Okuxilonga

Ama-iPhone asebenzisa i-iOS 11.3+ abonisa impilo yebhethri ngaphansi kokuthi Izilungiselelo → Ibhethri → Impilo Yebhethri. Lokhu kubonisa amaphesenti omthamo omkhulu kanye nokuthi ibhethri iyakusekela yini ukusebenza okuphezulu.

I-Android iyahlukahluka kumkhiqizi, kodwa eziningi zihlanganisa izibalo zebhethri ngaphansi kokuthi Izilungiselelo → Ibhethri → Ukusetshenziswa Kwebhethri. Izinhlelo zokusebenza-zezinkampani zangaphandle ezifana ne-AccuBattery zinikeza izilinganiso zomthamo ezinemininingwane emijikelezweni yokushaja eminingi.

Amakhompyutha aphathekayo eWindows abika impilo yebhethri ngomyalo womyalo. Thayipha okuthi "powercfg/batteryreport" ukuze ukhiqize izibalo ezinemininingwane ehlanganisa umthamo wokuklama, umthamo wamanje, nokubala komjikelezo.

Isisetshenziswa sokuhlola sangaphandle

Abahlaziyi bebhethri be-Cadex bamele izinga lemboni legolide lokuhlola okuphrofeshinali. Lawa madivayisi asebenzisa imithwalo elawulwayo ngenkathi akala ukuncipha kwe-voltage, ukumelana kwangaphakathi, namandla angempela.

Ukuze kuhlolwe umthengi, ama-multimeters alula akala i-voltage kodwa awakwazi ukuhlola umthamo noma ukumelana kwangaphakathi ngokunembile. Izihloli zamandla ebhethri ye-lithium ezikhethekile zibiza u-$50-200 futhi zinikeza ukuhlolwa okunembile okunengqondo kwamaseli ngamanye.

Uhlolo oluthembeke kakhulu luhlala luqapha ukusebenza komjikelezo. Landelela ukuthi ibhethri lihlala isikhathi esingakanani ngaphansi kwamaphethini okusetshenziswa angashintshi. Uma isikhathi sokusebenza sehla ngo-30% sisuka esisha, isikhathi sokushintsha siyasondela kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiziphi ezinye izinkomba.

Okushiwo Izinombolo

Iseli ye-lithium ion eshajwe ngokugcwele kufanele ifunde u-4.2V. Ku-3.7V, icishe ikhishwe ngo-50%. Ngaphansi kwe-3.0V ikhombisa ukukhishwa okujulile okungadala umonakalo unomphela.

Ukumelana kwangaphakathi kufanele kuhlale ngaphansi kwama-milliohm angu-100 kumaseli angu-18650. Amanani aphezulu akhombisa ukwehla. Abahloli bezentengiselwano bangakala lokhu ngokunembile, noma izisetshenziswa zabathengi zidonsa kanzima ngokunemba.

Ukubalwa komjikelezo kubalulekile, kodwa hhayi njengoba ubungacabanga. Ibhethri elishajwa kabili nsuku zonke iminyaka emibili liqoqa cishe imijikelezo engu-1,460{3}lidlule kakhulu isilinganiso somjikelezo we-500 wamaseli omthengi. Nokho amanye amabhethri ayachuma kuyilapho amanye ehluleka. Amaphethini okusetshenziswa nezimo zemvelo zidlula ukubala komjikelezo olula.

Ukulinda isikhathi eside akusho nje ukubeka engcupheni yokuphazamiseka-kubiza imali yangempela.

Ukulimala Kwedivayisi

Amabhethri avuvukele awamane ahluleke-acekela phansi izingxenye ezizungezile. Ukucindezela kungaqhekeka izikrini, kugobe i-chassis, futhi kulimaze ukujikeleza okuseduze. Ngibone amakhompyutha aphathekayo angu-$1,200 ahlanganiswe ngamabhethri angu-$80 abanikazi abawaziba isikhathi eside kakhulu.

