Yini i-Organic Solvents?

Izincibilikisi zemvelo ziyinhlanganisela yoketshezi{{0}esekelwe kukhabhoni ekwazi ukuncibilikisa noma ukuhlakaza ezinye izinto ngaphandle kokuzishintsha ngamakhemikhali. Lezi zinhlanganisela ziqukethe ama-athomu ekhabhoni ahlanganiswe nezinye izakhi ezifana ne-hydrogen, umoya-mpilo, noma ama-halogen, eziwahlukanisa nezincibilikisi ezingaphili njengamanzi. Zingaphezu kuka-200 izinyibilikisi eziphilayo ezihlukene ezikhona emindenini ehlukahlukene yamakhemikhali, ngayinye isebenzela izimboni ezithile nezisetshenziswa zezohwebo ngokusekelwe ekwakhekeni kwamangqamuzana nezinto ezibonakalayo.

Isici esichazayo sezincibilikisi eziphilayo sisekwakheni kwawo amangqamuzana. Wonke ama-organic solvents aqukethe ikhabhoni-ikhabhoni noma i-carbon-amabhondi e-hydrogen njengomgogodla wawo wesakhiwo. Lokhu kwakheka okusekelwe kukhabhoni{{4}kubanika amandla ayingqayizivele okuncibilika, ikakhulukazi{5}}ezintweni ezingezona ezimhlophe nezingenamandla amanzi angakwazi ukuzincibilikisa ngempumelelo.

Izinyibilikisi ze-Organic zibonisa izici eziningana ezivamile ezizenza zibe yigugu ezimbonini. Iningi liwuketshezi olushintshashintshayo ekushiseni kwegumbi, okusho ukuthi luyahwamuka ngokushesha. Amaphuzu abo abilayo ngokuvamile asukela ngaphansi kuka-100 kuya cishe ku-250 degree, namaphoyinti abilayo aphansi ahambisana nokuguquguquka okukhulu. I-dielectric constant-isilinganiso sekhono le-solvent yokunciphisa amandla phakathi kwezinhlayiya ezishajwayo-iyahluka kakhulu phakathi kwezinyibilikisi zemvelo, okuthinta ngokuqondile amandla azo okuncibilikisa izinhlanganisela ze-ionic ezifana nosawoti we-lithium.

I-viscosity imelela enye impahla ebalulekile. Izincibilikisi-ezine-viscosity ephansi zivumela ama-ion nama-molecule ukuthi ahambe ngokukhululeka kakhudlwana esixazululweni, okuba okubalulekile ezinhlelweni ezifana ne-lithium battery electrolyte lapho conductivity ye-ionic inquma ukusebenza. Ukusebenzisana phakathi kwe-dielectric constant kanye ne-viscosity ngokuvamile kudinga ukuxuba izinyibilikisi ezinezakhiwo ezihambisanayo ukuze kuzuzwe imiphumela emihle.

Izinyibilikisi ze-Hydrocarbon ziqukethe kuphela ama-athomu e-carbon ne-hydrogen. Lezi zinyibiliki{1}ezingezona ze-polar zihamba phambili ekuncibilikiseni amafutha, ama-wax, amafutha, namafutha.

I-aliphatic hydrocarbonsfaka amaketanga ekhabhoni aqondile noma anegatsha ngaphandle kwamasongo anamakha. Izibonelo ezijwayelekile zifaka i-hexane, i-heptane, ne-petroleum ether. Lezi zinyibilikisi zine-polarity ephansi kakhulu, ukuguquguquka okuphezulu, futhi azinzile kumakhemikhali kodwa ziyavutha kakhulu. Izimboni ziwasebenzisela ukukhipha uwoyela, ukwenza imithi, ukwenza upende nokukhiqiza izinto zokunamathisela.

Ama-hydrocarbons anephunga elimnandiaqukethe izindandatho ze-benzene esakhiweni sazo, ezinikeza izici ezihlukile. I-Benzene, i-toluene, nexylene imelela izinyibilikisi ezinuka kamnandi ezivame kakhulu. Lezi zinhlanganisela zine-polarity emaphakathi, amandla aphezulu e-solvent kunama-aliphatic hydrocarbons, kanye nephunga elibonakalayo. Izicelo zabo zithatha isikhathi eside ekusetshenzisweni kwezincibilikisi zezimboni kumapende, izinto zokunamathisela, oyinki bokuphrinta, nasekuhlinzeni amafutha. Kodwa-ke, ama-hydrocarbon amaningana anephunga elimnandi athwala izingozi ezinkulu zempilo{{4}i-benzene iwumdlavuza owaziwayo, okwenza imikhawulo yokuchayeka ilawulwe ngokuqinile.

