Iyini Isistimu Yokulawula Okushisayo?
Uhlelo Lokuphatha Okushisayo
Ukulawulwa kokushisa kwebhethri, okusekelwe kumthelela wezinga lokushisa ekusebenzeni kwebhethri, kuhlanganiswe nezici zebhethri ze-electrochemical nezindlela zokukhiqiza ukushisa, futhi kusekelwe ebangeni elifanele lokushajwa/lokukhipha lokushisa kwebhethri elithile, ubuchwepheshe obubhekana nokunqamuka kokushisa noma ukubaleka kokushisa okubangelwa amazinga okushisa aphakeme kakhulu noma aphansi ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwebhethri. Lokhu kufezwa ngokuklama okunengqondo futhi kusekelwe kwisayensi yezinto zokwakha, i-electrochemistry, ukudluliswa kokushisa, amandla e-molecular dynamics, kanye neminye imikhakha. Ukugcina izinga lokushisa elifanelekile lokusebenza kubalulekile ukuze ibhethri igcine ukusebenza kahle. Ngakho-ke, ukuklama isikimu sokuphatha okushisayo okunengqondo kwamaphakethe ebhethri ye-lithium{3}} kubaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza okuphelele kwesistimu yebhethri.
Isistimu yokulawula okushisayo kwephakethe yebhethri inemisebenzi emihlanu elandelayo: ① ukulinganisa okunembile nokuqapha izinga lokushisa lebhethri; ② ukukhishwa okusebenzayo kokushisa kanye komoya lapho izinga lokushisa lephakethe lebhethri liphezulu kakhulu; ③ ukushisisa ngokushesha ngaphansi-izimo zezinga lokushisa eliphansi; ④ ukungena komoya okusebenzayo lapho kukhiqizwa amagesi ayingozi; kanye ⑤ nokuqinisekisa ukusatshalaliswa kwezinga lokushisa okufanayo ngaphakathi kwephakethe lebhethri.
I-Battery Pack Thermal Management System Design Inqubo
Isistimu yokuphatha{0}}yebhethri yephakethe eshisayo idinga indlela ehlelekile yokuklama. Njengamanje, kunezindlela eziningi zokuklama zezinhlelo zokuphatha ezishisayo ezikhona. Okuvame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu uhlelo lokulawula ukushisa kwephakethe lebhethri eliklanywe i-National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) e-United States, inqubo yayo yokuklama ehlanganisa izinyathelo eziyisikhombisa:
1) Zinqumele-izinga kanye nezimfuneko zesistimu yokulawula ukushisa. Ngokusekelwe ezicini zezinga lokushisa lebhethri kanye nebanga lokushisa elifanelekile lokusebenza, nquma izinga lokulawula{3}}lohlelo lokulawula okushisayo. Isibonelo, izinga lokushisa elifanelekile lokusebenza lamabhethri wamandla e-lithium{5}}ngu-10~40℃, elinomkhawulo ophansi-wezinga lokushisa elingu-0℃kanye{10}}nomkhawulo wezinga lokushisa ophezulu ongu-45℃. Ngakho-ke, idizayini yesistimu yokuphatha okushisayo kufanele, ngenkathi ihlangabezana namazinga okushisa ebhethri adlulele, ilwele ukuhlangabezana nezimfuneko ezifanelekile zokushisa zokusebenza kwebhethri.
2) Linganisa noma linganisa ukukhiqizwa kokushisa kwemojuli kanye nomthamo wokushisa. Ngokushajwa kwebhethri-ukuhlolwa kokukhipha kanye nezibalo zokulingisa ezisuselwe kumthamo wokushisa othize webhethri, thola ukuchithwa kokushisa noma amandla okushisa.