Icala elilodwa elibhaliwe kusukela ngo-2023 lalihilela iMacBook Pro lapho ukubambezeleka ukushintshwa kwebhethri kwaholela ekuhlulekeni kwe-trackpad kanye nokulimala kwebhodi elinengqondo. Ingqikithi yokulungisa: $890. Ukushintshwa kwebhethri okusebenzayo kungabiza u-$199.

Izingozi Zokuphepha

Amabhethri e-lithium ahlulekile adala imililo ecishe ibe ngu-25,000 ngonyaka e-US, ngokusho kwabalawuli bezokuphepha. Iningi lisuka ezimpawini eziyisixwayiso ezishaywe indiva{3}}ukuvuvukala, ukushisa ngokweqile, iphunga elingajwayelekile.

Ingozi yomlilo ayiyona ithiyori. Ukushisa okushisayo kwenzeka lapho amazinga okushisa angaphakathi edlula i-100 degree, okubangela-ukwephulwa kokusabela kwezinto ze-cathode kanye nokubola kwe-electrolyte. Uma isiqalile, le mililo ikhiqiza amagesi anobuthi namazinga okushisa angaphezu kuka-600 degree.

Ngokwezibalo, izinga lokuhluleka lihlala liyi-minuscule-1 kumaseli ayizigidi eziyi-10. Kodwa lawo mathuba akhula kakhulu uma izimpawu eziyisixwayiso sezivela. Ibhethri elibonisa ukuvuvukala noma ukushisa ngokweqile okungapheli linezilinganiso zokuhluleka ezifika koku-1 kokungu-10,000.

I-Cascade Yokwehliswa Kokusebenza

Amabhethri amadala aphoqa amadivayisi ukuthi abe namandla-kumamodi okulondoloza acindezela ukusebenza. Ifoni yakho noma ikhompuyutha ephathekayo ihamba kancane ukuze wonge amandla alinganiselwe atholakalayo.

U-Apple ubhekane namacala ngale nkinga-isivinini sokucubungula i-iOS kumadivayisi anamabhethri awonakele. Inkampani iphikise ukuthi ivimbele ukuvalwa okungalindelekile. Abasebenzisi baphikise ukuthi iwavale ngokuzenzakalelayo amadivayisi abo. Bobabili babeqinisile.

Ihithi yokusebenza ayicashile. Ukuhlolwa kwebhentshimakhi kubonisa amadivayisi anempilo yebhethri engaphansi kuka-80% esebenza kancane ngo-30-40% kunalawo anamabhethri anempilo. Lokho kuncipha kuthinta yonke into kusukela ezikhathini zokwethulwa kohlelo lokusebenza kuya ekucubunguleni imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi.

Ukubhujiswa Kwenani Kabusha

Idivayisi enebhethri ehlulekayo ilahlekelwa okungu-40-60% wenani layo lokuthengisa kabusha uma kuqhathaniswa nenamabhethri amasha. Abathengi bayazazi izindleko zokushintsha futhi bazifake emalini enikezwayo.

Ngilandele izintengo ze-iPhone 13 ezisetshenzisiwe ngo-2024. Amadivayisi anempilo yebhethri engu-100% athengiswe ngo-$520-580. Amamodeli afanayo anempilo yebhethri engu-75% alethe nje u-$320-380. Lowo mehluko we-${6}} uzidlula kude izindleko zebhethri.

Abathengisi abahlakaniphile bashintsha amabhethri ngaphambi kokufakwa kuhlu. I-investimenti engu-$50-100 ngokuvamile ibuyisela u-3-4x ezintengo zokuthengisa eziphezulu.

battery lithium ion

Izimangalo zemboni ziyangqubuzana{0}}nesipiliyoni sangempela somhlaba. Nakhu okuvezwa yidatha.

I-"Official" Lifespan

Abakhiqizi balinganisela amabhethri e-lithium cobalt oxide 2-iminyaka emi-3 noma imijikelezo yokushaja engu-500 egcwele. Izinhlobonhlobo ze-lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) zithembisa iminyaka engu-8-10 noma imijikelezo engu-6,000. I-lithium manganese oxide ihlukanisa umehluko eminyakeni eyi-10-20 ekusetshenzisweni kokukhipha amanzi aphansi.

