Iyini i-Lithium Rechargeable?

I-Lithium ekwazi ukushajwa kabusha isho amabhethri asebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-lithium-ion ukuze agcine futhi akhulule amandla kagesi ngokushaja okuphindaphindiwe nemijikelezo yokukhipha. Lawa mabhethri ahambisa ama-ion e-lithium phakathi kwama-electrode amabili-ngokuvamile i-graphite anode kanye ne-metal oxide cathode{3}}awavumela ukuthi ashajwe izikhathi ezingamakhulu ukuya ezinkulungwaneni.

Igama elithi "ibhethri ye-lithium" empeleni lihlanganisa izigaba ezimbili ezihlukene ezinamandla ahluke kakhulu. Amabhethri e-lithium ayisisekelo awawodwa-asebenzisa imithombo yamandla edizayinelwe amadivayisi adinga{2}}isikhathi eside, okukhipha amandla angashintshi. Lokhu uzokuthola kuzitholi zentuthu, kuma-pacemaker, nakwezinye izilawuli kude. Lapho seziphelile, kufanele zilahlwe futhi kufakwe ezinye.

Amabhethri e-lithium ashajwa kabusha, abizwa ngokufanelekile ngokuthi amabhethri e-lithium-ion noma i-Li{1}}ion, amelela ubuchwepheshe obuhluke ngokuphelele. Umehluko oyinhloko usekubuyiseleni emuva kokusabela kwawo kwamakhemikhali. Uma uxhuma ifoni noma ikhompuyutha ephathekayo ukuze ushaje, ama-ion e-lithium asuka ku-cathode abuyele ku-anode, agcine amandla ukuze asetshenziswe kamuva. Lokhu kugeleza kwe-ion okuphindwe kabili kwehlukanisa ubuchwepheshe be-lithium obushajekayo kozakwabo abalahlwayo.

Akuwona wonke amadivayisi asebenzisa amandla e-lithium angamukela amabhethri angashajwa. Izici ze-voltage ziyahluka phakathi kwezinhlobo ezimbili-amaseli e-lithium ayinhloko ngokuvamile aletha u-3.0V, kuyilapho amaseli e-lithium ashajekayo{3}}ehlinzeka ngo-3.6-3.7V. Lo mehluko we-voltage usho ukuthi awukwazi ukumane uguqule uhlobo olulodwa uluyise kolunye ngaphandle kokuhlola ukuhambisana kwedivayisi.

Lithium Rechargeable

Ngaphakathi kwebhethri le-lithium elingashajwa kabusha kuhlala isistimu eklanywe ngokucophelela yezingxenye ezine ezibalulekile ezisebenza ekhonsathini. I-anode, ngokuvamile eyakhiwe nge-graphite, isebenza njenge-electrode engalungile. I-cathode-i-electrode eqondile{3}}isebenzisa izinto ezifana ne-lithium cobalt oxide (LCO), i-lithium iron phosphate (LFP), noma i-lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC). Phakathi kwalawa ma-electrode kugeleza i-electrolyte ewuketshezi equkethe usawoti we-lithium, futhi isihlukanisi esinezimbotshana sivimbela ukuthintana okuqondile phakathi kwe-anode ne-cathode ngenkathi sivumela ukudlula kwe-ion.

Ngesikhathi sokukhishwa, i-lithium ion ishiya i-anode futhi ihambe nge-electrolyte iye ku-cathode. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ama-electron ageleza kusiyingi yedivayisi yakho, alethe amandla kagesi owadingayo. Isihlukanisi siphoqa ama-electron ukuthi athathe umzila omude odabula kudivayisi yakho kunokuthi enze isekethe emfushane eyingozi.