I-3) Ukuhlolwa kokuqala kwesistimu yokulawula ukushisa, okuhlanganisa ukukhetha indawo yokudlulisa ukushisa nokuklama isakhiwo sokukhipha ukushisa. Ngokuvamile, ukupholisa ibhethri kufinyelelwa ngokupholisa umoya noma ukupholisa uketshezi. Amasistimu okupholisa umoya alula ngesakhiwo kodwa awasebenzi kahle; amasistimu okupholisa uketshezi ayinkimbinkimbi ngesakhiwo kodwa asebenza kahle kakhulu. Kukhona futhi izindlela ezihlukene zokushisisa, njengokushisisa komoya oshisayo ozungezayo, ukufudumeza kokugeleza koketshezi, kanye nokushisa okuqondile kwemisebe eshisayo okuvela emthonjeni wokushisa.
4) Qagela ukuziphatha okushisayo kwemojuli nephakethe lebhethri. Ngokusekelwe ezimeni zokusebenza zephekhi yebhethri, bikezela futhi uhlole ukushabalaliswa kokushisa nezimfuneko zokushisisa phakathi nokufakwa.
5) Idizayini yokuqala yesistimu yokuphatha ezishisayo. Ngokusekelwe endaweni yokushisa enqunyiwe kanye nemiphumela yokuhlola ukuziphatha okushisayo, yenza isimiso nomklamo wobunjiniyela wesistimu yokulawula ukushisa.
6) Dala futhi uhlole uhlelo lokuphatha okushisayo. Khiqiza amasistimu ebhethri{{2}ephansi noma agcwele{3}}esikali esikalini kanye nesistimu yokulawula ukushisa kwebhethri, futhi uqinisekise ukusebenza kahle kwesistimu yokulawula okushisayo ngaphansi kwezimo zokusebenza zangempela ezilingisiwe ebhentshini lokuhlola.
7) Lungiselela uhlelo lokuphatha olushisayo. Thuthukisa futhi ulungiselele isistimu yokuphatha okushisayo ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni yokuhlola.
Ukukhethwa kwesakhiwo kanye nepharamitha kunqubo yokuklama yesistimu yokulawula ukushisa
Ukubalwa Kwenkambu Eshisayo Yebhethri Nokubikezela Kwezinga Lokushisa
Amabhethri awawona amakhondukta amahle okushisa. Ukwazi kuphela ukusatshalaliswa kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu akwanele ukuqonda ngokugcwele isimo sangaphakathi esishisayo sebhethri. Ukubala inkambu yokushisa yangaphakathi kusetshenziswa amamodeli ezibalo nokubikezela ukuziphatha okushisayo kwebhethri kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile ekuklameni amasistimu okulawula ukushisa kwebhethri. Okwamanje, amamodeli ezibalo ajwayelekile ahlanganisa-amamodeli anobukhulu kanye{4}}amathathu. Phakathi kwalokhu, -imodeli yobukhulu obuthathu, ngenxa yokunemba kwayo okuhle kakhulu nokuvumelana nezimo, isetshenziswe kabanzi ezinhlelweni eziningi zokulawula ukushisa kwebhethri. Imodeli imi kanje:
Lapho u-T eshisa khona;
ρ isilinganiso sokuminyana;
c_p amandla athile okushisa ebhethri;
λ_x, λ_y, λ_z i-thermal conductivity yebhethri kuzikhombisi-ndlela zika-x, y, kanye no-z, ngokulandelanayo;
q izinga lokukhiqiza ukushisa ngevolumu yeyunithi ngayinye.