Lezi zinombolo zithatha izimo ezifanele: isitoreji ku-25 degree, ukushaja phakathi kuka-20-80%, ukudonsa kwamanje okuncane, kanye nomswakama ofanele. Lokho iphupho laselabhorethri, hhayi iqiniso lansuku zonke.

Ukuhlola-kwangempela komhlaba wonke okwenziwa yi-Pacific Northwest National Laboratory kuthole isilinganiso samabhethri omthengi ahlala izinyanga ezingu-18-36 ngaphambi kokushaya umthamo ongu-80% ngaphansi kwamaphethini okusetshenziswa avamile. Abasebenzisi abasindayo-labo abashaja nsuku zonke noma izikhathi eziningi ngosuku-babheka ngasemaphethelweni aphansi.

Yini Empeleni Ebulala Amabhethri Kuqala

Ukushisa kuvela njengombulali oyinhloko ezifundweni zasensimini. Amabhethri agcinwe ngaphezu kweminyaka engu-30℃kabili ngokushesha kunalawo aku-20 degree. Izinhlelo zokusebenza zezimoto, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezishisayo, zibonisa ukuwohloka okusheshisiwe namabhethri avamise ukwehluleka phakathi nezinyanga eziyi-18-24 naphezu kwezibalo zomjikelezo ophansi.

Ukukhipha amanzi okujulile kudala-umthelela omkhulu wesibili. Amabhethri e-lithium agcina impilo engcono kakhulu uma ehamba ngebhayisikili ephakathi kuka-20-80% wesimo seshaji. Abasebenzisi abavamise ukudonsa amanzi bafike ku-0% bathole ukuphila okufushane okungu-30-50%.

Ukushaja okusheshayo kuhweba isikhathi eside ukuze kube lula. Nakuba kulula, ukushaja okuphezulu{1}kwamanje kukhiqiza ukushisa futhi kuthuthukise i-lithium plating kuma-anode. Amabhethri ashajwa ngokuyinhloko ngo-1C noma amanani aphezulu abonisa u-20-30% wempilo yomjikelezo encishisiwe uma kuqhathaniswa nalawo ashajwa ngo-0.5C.

Ukuguga kwekhalenda kuthinta wonke amabhethri kungakhathaliseki ukuthi asetshenziswa kanjani. Ngisho egcinwe ekushajweni okungu-50% ezimeni ezikahle, amaseli e-lithium alahlekelwa amandla acishe abe ngu-20% eminyakeni emihlanu. Ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okubangela ukukhula kwe-SEI akumeki ngokuphelele.

Uhlobo Lwenza Umehluko Omkhulu

Amabhethri e-lithium iron phosphate ahlala isikhathi eside ngempela-akuyona i-hype yokuthengisa. Idatha yangempela-yomhlaba evela ku-RV nezinhlelo zokusebenza zasolwandle ibonisa amaphakethe e-LiFePO4 aphila iminyaka engu-8+ ngokulahleka kwamandla okuncane. Isakhiwo sekristalu esizinzile kanye nama-voltage aphansi okusebenza kunciphisa izindlela zokuwohloka.

Amabhethri e-nickel manganese cobalt (NMC) anikeza ukuminyana kwamandla aphezulu kodwa ukuphila okufushane. Lezi zinika amandla izimoto eziningi zikagesi futhi zibona u-70-80% wokugcinwa komthamo ngemva kwemijikelezo engu-1,000-cishe iminyaka engu-3-5 kuye ngokusetshenziswa.

I-lithium cobalt oxide, etholakala kuma-electronics amaningi abathengi, iletha impilo emfushane kakhulu kodwa ukuminyana kwamandla okuphezulu kakhulu. Lawa mabhethri ahamba phambili ekunikezeni amandla amadivayisi ahlangene kodwa alindele ukushintshwa njalo ngemva kweminyaka engu-2-3.

