Iyini isistimu yokulawula ukuphepha kwebhethri?

Iyini isistimu yokulawula ukuphepha kwebhethri?

Uhlelo lokuphatha ukuphepha kwebhethri ngokuyinhloko luqinisekisa ukusebenza okuphephile nokusebenza kahle kwephakethe lebhethri, liyivimbela ekubambeni umlilo ngenxa yamazinga okushisa aphezulu noma ukwehluleka ngenxa yamazinga okushisa aphansi. Ngenxa yokuthi ibhethri pack iyidivayisi-enamandla kagesi aphezulu,{2}}isistimu yokuvikela i-voltage ephezulu ibalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha kwabagibeli bezimoto nabahamba ngezinyawo. Uhlelo lokuphatha ukuphepha kwebhethri kufanele lukwazi ukukhulisa ukusebenza kwebhethri nemoto ngenkathi luqinisekisa ukusebenza kwemoto ephephile. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zokulawula ukuphepha kwebhethri kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqinisekiseni ukuphepha kwempilo nempahla kanye nokukhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwezimoto zikagesi.

Imishini yokugcina amandla ezimotweni zikagesi, njengamaphakethe ebhethri lamandla, amaseli kaphethiloli, noma ama-supercapacitor, asebenza ngama-voltage adlula kude ibanga likagesi eliphephile lomzimba womuntu; amanye amabhasi kagesi aze abe namaphakethe ebhethri asebenza ku-600V. Ukusebenza kwe-insulation yezinto ezivikelayo emotweni kancane kancane kuyancipha ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa ngenxa yokuguga, kanye nomswakama owengeziwe futhi wehlisa ukusebenza kokufakwa phakathi{2}}kwebhethri lamandla kagesi aphezulu kanye ne-chassis. Uma i-insulation layer yamatheminali ebhethri ephozithivu nenegethivu igqokwa futhi ihlangana ne-chassis, kwakhiwa iluphu yamanje evuzayo, ethinta ukusebenza kwesilawuli semoto, ezinye izinto zikagesi{4}}ezinamandla aphansi, futhi okubeke engozini ukuphepha kwabagibeli. Uma ukufakwa phakathi kwamaphoyinti amaningi wesekethi yephakethe lebhethri kanye nobudala be-chassis, ukuzikhulula{6}}kanye nokunqwabelana kwamandla kwenzeka, okungase kuholele emlilweni ezimeni ezinzima. Ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuphephile kwemoto, umshini wokubona ukusebenza kwe-insulation kumele ufakwe ukuze kuqashwe ukumelana nokufakwa phakathi-kwesistimu ye-voltage ephezulu kanye ne-chassis ngesikhathi sangempela.

Izindlela ezivame ukusetshenziswa zokuhlola i-insulation zihlanganisa:

Ezinhlelweni ze-DC, lena indlela elula nesebenzayo kakhulu. Setha i-multimeter kububanzi bamanje bese uyixhuma ngochungechunge phakathi kwetheminali ephozithivu yephakethe lebhethri kanye nekesi ledivayisi (noma phansi). Lokhu kuzothola ukuvuza kwamanje phakathi kwetheminali enegethivu yephakethe lebhethri kanye nekesi. Ngokufanayo, ingaxhunywa ngochungechunge phakathi kwetheminali eyinegethivu kanye nekesi ukuze kutholwe ukuvuza kwamanje phakathi kwetheminali ephozithivu nekheshi. Le ndlela ilula futhi kulula ukuyisebenzisa, futhi ivamise ukusetshenziswa{4}}ekutholeni amaphutha esayithi nasekuhlolweni kwezimoto okuvamile.

Inzwa yamanje ye-Hall effect iyindlela evamile yokuthola ukuvuza kumasistimu aphezulu-e-voltage DC. Amabhasi wamandla amahle nabi wesistimu yebhethri adluliswa ndawonye ngendlela efanayo ngenzwa yamanje. Uma kungekho wamanje ovuzayo, owamanje ogeleza usuka kutheminali ephozithivu ulingana nowamanje obuyela kutheminali eyinegethivu. Ngakho-ke, ukudlula kwamanje kwenzwa yamanje kungu-zero, kanti i-voltage yamanje yokuphuma kwenzwa ingu-zero. Uma ukuvuza kwenzeka, i-voltage yenzwa yamanje ayiyona i-zero. Uphawu lwala mandla kagesi lungasetshenziswa ukuze kuqhutshekwe nokunquma ukuthi ingabe ukuvuza kwamanje kuvela kutheminali enhle noma engalungile yendawo kagesi. Kodwa-ke, le ndlela yokuhlola idinga ukuthi ibhethri elingaphansi kokuhlolwa lisebenze, lamanje elingena liphuma. Ayikwazi ukuhlola ukusebenza kokufakwa kwesistimu yebhethri kuze kube phansi ngaphansi{8}kokungalayishi izimo.