Ukushaja kabusha kubuyisela yonke le nqubo. Uma uxhuma ishaja, amandla kagesi aphusha ama-ion e-lithium asuka ku-cathode abuyele ku-anode. Ama-ion abuyela ezindaweni zawo zokuqala, alungele umjikelezo wokukhipha olandelayo. Lokhu kuhlangana okubuyiselekayo{3}}itemu lobuchwepheshe lama-ions azifaka ngokwawo phakathi kwezendlalelo ze-electrode{4}}kunika amandla ukushajwa kabusha okuchaza lawa mabhethri.

I-Battery Management System (BMS) isebenza njengobuchopho bebhethri phakathi nale nqubo. Le yunithi yokulawula ye-elekthronikhi ihlale iqapha amandla kagesi weselula, izinga lokushisa, nokugeleza kwamanje. Ivimbela ukushaja ngokweqile ngokunqamula umjikelezo wokushaja uma amaseli efika ku-4.2V (ubukhulu obujwayelekile bekhemistri ye-lithium{3}}eningi). Iphinde ivikele ekukhishweni-okungaphezu kwalokho, okungalimaza unomphela ibhethri ngokubangela ukuncibilika kwethusi kubaqoqi bamanje.

Ubuchwepheshe be-lithium obushajwayo abuyona i-monolithic-amakhemikhali amaningana ahlukene ahlinzeka ngezinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlukene ngokusekelwe kuzici zawo zokusebenza ezithile.

I-Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LCO)amabhethri ayebusa izinto zikagesi eziphathwayo zakuqala futhi asasebenza kuma-smartphones amaningi namalaptop. Banikeza ukuminyana kwamandla afinyelela ku-200-260 Wh/kg, okuwenza abe muhle kakhulu ezinsizeni ezizwelayo kwesisindo. Kodwa-ke, azinzile ngokushisa okuphansi kunezinye izindlela futhi ngokuvamile aletha imijikelezo yokushaja engu-500-1000.

I-Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP)amabhethri adela ukuminyana kwamandla athile (100-180 Wh/kg) ukuze aphephe okuphawulekayo nokuphila isikhathi eside. Isakhiwo sabo sekristalu esizinzile simelana nokubaleka okushisayo, futhi bavame ukufeza imijikelezo engu-2000-5000 ngaphambi kokwehliswa kumthamo we-80%. Izimoto zikagesi kanye nesitoreji samandla esimile siya ngokuya sithanda leli khemistri naphezu kwamandla alo aphansi (3.2V ngokwegama uma kuqhathaniswa no-3.7V we-LCO).

I-Lithium Polymer (LiPo)amabhethri asebenzisa ijeli-efana noma i-polymer electrolyte eqinile esikhundleni soketshezi. Lokhu kuvumela ukupakishwa okuguquguqukayo kumaphakethe amancane ahambisana nomumo wedivayisi. Uzowathola kuma-smartphones amancane, amathebulethi, nezimoto-ezilawulwayo ezilawulwayo lapho isisindo sibaluleke kakhulu. Ngokuvamile banikela ngemijikelezo eyi-1000-2000.

I-Nickel Manganese Cobalt (NMC)amabhethri abhalansisa ukuminyana kwamandla (150-220 Wh/kg), amandla amandla, nempilo yokuphila (1000-imijikelezo engu-2000). Lokhu kuguquguquka kuzenza zidume ezimotweni zikagesi, lapho abakhiqizi bengakwazi ukushuna isilinganiso se-nickel-manganese-cobalt ukuze babeke phambili umthamo wamandla noma ukukhishwa kwamandla ngokusekelwe ezimfuneko zokuklama imoto.

Ukuqonda ukuthi yini enquma ubude bempilo yebhethri ye-lithium egcwalisekayo kudinga ukubheka ngale kwezibalo zomjikelezo ukuthi amabhethri asetshenziswa kanjani ngempela.