Izinyibilikisi ezinomoya-mpilo zifaka ama-athomu omoya-mpilo esakhiweni sawo samangqamuzana, enze izici ze-polar ezandisa amandla azo okuncibilika.

Utshwalaaqukethe amaqembu e-hydroxyl (-OH) anamathiselwe kumaketango ekhabhoni. I-Methanol, i-ethanol, i-isopropanol, ne-butanol isetshenziswa kabanzi kuzo zonke izimboni. Utshwala bungancibilikisa kokubili i-polar kanye nezinye{3}}izinto ezingezona ze-polar, kuzenze zibe yizincibilikisi ezishintshashintshashintshayo. I-Ethanol isebenza njengesithako esibalulekile kwezemithi, izimonyo, iziqholo, nezibulali magciwane. Izicelo zezimboni zihlanganisa ukusetshenziswa njenge-ejenti yokuhlanza kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwamakhemikhali.

Ama-ketonesifaka iqembu le-carbonyl (C=O) elihlanganiswe nama-athomu ekhabhoni amabili. I-acetone ne-methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) ihola lesi sigaba. Ama-ketones ane-polar kakhulu, ane-solvency enhle kakhulu, futhi ayahwamuka ngokushesha. I-acetone ivela ezintweni ezisusa i-nail polish, izincibilikisi zopende, nanjengento yokuhlanza ekukhiqizeni izinto zikagesi. Ema-laboratories, ama-ketone asebenza njengezincibilikisi ezivamile zokusabela.

Esterskwakheka ngokusabela phakathi kwama-asidi nama-alcohol. I-Ethyl acetate kanye ne-methyl acetate yi-ester evame ukusetshenziswa. Lezi zinyibilikisi zinephunga elimnandi lezithelo, i-solvency enhle yama-resin nama-polymers, kanye ne-polarity emaphakathi. Imboni yokumboza isebenzisa ama-ester kakhulu kumapende nama-varnish. Izimboni zokudla zisebenzisa ama-ester athile njengama-flavour agents. I-Ethyl acetate ivela kuzisusi ze-nail polish nanjengesihlanzi sebhodi lesifunda.

Ama-Ethersiqukethe i-athomu ye-oxygen ehlanganiswe namaketanga e-carbon amabili. I-Diethyl ether ne-tetrahydrofuran (THF) imele ama-ether abalulekile elabhorethri kanye nezilungiselelo zezimboni. Ama-Ether ngokuvamile ane-polarity ephansi kanye nokuguquguquka okuphezulu. Nakuba i-diethyl ether yake yasebenza njengesibulali-zinzwa esivamile, ukuvutha kwayo okwedlulele kwanciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwayo. I-THF isalokhu idumile ekukhiqizeni i-polymer nanjenge-solvent yokusabela kwelabhorethri.

Ama-solvents ane-halogenated afaka ama-athomu e-halogen (i-chlorine, i-fluorine, i-bromine, noma i-iodine) esakhiweni sawo. Lezi zinyibilikisi zinamandla akhethekile okuncibilika wezinto ezimelana nezinye izincibilikisi.

Ama-solvents ane-chlorinezihlanganisa i-dichloromethane (i-methylene chloride), i-chloroform, i-carbon tetrachloride, ne-trichlorethylene. Lezi zinhlanganisela azikwazi ukuvutha-inzuzo ebalulekile yokuphepha{3}}futhi zinamandla aphezulu e-solvency. Imisebenzi yokukhipha amafutha ensimbi, ukuhlubula upende, nokuhlanza okomile ngokwesiko kwakuthembele kakhulu kuzincibilikisi ezine-chlorine. Kodwa-ke, ama-solvents amaningi ane-chlorinated anobuthi, kanti amanye ahlukaniswa njengama-carcinogens noma izingozi zokuzala. I-carbon tetrachloride ne-trichlorethylene ibhekana nemikhawulo eqinile yokulawula ngenxa yezingozi zezempilo nokukhathazeka kokuncipha kwe-ozone.

Ama-solvents ane-fluorinatedzithole ukunakwa muva nje, ikakhulukazi ezinhlelweni ezikhethekile. Lezi zinhlanganisela zinikeza ubuthi obuphansi kunezinye izindlela ze-chlorinated ezimweni eziningi futhi zibonisa ukuzinza okuhle kakhulu kwamakhemikhali. Imboni yebhethri ibonise intshisekelo ethile kuma-fluorinated carbonates ngezinhlelo zokusebenza zebhethri ye-lithium ephezulu-ye-voltage ngenxa yokuqina kwawo okuphezulu kwe-oxidation.