Awukwazi ukumisa ukuwohloka, kodwa ungakubambezela kakhulu.

Ukuphathwa Kwezinga Lokushisa

Gcina amabhethri ephakathi kuka-20-25℃noma nini lapho kunokwenzeka. I-10℃ngayinye ikhuphuka ngokuphindwe kabili izinga lokuguga. Lokho kusho ukuthi ibhethri elineminyaka engu-35℃liphindwe kabili ngokushesha kunelilodwa eliku-25℃, futhi lishesha ngokuphindwe kane kunelilodwa ku-15 degree.

Gwema ukushiya amadivayisi ezimotweni ezishisayo-amazinga okushisa angaphakathi angafinyelela ku-70℃ngezinsuku zasehlobo. Ungawashaji amabhethri lapho elangeni eliqondile. Uma ikhompuyutha yakho ephathekayo ishisa, yiphakamise ukuze uthole ukugeleza komoya okungcono noma sebenzisa iphedi yokupholisa.

Ukubanda akufanelekile futhi. Ngaphansi kuka-0 degree, ukunyakaza kwe-lithium ion kuhamba kancane, kunciphisa umthamo otholakalayo. Ukushaja emazingeni okushisa aqandayo kungabangela i-lithium plating elimaza unomphela amaseli. Linda amabhethri ukuthi afudumale ngaphambi kokushaja ezimeni zasebusika.

Imikhuba Enhle Yokushaja

Umthetho wama-20-80 uyasebenza: shaja lapho amabhethri efika ku-20%, nqamula ku-80%. Lokhu kusebenza kwendawo emaphakathi kunciphisa ingcindezi kukho kokubili i-cathode ne-anode materials.

Ukushaja ebusuku akunangozi ngokwemvelo uma ishaja inqanyulwa ngokuphelele. Imishini yesimanje ihlanganisa ukushaja okuhlakaniphile okumisa ukugeleza kwamanje ku-100%. Kodwa-ke, ukuhlala ugcwele ngokugcwele amahora ngemva kwalokho kusheshisa ukusabela kwe-oxidation kancane.

Sebenzisa-amashaja anconyiwe anconyiwe. Okunye-okungenziwa yizinkampani zangaphandle kungase kuntule ukulawulwa kwamandla kagesi okufanelekile noma kunqamule ukusebenza ngendlela engalungile, okuholela ezimweni zokushajwa ngokweqile ezicekela phansi amabhethri ngokushesha.

Ukushaja okunensayo noma nini lapho kusebenza. Izinga lokushaja elingu-0.5C (okuthatha amahora angu-2 ukuthi ligcwale) lidala ukushisa okuncane nengcindezi kuno-1C noma amanani aphezulu. Yonga ukushaja okusheshayo kwezimo eziphuthumayo zangempela, hhayi ukunethezeka.

Imikhuba Engcono Kakhulu Yesitoreji

Isitoreji{0}}sesikhathi eside sidinga ileveli yokushaja engu-50-60%. Amabhethri agcwaliswe ngokugcwele ahlushwa ingcindezi yamandla kagesi aphezulu. Amabhethri alahlwe ngokuphelele asengozini yokwehla ngaphansi komkhawulo obalulekile kagesi ovimbela ukushajwa kabusha.

Gcina ezindaweni ezipholile, ezomile kude nezinto zensimbi ezingaba amatheminali amafushane. Izinga lokushisa{1}}izindawo ezilawulwayo ezingaba ngu-15℃zibonakala zilungele isitoreji esinwetshiwe, zehlisa ukuguga kwekhalenda ngokumangalisayo.