Le ndlela isebenzisa imitha yokumelana ne-insulation ukukala inani lokumelana le-insulation. Imitha yokumelana ne-insulation, evame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-megohmmeter, ivamise ukunikwa amandla-ijeneretha ephihliwe ngesandla, yingakho ibizwa nangokuthi i-megohmmeter. Isikali saso sisekelwe ekumelaneni nokufakwa kwe-insulation futhi iyithuluzi lokulinganisa elivame ukusetshenziswa kubunjiniyela bakagesi. Umgomo wayo wokusebenza ukhonjiswe kuMfanekiso 8-29.

Ithuluzi lisebenza ngokujabulisa idivayisi noma inethiwekhi ngaphansi kokuhlolwa nge-voltage, bese ikala amandla amanje akhiqizwa yi-excitation, futhi isebenzisa umthetho we-Ohm ukukala ukumelana. Imitha yokumelana nokufakwa kwe-insulation ikakhulukazi iqukethe izingxenye ezimbili: isandla{1}}ijeneretha ephihliwe kanye nemitha yesilinganiso se-magnetoelectric. Ngokuhlikihla isibambo, isandla{3}}ijeneretha ekhihliziwe sikhiqiza i-AC high voltage, elungiswa yi-diode ukuze inikeze i-DC high voltage ukuze ikalwe. Imitha yesilinganiso se-magnetoelectric ibe isikala isilinganiso samanje kukhoyili ye-voltage kanye nekhoyili yamanje, futhi inkomba yesikhombi ikhombisa isikali sokumelana.

Lezi zindlela ezintathu ezingenhla zonke zisebenzisa amathuluzi obunikazi ekuhloleni ukuvuza kwamanje kanye nokumelana nokushisa, okwethula ubunzima obuthile bokuhlanganiswa ezinhlelweni zokuphatha ibhethri. Izindlela zokulinganisa umjikelezo zisetshenziswa kakhulu ezinhlelweni zokuphatha ibhethri. Umgomo wesilinganiso sokufakwa kwe-voltage ye-DC esivame ukusetshenziswa siboniswa kuMfanekiso 8-30.

Figure 8-29 Working principle of insulation resistance meter

Figure 8-30 DC voltage insulation measurement

Kulo mdwebo webhulokhi, i-R₁, i-R₂, i-R₃, ne-R₄ ziphakeme-izinto ezimelana nokumelana (isb., 500kΩ noma ngaphezulu), ziqinisekisa ukuthi izinga lokufakwa ngaphakathi alehli ngokuzenzakalelayo phakathi nokulinganisa. I-Rₙ kanye ne-Rₚ iwukumelana nokufakwa kwamatheminali avumayo noma angalungile ephakethe lebhethri lamandla emzimbeni wemoto, ngokulandelana. I-R' ne-R" yizinqamuli ze-voltage eziphikisana nokumelana nokuncane (isb, cishe ku-2000Ω), okuvumela i-chip yokuguqula engu-A-D ukuthi ithole amasignali e-analog eleveli ye-mV kuwo wonke.

Uma iswishi S isesimweni sokucisha, amanani kagesi ku-Rₙ naku-Rₚ angatholwa nge-chip yokukala, okuholela kusibalo esilandelayo:

Insulation Resistance Meter Measurement Method

Kufomula, i-V₁ ne-V₂ imelela ama-voltage emhlabathini wamabhasi avumayo noma angemuhle lapho inkinobho engu-S ivuliwe.

Ngokufanayo, lapho inkinobho S ivaliwe, kungatholwa enye isibalo:

Insulation Resistance Meter Measurement Method

Kufomula, i-V'₁ ne-V'₂ imelela ama-voltage ebhasi ephozithivu nenegethivu phansi lapho u-S evaliwe.

Njengoba amanani okumelana wezinto eziphikisayo zochungechunge u-R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R, no-R' aziwa, isistimu yezibalo (8-5) kanye (8-6) ingasetshenziswa ukuxazulula u-R₊ no-R₋.

Ezinye izindlela zokulinganisa ukumelana nokwehlukanisa ezisetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zokuphatha ibhethri zifaka indlela yebhuloho ebhalansisiwe,-indlela yokujova isignali yefrikhwensi ephezulu, kanye nendlela yokunikeza amandla okusiza. Njengoba i-voltage yamabhethri kagesi ikhula futhi nezicelo zazo ziya zisabalele, ukuphepha kokushisa kwezimoto zikagesi kuya ngokuya kubaluleke kakhulu, futhi abacwaningi baqhubeka nokuklama futhi beqinisekisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuqapha ukufakwa kwegesi.