Izinyibilikisi ze-carbonate zithatha isikhundla esikhethekile ngenxa yendima yazo ebalulekile ekugcineni amandla esimanje. Lezi zinhlanganisela ziqukethe iqembu le-carbonate (−O−CO−O−) esakhiweni sazo.

I-cyclic carbonatesnjenge-ethylene carbonate (EC) kanye ne-propylene carbonate (PC) zinama-dielectric constants aphezulu kodwa futhi ne-viscosity ephezulu. I-ethylene carbonate, eqinile ekushiseni kwegumbi, iba uketshezi uma ixutshwe nezinye izincibilikisi. Lezi zinhlanganisela zakha amafilimu avikelayo azinzile ezindaweni zama-electrode.

I-Linear carbonatesnjenge-dimethyl carbonate (DMC), i-diethyl carbonate (DEC), ne-ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) ine-viscosity ephansi kodwa futhi i-dielectric constants ephansi. Inhlanganisela ye-cyclic kanye ne-linear carbonates idala izixazululo ze-electrolyte ezinezakhiwo ezilinganiselwe.

Ukuqondaliyini ibhethri ye-lithiumubuchwepheshe budinga ukuqaphela umsebenzi obalulekile wezincibilikisi eziphilayo kulawa mathuluzi okugcina amandla. Amabhethri e-lithium aguqula amandla amakhemikhali abe amandla kagesi ngokusebenzisa ukunyakaza kwe-lithium ion phakathi kwama-electrode. Izinyibilikisi zemvelo zakha isisekelo se-electrolyte ewuketshezi eyenza lokhu kuthuthwe kwe-ion.

Kuma-electrolyte ebhethri ye-lithium, izinyibilikisi ze-organic kufanele zanelise izimfuneko eziningi ezidingekayo ngasikhathi sinye. Badinga ama-dielectric constants aphezulu ukuze bancibilikise usawoti we-lithium njenge-lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF₆), kodwa i-viscosity ephansi ukuvumela ukunyakaza kwe-ion okusheshayo. Kumelwe zihlale zizinzile ngokomakhemikhali e-electrochemical kulo lonke ibanga lamandla okusebenza kwebhethri, zimelane nokubola kuwo womabili ama-electrode, futhi zisebenze ngempumelelo kuwo wonke amazinga okushisa abanzi.

I-electrolyte yebhethri ye-lithium ejwayelekile iqukethe izinyibilikisi eziphilayo ezixubile. Ukwakhiwa okuvamile kuhlanganisa i-ethylene carbonate ne-dimethyl carbonate noma i-diethyl carbonate ngezilinganiso ezithile. I-dielectric ephezulu ye-ethylene carbonate incibilikisa usawoti we-lithium ngempumelelo futhi yakhe ungqimba oluqinile lwe-electrolyte interphase (SEI) oluvikelayo ku-graphite anode. Lesi sendlalelo se-SEI sivimbela ukubola kwe-solvent eyengeziwe ngenkathi sivumela ukudlula kwe-lithium ion. Kodwa-ke, indawo ephezulu yokuncibilika ye-EC (36℃) idinga ukuxubana nezincibilikisi eziwuketshezi njenge-DMC noma i-DEC.

I-Propylene carbonate ekuqaleni ibonakale ithembisa kodwa ibangela ukucwiliswa kwe-graphite kumabhethri avamile e-lithium-e-ion. Abacwaningi bayigcinele amabhethri asebenzisa ezinye izinto ze-anode. Ama-linear carbonates afana ne-DMC ne-DEC anciphisa i-electrolyte viscosity, athuthukisa ukusebenza kwe-ionic nokusebenza{3}}kwezinga lokushisa eliphansi.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwebhethri ye-lithium okuthuthukisiwe kuqhuba ukusungulwa kwe-organic solvent. Izinto ezisetshenziswayo ze-cathode{1}eziphezulu ze-voltage zidinga izincibilikisi ezinokumelana ne-oxidation ephakeme. Izinyibilikisi ze-organic ezifakwe Fluorinated ziye zavela njengamakhandidethi, zinikeza ukuzinza kumandla angaphezu kuka-4.5V uma kuqhathaniswa ne-lithium. Lezi zinyibilikisi ezikhethekile zenza{5}}amabhethri esizukulwane esilandelayo anokuminyana kwamandla aphezulu.

Izimfuneko zekhwalithi zebhethri-zezinga lezincibilikisi ze-organic ziqine ngendlela emangalisayo. Ukuhlanzeka kufanele kudlule u-99.9%, nomswakama ongaphansi kwezingxenye ezingu-10 ngesigidi. Ukungcoliswa kwamanzi kubangela i-lithium salt hydrolysis, ekhiqiza i-hydrofluoric acid eyehlisa izingxenye zebhethri futhi inciphise ukusebenza. Ukungcola kwehlisa amandla e-oxidation futhi kubeke engcupheni ukuphepha.