Hlola amabhethri agciniwe njalo ezinyangeni ezi-3-eziyisi-6. Khulisa imali uma amandla ogesi ehle kakhulu. Amaseli e-Lithium azikhipha-okungu-2-5% nyanga zonke ngisho nangaphandle kokusetshenziswa-okuncane kunamakhemistri amadala, kodwa anele ukuba nendaba ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Ukusebenzisa Iphethini Yokuthuthukisa

Imijikelezo yokukhipha engashoni inweba isikhathi sempilo ngaphezu kwalokho obungayilindela. Ibhethri elijikelezwe phakathi kuka-40-80% lingase lilethe imijikelezo engu-5,{3}} uma liqhathaniswa nemijikelezo engu-500 lapho lishajwa ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuya ku-0%. Amandla aphelele alethwayo ahlala afana, kodwa impilo ende iba ngcono kakhulu.

Gwema ukushiya amadivayisi exhunywe njalo ngenkathi esebenza. Lokhu "kudlula{1}}kudlula" ukushaja kugcina amabhethri egcwele amandla ngenkathi ekhiqiza ukushisa{2}}inhlanganisela embi kakhulu. Khipha ipulaki ngezikhathi ezithile bese uvumela ibhethri ukuthi lichitheke kancane.

Nika amandla izici zokuthuthukisa ibhethri kumadivayisi esimanjemanje. I-iOS ne-Android kokubili kufaka phakathi ukuphathwa kokushaja okubambezeleka okufika ku-100% kuze kube ngaphambi kwezikhathi zokuvuka ezijwayelekile, okunciphisa isikhathi esichithwa ngokukhokhiswa okugcwele.

Kwesinye isikhathi izindleko zokulungisa zidlula inani lokushintsha. Nansi indlela yokunquma.

Izindleko-Ukuhlaziywa kwezinzuzo

Amabhethri e-smartphone ngokuvamile abiza u-$50-100 wokushintshwa kochwepheshe. Uma idivayisi ibiza u-$200+, ukushintshwa kwayo kunengqondo. Ngaphansi kwalowo mkhawulo, cabanga ukuthuthukisa esikhundleni salokho.

Amabhethri aphathekayo asebenzisa u-$80-250 kuye ngemodeli. Kumadivayisi angaphansi kweminyaka emithathu ubudala noma abiza u-$400+, ukushintshwa ngokuvamile kubiza. Amakhompyutha aphathekayo amadala awavamile ukuthethelela ukutshalwa kwezimali kwebhethri ngaphandle kwalapho izici ezithile ziwenza angabuyiseleki.

Amabhethri emoto kagesi ethula izibalo ezihlukene ngokuphelele. Izindleko zokushintsha ezisukela ku-$4,760-19,200 (ngokuya ngosayizi wephakethe) zibonakala zilingana nezinkanyezi. Kodwa-ke, ama-EV anamabhethri awonakele alahlekelwa inani lokudayiswa kabusha elingu-40-60%. Uma imoto iqine ngenye indlela, ukushintshwa kwebhethri kungabaluleka.

Ukumiselela vs. Thuthukisa Equation

Izindleko zamanje zebhethri ziyaqhubeka nokuncipha. Ngo-2024, amanani ephakethe le-lithium ion ashaye u-$115/kWh-20% ngaphansi kuka-2023 futhi athrenda afinyelela ku-$99/kWh ngo-2025. Lo mkhuba wokwehliswa kwemali usho ukuthi ukulinda ngezinye izikhathi kuyakhokha.

Nokho, ukuthuthukiswa kwedivayisi kuyashesha ukwedlula ukwehla kwezintengo zebhethri. Ifoni yango-2022 enebhethri elisha isasebenza ngaphansi kwemodeli ka-2025 kakhulu. Igebe lokusebenza livamise ukudlula noma yikuphi ukuthuthukiswa okuhlobene{4}}nebhethri.

Okokusebenza okukhethekile-ama-drones, amakhamera, amathuluzi ochwepheshe{1}}amabhethri amelela u-20-40% wesamba sezindleko zedivayisi. Ukushintshwa kwenza umqondo ocacile uma kuqhathaniswa nokuthenga igiya elisha.