I-Thermal Management System Idizayini Yesakhiwo Sokushabalalisa Ukushisa
Umehluko wezinga lokushisa phakathi kwamamojula ebhethri ahlukene ngaphakathi kwebhokisi lebhethri wandisa ukungqubuzana kokumelana kwangaphakathi kwebhethri nomthamo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lokhu kungaholela ekushajweni ngokweqile noma{1}}ekukhishweni okwengeziwe kwamanye amabhethri, kuthinte ubude bawo bempilo nokusebenza kwawo, nokudala izingozi zokuphepha. Umehluko wokushisa phakathi kwamamojuli ebhethri ngaphakathi kwebhokisi lebhethri uhlobene eduze nokuhlelwa kwephakethe lebhethri. Ngokuvamile, amabhethri phakathi nendawo ajwayele ukunqwabelanisa ukushisa, kuyilapho lawo asemaphethelweni enokuqeda ukushisa okungcono. Ngakho-ke, lapho uklama isakhiwo sephakethe lebhethri kanye nokunqanyulwa kokushisa, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuchithwa kokushisa okufanayo. Ukuthatha ukupholisa komoya njengesibonelo, ngokuvamile kunezindlela ezimbili zokungenisa umoya: uchungechunge nokuhambisana, ukuqinisekisa ukuchithwa kokushisa okufanayo. Idizayini yokugeleza komoya kufanele ihambisane nezimiso eziyisisekelo zemishini yoketshezi kanye ne-aerodynamics.
Ukukhethwa Kwabalandeli Namaphuzu Okulinganisa Izinga lokushisa
Lapho uklama isistimu yokulawula ukushisa kwebhethri, uhlobo namandla efeni, inombolo yezinzwa zokushisa, nendawo yamaphoyinti okulinganisa kufanele kukhethwe ngokucophelela.
Ukuthatha ukupholisa komoya njengesibonelo, lapho uklama isistimu yokupholisa, kuyilapho uqinisekisa umphumela othile wokupholisa, ukumelana nokugeleza kufanele kuncishiswe ukuze kuncishiswe umsindo wabalandeli nokusetshenziswa kwamandla, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kwesistimu iyonke. Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kwefeni kungalinganiselwa ngokulinganisa ukwehla kwengcindezi nezinga lokugeleza kusetshenziswa izindlela zokuhlola, zethiyori, ne-fluid dynamics (CFD). Lapho ukumelana nokugeleza kuphansi, abalandeli be-axial flow bangacatshangelwa; lapho ukumelana nokugeleza kuphezulu, abalandeli be-centrifugal bafaneleka kakhulu. Kunjalo, isikhala esihlala fan kanye nezindleko zayo kumele kucatshangelwe. Ukuthola isu eliphelele lokulawula abalandeli nakho kungomunye wemisebenzi yesistimu yokuphatha okushisayo.
Ukusatshalaliswa kwezinga lokushisa kwephakethe lebhethri ngaphakathi kwebhokisi lebhethri ngokuvamile alilingani, ngakho-ke, kuyadingeka ukwazi ukusabalalisa kwenkundla eshisayo yephakethe lebhethri ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukene ukuze kunqunywe amaphuzu okushisa abalulekile. Izinzwa zokushisa ezengeziwe zihlinzeka ngesilinganiso sokushisa esibanzi, kodwa zandise izindleko zesistimu nokuba yinkimbinkimbi. Ngokuya ngomongo othize wobunjiniyela, ngokomqondo, ukuhlaziya izinto ezinomkhawulo, isithombe se-infrared thermal esivivinyweni, noma{2}}ukuqapha izinga lokushisa kwamaphuzu amaningi{3}}esikhathi sangempela{3}kungasetshenziswa ukuze kuhlaziywe futhi kukalwe ukusatshalaliswa kwenkambu eshisayo yephakethe lebhethri, amamojula ebhethri, namaseli ngamanye, kunqunywa inani lamaphoyinti okulinganisa izinga lokushisa nokuthola amaphuzu afanelekile ezindaweni ezihlukene. Idizayini evamile kufanele iqinisekise ukuthi izinzwa zokushisa azivezwanga ekugelezeni komoya okupholisa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukunemba nokuzinza kwezilinganiso zokushisa. Lapho uklama ibhethri, isikhala kufanele sigcinelwe izinzwa zokushisa; isibonelo, izimbobo ezifanele zingaklanywa ezindaweni ezifanele. Iphakethe lebhethri lemoto kagesi iPrius hybrid yakwaToyota linamaseli angawodwana angama-228, futhi ukuqapha izinga lokushisa kwenziwa izinzwa zokushisa ezingu-5. Isistimu yebhethri yamandla ebhasi kagesi eklanywe i-Beijing Institute of Technology isebenzisa amaphuzu okulinganisa okushisa angu-6 ebhokisini ngalinye (bheka indawo eyindilinga kuMfanekiso 8-16a), ehlelwe kumatheminali amahle kanye namatheminali angalungile kanye namaphoyinti okukhipha umugqa wamandla webhokisi lebhethri, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 8-16.