Umjikelezo wokushaja kwenzeka uma usebenzisa u-100% womthamo webhethri, nakuba kungenjalo ekukhipheni okukodwa okuqhubekayo. Ukusebenzisa u-50% usuku olulodwa futhi u-50% olandelayo kubalwa njengomjikelezo owodwa ophelele. -Amabhethri eselula angama-cylindrical ekhwalithi ephezulu-uhlobo olufana namabhethri e-AA kodwa amakhulu-angaletha 3000-imijikelezo engu-5000 ngaphambi kokuba umthamo wehle ufike ku-80% woqobo lwangempela. Amaseli e-Prismatic (flat, unxande) ngokuvamile aphatha imijikelezo engu-1000-2000, kuyilapho amabhethri e-lithium polymer esitayela sesikhwama evamise ukuwa amafushane.

Lezi zinombolo zithatha izinqubo zokushaja ezifanele. Ukuhamba ngebhayisikili kancane{1}}ukushaja kabusha ngaphambi kokuphela kokuphela{2}}kwelula impilo yebhethri uma kuqhathaniswa nokuphuma okugcwele okuphindaphindiwe. Amabhethri e-lithium esimanje awahlushwa "umphumela wenkumbulo" ohlasele amabhethri amadala e-nickel-e-cadmium, ngakho-ke ungakwazi ukushajwa kabusha nganoma isiphi isikhathi ngaphandle kwesijeziso sokusebenza.

Izinga lokushisa lithinta kakhulu ukusebenza kwamanje kanye nempilo-yesikhathi eside. Ukusebenza ku-40℃(104℃F) esikhundleni sika-20℃(68℃F) kunganciphisa impilo yonke ngo-40%. Amazinga okushisa abandayo awabangi umonakalo ongapheli kodwa anciphisa okwesikhashana umthamo otholakalayo{8}}ibhethri eliletha amandla aphelele angu-20℃lingase linikeze kuphela u-70% ku- -10℃(14℃F).

Izimo zesitoreji nazo zibalulekile. Ibhethri eligcwaliswe ngokugcwele eligcinwe ezingeni lokushisa eliphakeme ubudala obushesha kakhulu. Ukuze-isitoreji sesikhathi eside, abakhiqizi batusa ukushaja kumthamo ongu-40-50% nokugcina amabhethri endaweni epholile. Ibhethri eligcinwe ku-25℃(77℃F) ekushajweni okungu-40% lingase ligcine umthamo ongu-96% ngemva konyaka, kuyilapho eligcinwe lishajwe ngokugcwele ku-40℃(104℃F) lingalahlekelwa ngu-35% ngesikhathi esifanayo.

Amabhethri e-lithium aphinde ashajwe anika amandla ububanzi obungavamile bobuchwepheshe besimanje, uhlelo ngalunye lusebenzisa izici ezithile zobuchwepheshe.

I-Consumer Electronics-Ama-smartphone, amakhompyutha aphathekayo, amathebulethi, nama-earbud angenantambo konke kuncike ekuminyana kwamandla okuhlinzekwa ngobuchwepheshe be-lithium. Ibhethri lesimanje le-smartphone lipakisha u-10-15 Wh endaweni encane kunekhadi lesikweletu, into engenakwenzeka ngamakhemistri amabhethri amadala. Lawa madivayisi ngokuvamile asebenzisa i-LCO noma i-NMC chemistry ngesikhathi esiphezulu sokusebenza esikhaleni esincane.

Izimoto zikagesi-Imboni yezimoto yamukele amabhethri e-lithium, nesidingo sebhethri le-EV somhlaba wonke esidlula ihora le-terawatt elingu-1-ngonyaka kusukela ngo-2024. Ama-EV amaningi asebenzisa amabhethri e-NMC noma e-LFP. I-NMC inikeza ukuminyana kwamandla okuphezulu ebangeni elide, kuyilapho i-LFP inikeza amamajini okuphepha angcono nempilo yekhalenda ende. Amaphakethe ebhethri ezimoto zikagesi aqukethe izinkulungwane zamaseli angawodwana asebenza ndawonye ukuze agcine u-50-100 kWh wamandla.