I-SOP (Isimo Samandla) amandla amakhulu ibhethri elingawadedela noma liwamunce phakathi nesikhawu sesikhathi esinqunyiwe. Amandla aphezulu asetshenziselwa ukuhlola imikhawulo yokushaja nokushajwa kwebhethri lamandla ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukene zokushajwa, okudlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ukufanisa phakathi kwephakethe lebhethri lamandla nokusebenza kwamandla emoto, kanye nokukhulisa umsebenzi wokubhuleka ovuselelayo wemoto kagesi. Futhi inenani elibalulekile lethiyori nengokoqobo lokusetshenziswa okunengqondo kwamabhethri, ukugwema ukushajwa kakhulu{2}}noma ngaphezulu{2}}ukuchithwa, ukuthuthukisa ukuphepha kwebhethri, nokwelula impilo yebhethri. Nokho, amandla ebhethri aphezulu angaphansi kwemikhawulo eminingi yokuphepha; amandla aphezulu kuphela ngaphakathi kwale mikhawulo yokuphepha anokubaluleka okungokoqobo. Lesi sigaba sidingida amapharamitha ebhethri akhawulela amandla aphezulu futhi sihlola ubudlelwano phakathi kokuphepha kwebhethri namandla aphezulu.

I-conductivity ye-electrolyte kanye nomsebenzi wezinto ze-anode ne-cathode kushintsha ngezinga lokushisa, ngaleyo ndlela kuthinte umkhawulo ongaphezulu wokushaja kwebhethri namandla okukhipha. Izinga lokusabela kwama-electrode liyancipha njengoba izinga lokushisa lincipha. Izinga lokushisa liphinde lithinte amazinga okuthutha ama-ion nama-electron ku-electrolyte. Lawa mazinga akhuphuka ngokukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa futhi ngokuphambene nalokho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma izinga lokushisa liphezulu kakhulu, lidlula umkhawulo wokushisa oshiwo, ibhalansi yamakhemikhali ngaphakathi kwebhethri izophazamiseka, okubangele izinkinga zokuphepha kwebhethri. Figure 8-31 Relationship between temperature and peak power at 60% SOC

Njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 8-31, amandla aphezulu ebhethri ashintsha nezinga lokushisa, abonise ngokusobala ijika elingelona umugqa. Amandla aphezulu ayancipha njengoba izinga lokushisa lincipha, lishintsha kancane emazingeni okushisa aphansi. Amandla aphezulu akhuphuka njengoba izinga lokushisa likhuphuka, kodwa amazinga okushisa aphezulu ngokweqile enza ukuqeda ukushisa kube nzima, kube nomthelela omubi ukuphepha kwebhethri nempilo yokuphila.

Umkhawulo we-SOC ku-SOP (Ukuqala Kokusebenza) uklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukushajwa ngokweqile kanye{0}}nokukhipha ngaphezulu kwebhethri lamandla phakathi nokusebenza, ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwebhethri. Lapho utadisha ubudlelwano phakathi kwamandla aphezulu kanye ne-SOC, umthelela wezinto ezifana nezinga lokushisa kanye nenani lokushaja/lokukhipha ku-SOC kumele nalo licatshangelwe ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukunemba kokulinganisa kwe-SOC. Njengoba kuboniswe ku-Figure 8-32, ngokunyuka kwe-State of Charge (SOC), amandla okukhipha ayanda ngenkathi amandla okushaja ehla. Isibonelo, ngaphakathi kwebanga elifanayo le-SOC, lapho i-SOC ikhuphuka isuka ku-10% iye ku-90%, amandla okukhipha okuphezulu akhuphuka ukusuka ku-222W kuya ku-693W, kuyilapho amandla okushaja okuphezulu ehla ukusuka ku-675W kuya ku-300W. Ukufunda amandla aphezulu ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukene ze-SOC kungalinganisela ukushajwa kwebhethri namandla okukhulula, kunikeze idatha nosekelo lobuchwepheshe ukuze lisetshenziswe ezimotweni zikagesi.

Njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 8-33, amandla aphezulu ebhethri acishe alingane ngokuphambene nokumelana kwawo ne-ohmic yangaphakathi. Okuncane ukumelana kwangaphakathi kwe-ohmic, kukhulu futhi kusheshe ukuphuma kwamandla aphezulu; ngokuphambene, kukhulu ukumelana kwangaphakathi kwe-ohmic, kuncane futhi kunciphise ukuphuma kwamandla aphezulu.

Figure 8-32 Relationship between SOC and peak power at 30°C

Fig. 8-33 Relationship between internal resistance and peak power at 30°C

Izinga lokushisa lebhethri, isimo sokushaja (i-SOC), nokumelana kwangaphakathi konke kuhlobene eduze nesimo salo sokuphepha. Ngakho-ke, isimo sokusebenza kwebhethri (i-SOP) kufanele sihlangabezane nemikhawulo ebekwe yilezi zinto ezintathu ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza okuphephile nokwelula impilo yayo.