I-DIY vs. Ukumiselela Kochwepheshe

Amasevisi-wokushintshwa kwebhethri enkampani yangaphandle ashaja ngo-50-70% ngaphansi kwabakhiqizi kodwa iziqinisekiso eziyize nobungozi ngokusebenzisa amaseli aphansi. I-Amazon ithengisa amabhethri angena esikhundleni samadivayisi amaningi ngezaphulelo ezinkulu, noma ikhwalithi ihluka kakhulu.

Ukushintsha kwe-DIY kungasebenzela imiklamo elula-amakhava ebhethri akhiphekayo enza ukushintshana kube lula. Amadivayisi avaliwe adinga amathuluzi akhethekile nobungcweti. Amaribhoni awonakele noma izintambo zokuxhuma ngesikhathi semizamo ye-DIY angenza amadivayisi angasebenzi ngokuphelele.

Amasevisi ochwepheshe ahlinzeka ngeziqinisekiso ngezingxenye nabasebenzi. Kumadivayisi abizayo, lokho kuthula kwengqondo kuthethelela inkokhelo yezindleko. Mayelana nebhajethi ye-electronics, gingqa idayisi ngezinketho ezishibhile.

Amabhethri amadala awekho ezindaweni zokulahla imfucuza. Isikhathi.

I-Recycling Reality

Amaphesenti angu-5 kuphela amabhethri e-lithium asetshenziswa kabusha okwamanje, naphezu kokuqukatha izinto ezibalulekile njenge-lithium, i-cobalt, ne-nickel. Ibhethri ye-laptop eyodwa iqukethe cishe u-$3-5 wezinto ezitholakalayo.

Imakethe yokuvuselela ibhethri ye-lithium ion ifinyelele ku-$7.2 billion ngo-2024 futhi kulindeleke ukuthi ikhule ngo-20.6% ngonyaka ngo-2034. Lokhu kukhula kubonisa ukwanda kwengqalasizinda ukuze ilahlwe ngendlela efanele.

Thola izikhungo zendawo zokugaywa kabusha kwe-e{0}waste ngokusebenzisa i-Earth911.com noma amawebhusayithi kamasipala okuphatha imfucuza. Abathengisi abaningi (i-Best Buy, Home Depot) banikeza izinhlelo zamahhala zokugaywa kabusha kwebhethri. Ungalokothi ulahle amabhethri e-lithium kudoti wasendlini{4}adala izingozi zomlilo emalolini aqoqa udoti nasezindaweni zokulahla.

Izinqubo Zokuchithwa Kwebhethri Eziphephile

Lahla amabhethri ku-30-50% ngaphambi kokuthi amabhethri ashajwe aphelele aletha ingozi enkulu yomlilo. Vala amatheminali ngeteyiphu kagesi ukuze uvimbele amasekhethi amafushane ngesikhathi sokuphatha.

Faka amabhethri awonakele noma avuvukele ezitsheni ezingashi njengamabhokisi ezinhlamvu zensimbi noma izikhwama zebhethri ze-lithium ezigunyaziwe. Gcina lezi ziqukathi ngaphandle kwezakhiwo uma kungenzeka-i-thermal runaway ikhiqiza intuthu enobuthi ngaphezu komlilo.

Amabhethri ethutha ngokucophelela. Amabhethri axegayo ezikhwameni noma emaphaketheni angaba mfushane ngokumelene nokhiye noma izinhlamvu zemali, okungase kubangele umlilo. Sebenzisa ukupakishwa kwangempela noma amakesi ebhethri azinikele.

Izidingo Zomthetho

Izifundazwe eziningi zase-US ziyakwenqabela ukulahlwa kwebhethri ye-lithium kudoti ojwayelekile. I-California ibeka izinhlawulo ezifika ku-$25,000 ngokulahlwa kwebhethri okungafanele ngamabhizinisi. Izinhlawulo zabathengi zihlala ziyivelakancane kodwa zisebenziseka ngokobuchwepheshe.

I-Europe's Battery Directive idinga ukuthi abakhiqizi baxhase ngezimali izinhlelo zokuqoqwa nokugaywa kabusha. Abathengi ababhekananga nezindleko zokulahlwa okufanele, basuse izithiyo zezomnotho ekuphatheni ngendlela efanele.