Amathuluzi Amandla-Ama-Cordless drills, amasaha, nezinye izisetshenziswa zikagesi zishintshile zisuka ku-nickel{1}}cadmium zaya kubuchwepheshe be-lithium kule minyaka engu-15 edlule. Amandla kagesi aphezulu (amasistimu angu-18V noma angu-20V vs. 12i-V ye-NiCd) kanye nokuminyana kwamandla kunika amandla ukusebenza{7}}okuchwepheshe ngaphandle kwentambo. Lezi zinhlelo zokusebenza zinengcindezi yamabhethri anamadonsa amanje aphezulu, ngakho abakhiqizi basebenzisa i-NMC noma{9}}ikhemistri yokukhishwa kwe-LFP ephezulu.

Amandla Storage Systems-Ukufakwa kwe-solar kanye negridi{1}}yesitoreji sesikali sincika kakhulu kumabhethri e-lithium ukuze bushelelezi ubunjalo bezikhathi zamandla avuselelekayo. Amasistimu okuhlala ngokuvamile asebenzisa i-LFP chemistry, ebeka phambili ukuphepha nokuphila isikhathi eside ngaphezu kokuminyana kwamandla okukhulu. Kusukela ngo-2023, amabhethri e-lithium-ion abala ngaphezu kuka-80% 190+ wamahora e-gigawatt{8}}esitoreji sebhethri asetshenziswe emhlabeni jikelele.

Amadivayisi Ezokwelapha-Izisetshenziswa ezifakelwayo njengezinhliziyo ezishaya inhliziyo namaphampu e-insulin zidinga amabhethri athembekile futhi ahlala isikhathi eside{1}}. Abanye basebenzisa amaseli e-lithium ayisisekelo alinganiselwe iminyaka engu-10+, kuyilapho amadivayisi aphathekayo angaphandle aya ngokuya asebenzisa i-lithium eshajwayo ukuze kube lula kwesiguli kanye nezinzuzo zemvelo.

Lithium Rechargeable

Ukushaja kahle amabhethri e-lithium aphinde ashajwe kudinga ukuqonda i-voltage yawo ethile kanye nezidingo zamanje, ezihluke kakhulu kwezinye izinhlobo zebhethri.

Ikhemistri ye-ion ye-lithium{0}}ejwayelekile idinga ukushajwa kuye ku-4.2V iseli ngalinye elinokulawula ugesi okunembile. Inqubo yokushaja evamile ilandela-indlela yezigaba ezimbili: ukushaja okungaguquki-kwamanje (CC) kunikeza amandla angashintshi kuze kube yilapho amaseli efika ku-4.2V, bese ukushaja okungaguquki-}ku-voltage (CV) kugcina leyo voltage ngenkathi yamanje incipha kancane kancane. Ukushaja kuyaqeda lapho ibhethri lehla lifika cishe ku-3-5% wesilinganiso somthamo webhethri.

Awukwazi neze ukusebenzisa amashaja aklanyelwe ezinye izinhlobo zebhethri. Amashaja omthofu{1}e-asidi asebenzisa amandla kagesi aphezulu angalimaza amabhethri e-lithium. Ngokufanayo, amashaja e-nickel-cadmium noma i-nickel{4}}asebenzisa amaphrofayili e-voltage angahambelani nekhemistri ye-lithium. Ngaso sonke isikhathi sebenzisa ishaja eklanyelwe ngokukhethekile amabhethri e-lithium-ion, lawo afana nekhemistri eqondile yebhethri lakho.

Amandla okushaja ngokushesha athuthuke kakhulu. Nakuba amabhethri e-lithium angaphambi kwesikhathi ayedinga amahora angu-3-4 ukushaja, amaseli esimanje anamadizayini athuthukisiwe e-electrode angamukela izilinganiso zokushaja ezifika ku-1C (umthamo wesikhathi esisodwa ngehora) noma ngaphezulu. Amanye amabhethri ezimoto zikagesi manje asekela ukushaja okusheshayo okungu-350kW DC, engeza amamayela angu-100+ webanga ngemizuzu engu-10. Nokho, ukushaja okusheshayo okuvamile kusheshisa ukuwohloka uma kuqhathaniswa nokushaja okunensayo, okukwenza kube lula-ukuqhathanisa nokuphila isikhathi eside.