Idizayini Yesistimu Yokulawula Okushisayo kanye Nokuqaliswa
Ngokusekelwe endaweni yokudlulisa ukushisa, ukupholisa amasistimu okulawula okushisayo kwephakethe lebhethri kungahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezintathu: ukupholisa komoya, ukupholisa uketshezi, nokupholisa okubalulekile kokushintsha kwesigaba. Uma kucatshangelwa izindleko zokucwaninga nokuthuthukiswa kwezinto ezibonakalayo kanye nezindleko zokukhiqiza, uhlelo olusebenza kahle kakhulu noluvame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu lokususa ukushisa lisebenzisa umoya njengendlela yokukhipha ukushisa.
Ngokusekelwe esakhiweni sokugeleza komoya sokushabalalisa ukushisa, amasistimu okupholisa umoya angaphinde ahlukaniswe abe izinhlobo ezimbili: uchungechunge lokungena komoya kanye nokungenisa umoya okuhambisanayo, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 8-17 no-8-18, ngokulandelana.
Ekucushweni kochungechunge, umoya uvamise ukugeleza usuka kolunye uhlangothi lwebhethri uye kolunye ukuze ususe ukushisa. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kugeleza komoya kuthwala ukushisa kusuka ezindaweni edlula kuzo ngaphambi kwesikhathi kuya ezindaweni edlula kuzo kamuva, okuholela emazingeni okushisa angahambisani kanye nomehluko omkhulu wokushisa. Ekucushweni okufanayo, ukugeleza komoya phakathi kwamamojula kuyenyuka kuye phezulu, kusabalalisa umoya ngokulinganayo futhi kuqinisekisa ukushabalaliswa kokushisa okungaguquki kulo lonke iphakethe lebhethri.
Amasistimu okuphatha okushisayo angahlukaniswa abe amasistimu asebenzayo nasebenzayo ngokususelwe ekutheni anazo yini izinto zokushisisa zangaphakathi noma zokupholisa. Amasistimu angashintshiwe awabizi kakhulu futhi adinga ingqalasizinda elula; amasistimu asebenzayo ayinkimbinkimbi futhi adinga amandla engeziwe, kodwa anikeza ukusebenza okungcono.
Amanani 8-19, 8-20, kanye no-8-21 abonisa imidwebo eyisikimu yokushisisa komoya osebenzayo nokunganyakazi kanye nezakhiwo zokuqeda ukushisa, ngokulandelana.
Emfanekisweni 8-19 kanye no-8-20, nakuba umoya upholile futhi washiswa yi-air conditioning yemoto noma isistimu yokushisa, isabhekwa njengesistimu ye-passive. Ngalesi simiso se-passive, ngenxa yokungaguquguquki ekushiseni komoya ozungezile owethulwe, umoya we-ambient kufanele usebenze ngaphakathi kwebanga elithile lokushisa (10 ~ 35 degree) ukuze ulawule ukushisa okufanelekile. Ukusebenza ngaphansi kwezimo ezibanda kakhulu noma ezishisayo kungase kubangele ukungalingani okukhulu kuphakethe lebhethri.
Ezinhlelweni zokushisisa, ngaphandle kokwethula umoya oshisayo ephaketheni lebhethri, ezinye izindlela zingasetshenziswa, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 8-22~8-25 (kumabhethri e-prismatic).