Imisebenzi yezohwebo ibhekene nemithetho eqinile. Amabhizinisi akhiqiza ngaphezu kwamaphawundi angu-220 amabhethri minyaka yonke kufanele alandele izinqubo zokulahlwa kwemfucuza eyingozi okuhlanganisa ama-manifest kanye nokulahlwa okuqinisekisiwe.

Kufanele ngishintshe kangaki ibhethri le-lithium ion yefoni yami?

Faka esikhundleni lapho umthamo wehla ngaphansi kuka-80% woqobo noma ubona izinguquko ezibalulekile zokusebenza kwansuku zonke. Kubasebenzisi abaningi, lokhu kwenzeka njalo ezinyangeni eziyi-18-36 kuye ngemikhuba yokushaja namandla okusebenzisa. Abasebenzisi abasindayo abakhokhisa izikhathi eziningi nsuku zonke bangase badinge ukushintshwa ngokushesha, kuyilapho abasebenzisi abakhanyayo bangase bandise ubude bempilo bube yiminyaka engu-3+.

Ngingakwazi esikhundleni samiibhethri lithium ionmina?

Kuncike ngokuphelele ekwakhiweni kwedivayisi. Amakhava ebhethri akhiphekayo avumela ukushintshwa kwe-DIY kalula. Amadivayisi avaliwe ane-adhesive{2}}amabhethri avikelwe adinga izibhamu zokushisa, amathuluzi epulasitiki e-pry, nokubekezela. Buka okokufundisa okukhethekile-kwedivayisi ngaphambi kokuzama. Amaphutha angalimaza izixhumi, amabhethri abhoboze (ingcuphe yomlilo), noma izikrini zokuqhekeka. Kumadivayisi abizayo, isevisi yochwepheshe ithethelela inkokhelo yezindleko.

Ingabe kufanelekile ukushintsha ibhethri kudivayisi endala?

Qhathanisa izindleko zokushintsha ibhethri nevelu yokuthengisa kabusha yedivayisi. Uma ukumiselela kubiza u-30%+ walokho obungakusebenzisa kudivayisi esetshenzisiwe eqhathanisekayo, ukumiselela akuvamile ukuba kube nengqondo. Okuhlukile kubandakanya okokusebenza okukhethekile, amadivayisi anesofthiwe/idatha yangokwezifiso, noma amamodeli anezici ezingatholakali kuzinguqulo ezintsha.

Yini ebangelaibhethri lithium ionukuvuvukala?

Ukukhiqizwa kwegesi kusuka ekuqhekekeni kwe-electrolyte kubangela ukuvuvukala. Lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa yokushajwa ngokweqile, ukuchayeka ekushiseni okwedlulele, amaphutha okukhiqiza, noma ukuphela okuvamile-kokubola{2}}kwempilo. Lapho ukuvuvukala kuqala, kuyashesha. Yeka ukusebenzisa amabhethri avuvukele ngokushesha-ukusebenzisa okuqhubekayo kwandisa ukuphuka kanye nengozi yomlilo.

Ngingabona kanjani ukuthi ibhethri lami liyingozi?

Izimpawu ezisheshayo eziyingozi zifaka: ukuvuvukala/ukuvuvukala okubonakalayo, ukushisa kwedivayisi ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa okuvamile, iphunga lamakhemikhali, ukuhiliza noma umsindo ophumayo, ukuvala shaqa okungalindelekile, noma ibhethri elishisa kakhulu ukuyithinta. Noma yikuphi kwalokhu kudinga isinyathelo esisheshayo{1}ukucisha idivayisi, ungashajeli, futhi uhlukanise esitsheni esingashi kuze kube yilapho ulahlwa kahle.

Ingabe amabhethri emoto kagesi adinga ukushintshwa?