I-BMS idlala indima ebalulekile ngesikhathi sokushaja ngokuqapha ama-voltage eseli ngalinye kumaphakethe-amaseli amaningi. Njengoba ukuhluka kokukhiqiza kusho ukuthi amaseli awalokothi aziphathe ngendlela efanayo, i-BMS iqinisekisa ukuthi wonke amaseli ashaja ngokulinganayo ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-cell balancing. Lokhu kuvimbela noma yiliphi iseli elilodwa ukuthi lingakhokhiswa ngokweqile noma{3}}likhishwe ngokweqile, okunganciphisa umthamo wephakethe futhi kudale izinkinga zokuphepha.

Nakuba amabhethri e-lithium aphinde ashajwe kabusha ngokuvamile ephephile uma eklanywe kahle futhi esetshenziswa, ukuminyana kwawo okuphezulu kusho ukuthi ukwehluleka kungaba ngendlela emangalisayo.

I-thermal Runaway imele ukukhathazeka okuyinhloko kokuphepha. Uma izinga lokushisa langaphakathi likhuphuka cishe ngaphezu kwama-degree angu-80-90 ngenxa yamasekhethi amafushane angaphakathi, amaphutha okukhiqiza, noma ukulimala kwangaphandle,{5}}ukusabela kokuziqinisa kungaqala. Ukushisa kubangela ukubola kwe-electrolyte, okukhiqiza ukushisa okwengeziwe negesi, okungase kuholele emlilweni noma ukugqabhuka. Amabhethri esimanje ahlanganisa izici zokuphepha eziningi-ezikhipha umoya opholile, amafuse ashisayo, nokuvikelwa kwe-BMS okuyinkimbinkimbi ukuze kunqandwe lesi simo.

Ukulimala ngokomzimba kumabhethri e-lithium kudala ubungozi obukhulu. Ukubhoboza iseli kungabangela isifunda esifushane sangaphakathi esine-thermal runaway ngokushesha. Amaseli esikhwama esichotshozwayo noma agobayo alimaza isihlukanisi, okungenzeka avumele ukuthintana kwe-electrode okuqondile. Ungalokothi usebenzise amabhethri onakele ngokusobala, futhi uwalahle ngendlela efanele ezindaweni eziqokiwe zokugaywa kabusha.

Ukushaja ngokweqile kanye{0}}nokukhipha ngaphezulu kokubili amabhethri alimazayo nokudala izingozi. Ukushaja ngaphezu kuka-4.2V (noma i-4.35V kwamanye amakhemikhali amasha) kungonakalisa izinto ze-electrode futhi kubangele i-lithium plating ku-anode, idale ama-dendrite angase abhoboze isihlukanisi. Ukushajwa ngaphansi cishe kuka-2.5V ngeseli kungancibilikisa ithusi kubaqoqi bamanje, kwehlise unomphela umthamo nokudala ubungozi bangaphakathi bomjikelezo omfushane.

Gcina amabhethri ezindaweni ezipholile, ezomile kude nezinto ezivuthayo. Ungalokothi uwaveze emazingeni okushisa angaphezu kuka-60℃(140℃F), futhi ugweme ukushiya amabhethri ezimotweni ezishisayo ehlobo. Kwezokuthutha, imithethonqubo ihlukanisa amabhethri e-lithium-i-ion njengempahla eyingozi edinga ukupakishwa okukhethekile kanye nokulebula ukuze kuthunyelwe emoyeni ngaphezu kwemikhawulo ethile yomthamo.

Cha, udinga ishaja eklanyelwe ngokukhethekile i-lithium-ikhemikhali ye-ion. Lawa mashaja alawula i-voltage ngokunembile iye ku-4.2V iseli ngalinye futhi ashintshe ukusuka kumanje njalo ukuya ekushajweni okungaguquki kwamandla kagesi ngokuzenzakalela. Ukusebenzisa amashaja enzelwe ukuhola{4}i-asidi noma amabhethri e-nickel{5}kuzolimaza amabhethri e-lithium futhi kungase kudale izingozi zokuphepha.

Amabhethri e-lithium{0}}ekhwalithi yekhwalithi ngokuvamile aletha umjikelezo wokushajwa ogcwele ongu-1000-5000 kuye ngekhemistri nezimo zokusetshenziswa. Ngokwemibandela yekhalenda, lindela iminyaka engu-3-10 yempilo yesevisi. I-LiFePO4 chemistry inikeza impilo yomjikelezo omude kunayo yonke emijikelezweni ye-3000-5000, kuyilapho i-lithium cobalt oxide evamile ngokuvamile inikeza imijikelezo ye-500-1000 ngaphambi kokulahlekelwa okukhulu kwamandla.

Wonke amabhethri e-lithium aguga ekhalendeni ngenxa yokusabela kwamakhemikhali okungafuneki okwenzeka ngisho nalapho ephumule. Ukugcina amabhethri kumazinga okushisa aphezulu noma eshajwe ngokugcwele kusheshisa lokhu konakala. Ukuze uthole imiphumela engcono kakhulu ngesikhathi sokulondoloza, khokhisa ku-40-50% futhi ugcine endaweni epholile. Ibhethri eligcinwe kahle lingagcina umthamo ongaphezu kuka-95% ngemva konyaka.

Lo mehluko udida abantu abaningi.Iyini ibhethri ye-lithiumngokuvamile ibhekisela kumaseli ayinhloko ({0}}angashajwa kabusha) asebenzisa i-metallic lithium. Amabhethri e-Lithium-i-ion ayashajeka futhi futhi awaqukethe i-lithium yensimbi{3}}nje i-lithium esesimweni se-ionic egcinwe ngaphakathi kokubalulekile kwe-electrode. Lezi zinhlobo ezimbili azishintsheki ngenxa yama-voltage ahlukene kanye nekhemistri yangaphakathi.

Lithium Rechargeable

Ubuchwepheshe bebhethri ye-lithium obushajekayo buyaqhubeka buthuthuka ngokushesha. Ucwaningo lwama-electrolyte{1}esimo esiqinile luthembisa ukuminyana kwamandla aphezulu nokuphepha okuthuthukisiwe ngokuqeda ama-electrolyte oketshezi oluvuthayo. Ama-silicon anode angakhuphula umthamo ngo-30-40% ngaphezu kwegraphite evamile. Ikhemikhali ye-lithium-sulphur ingase igcine ilethe ukuminyana kwamandla angaphezu kuka-500 Wh/kg, cishe ubuchwepheshe bamanje obuphindwe kabili.

Lawa mabhethri ayishintshe kakhulu indlela esiwagcina futhi siwasebenzisa ngayo amandla kagesi. Kusukela ephaketheni-amafoni anosayizi kuya kugridi{2}}ekufakweni kwesikali, ubuchwepheshe be-lithium obushajekayo buvumela izindlela zokuphila zesimanje eziphathwayo nezivuselelekayo{3}. Inhlanganisela yobuchwepheshe yokuminyana kwamandla aphezulu, izindleko ezizwakalayo, kanye nokushajwa kabusha kuyenze yaba isixazululo esiphezulu sokulondoloza amandla kuzo zonke izinhlelo zokusebenza ezingenakubalwa. Njengoba izikali zokukhiqiza ziqhubeka zikhula futhi kuvela amakhemikhali amasha, amabhethri e-lithium ashajwayo cishe azonika amandla amadivayisi ethu nezimoto emashumini eminyaka ezayo.