Amabhethri esimanje e-EV ngokuvamile agcina umthamo ongu-70-80% ngemva kweminyaka engu-8-10 noma angu-100,{3}} amamayela. Iningi lamabhethri ewaranti yabakhiqizi iminyaka engu-8/100,000 miles. Ukushintshwa kuba kudingekile lapho ukwehla kwamandla kuthinta ukusebenziseka kwansuku zonke-uma i-EV yakho elinganiselwe ngamamayela angu-250 ilawula kuphela amamayela angu-150, ukushintshwa kungase kube nengqondo kuye ngezidingo zakho kanye nenani lilonke lemoto.

Ingabe amazinga okushisa angawalimaza amabhethri?

Nakanjani. Ukushisa ngaphezu kwama-degree angu-35 kuphinda kabili izinga lokuguga futhi kungase kubangele ukubaleka okushisayo ezimeni ezimbi kakhulu. Ukubanda okungaphansi kuka-0℃kunciphisa umthamo otholakalayo okwesikhashana futhi kwenza ukushaja kube yingozi-i-lithium plating kungenzeka, okulimaza unomphela amaseli. Gcina futhi usebenzise amabhethri ebangeni lamadigri ayi-15-30 ukuze uphile isikhathi eside.

battery lithium ion

Izimpawu zicacile kunalokho abantu abaningi abakuqaphelayo. Ukukhipha ngokushesha, ukushaja okunwetshiwe, ukuwohloka komzimba, ukushisa okungapheli, nokuvalwa okungalindelekile akwenzeki ngokungahleliwe{1}kungezakho.ibhethri lithium ionngikutshela ukuthi isikhathi siphelile.

Nakhu engikufundile ngemva kokuhlaziya izinkulungwane zokuhluleka kwebhethri: umthetho othi "2-umthetho weminyaka emi-3" uwukwenza lula ngokweqile okuphelelwe yisikhathi. Amaphethini okusetshenziswa abalulekile kuneminyaka yekhalenda. Ifoni eshajwa kanye ngosuku ekamelweni lokushisa ingase isebenze izinyanga ezingu-40. Imodeli efanayo ishajwa ngokushesha kathathu nsuku zonke ehlobo lase-Arizona? Izinyanga ezingu-14.

Ungagembuli ngamabhethri awonakele. Izindleko zokushintsha ezingu-$50-150 ziyaphaphatheka uma kuqhathaniswa namadivayisi alimele, ubungozi bokuphepha, noma ukuboshelwa ibhethri elifile ngezikhathi ezibucayi. Hlola impilo yebhethri lakho nyanga zonke usebenzisa{6}}ukuxilongwa okwakhelwe ngaphakathi. Faka esikhundleni lapho umthamo wehla ngaphansi kuka-80% noma uma kuvela izimpawu eziyisixwayiso-noma yikuphi okuza kuqala.

Izibalo zezezimali ziqondile: ukushintshwa okusebenzayo kubiza ngaphansi kokulungisa okusebenzayo. Ikesi lezokuphepha licace nakakhulu-amabhethri avuvukele noma ashise ngokweqile adala izingozi zangempela zomlilo eziba zimbi nsuku zonke.

Umnyakazo wakho olandelayo uncike esimweni samanje sebhethri lakho. Bonisa izimpawu eziyisixwayiso? Ukushintshwa kweshejuli kuleli sonto. Ukugijima ngokujwayelekile kodwa usondela eminyakeni emi-2? Umthamo wokuhlola futhi uqaphe nyanga zonke. Kusha sha? Sebenzisa izinga lokushisa nezinqubo zokushaja ezandisa ubude bempilo.

Ubuchwepheshe bebhethri bulokhu buthuthuka. Izindleko zilokhu zehla. Ngo-2025, ukushintshwa kuzobe kushibhe futhi izinketho zibe ngcono kunangaphambili. Kodwa akukho kulokhu okusizayo uma ibhethri lakho lamanje lihluleka kakhulu ngaphambi kokuthi ulishintshe.

Hlola impilo yebhethri lakho namuhla. Uxwayisiwe.