Ukugaywa kabusha kwebhethri kuveza izinselele ezengeziwe zokulawulwa kwezinyibilikisi eziphilayo. Amabhethri e-lithium asetshenzisiwe aqukethe ama-electrolyte amadala anemikhiqizo yokubola. Ukukhipha okuphephile kanye nokugaywa kabusha noma ukulahlwa ngendlela efanele kwalezi zinyibilikisi eziphilayo kuvimbela ukungcoliswa kwemvelo futhi kubuyisela izinto ezibalulekile.

Izinyibilikisi zemvelo zivela cishe kuyo yonke imboni yezimboni, ukusetshenziswa komhlaba wonke ngonyaka kudlula amathani ayizigidi ezingama-28. Ikhono lazo lokuncibilikisa, ukumisa okwesikhashana, ukukhipha, noma ukuncibilikisa ezinye izinto ngaphandle kokudala izinguquko zamakhemikhali kuzenza zingabuyiseleki ezinqubweni eziningi.

Imboni yokumboza nopende imele umthengi omkhulu wezincibilikisi zemvelo. Izincibilikisi zincibilikisa ama-resin nemibala, zilawula i-viscosity ukuze zisetshenziswe ngendlela efanele, futhi ziyahwamuka ukuze kushiye izimbobo ezifanayo. I-toluene, i-xylene, i-acetone, notshwala obuhlukahlukene busebenza njengezinciphisi zikapende nezinto zokuhlanza imishini yokupenda.

Ukukhiqizwa kwemithi kuncike kakhulu kuzincibilikisi eziphilayo phakathi nokuthuthukiswa nokukhiqizwa kwezidakamizwa. Izincibilikisi zisebenza njengemidiya yokusabela yokuhlanganiswa kwamakhemikhali, izinto ezikhiphayo zokuhlukanisa izinhlanganisela ezisebenzayo emithonjeni yemvelo, imidiya yokuhlanza ezinqubweni zekristalu, nabathwali ekwakhiweni. I-Ethanol, i-methanol, i-acetone, ne-dichloromethane ziphakathi kwezincibilikisi zemithi ezisetshenziswa kakhulu.

Umkhakha wokunamathelisa kanye nama-sealants usebenzisa izincibilikisi eziphilayo ukuze ulawule ukungaguquguquki futhi unike amandla isicelo. Ngemuva kokufaka isicelo, ukuhwamuka kwe-solvent kuvumela i-adhesive ukuthi isethe. Izinto ezinamathelayo zasezimbonini, izinsimbi zokwakha, neglue zasendlini konke kufaka izincibilikisi zemvelo ekwakhekeni kwazo.

Oyinki bokuphrinta badinga izincibilikisi ukuze kugcinwe uketshezi olufanele futhi kuqinisekiswe ngisho nokusatshalaliswa ezindaweni zokuphrinta. Izindlela zokuphrinta ezihlukene{1}}i-offset, i-flexographic, i-gravure{2}}zisebenzisa amasistimu e-solvent athuthukiswe ngokwezidingo zawo ezithile. Ama-hydrocarbon anephunga elimnandi nama-ester avamise ukuvela ekwenziweni kukayinki wokuphrinta.

Imisebenzi yokuhlanganiswa kwamakhemikhali kuzo zonke izikali zisebenzisa izincibilikisi eziphilayo njengemidiya yokusabela. Izincibilikisi zenza kube lula ukuhlangana okusabelayo, zilawula izinga lokushisa lokusabela ngomthamo wazo wokushisa, futhi zibe nomthelela kumazinga okusabela nokukhetha. Abacwaningi baselabhorethri nezitshalo zamakhemikhali ezimboni bobabili bancike ekukhetheni izincibilikisi ezifanele ukuze kuguqulwe ngempumelelo amakhemikhali.

Imboni ye-elekthronikhi isebenzisa izincibilikisi zemvelo zokuhlanza amabhodi esekethe, isuse izinsalela ze-flux, kanye nezingxenye zokwehlisa amafutha. Ukuhlanza okunembayo kudinga izincibilikisi ezihwamuka ngokuphelele ngaphandle kokushiya izinsalela. I-Isopropanol kanye nezinyibilikisi ezikhethekile ezine-fluorinated zinikeza lezi zinhlelo zokusebenza.

Ukunakekelwa komuntu siqu kanye nezimonyo zifaka izincibilikizeli zemvelo kumakha, i-nail polish, izikhiphi ze-nail polish, nezinqubo ezihlukahlukene zokuklama. I-Ethanol ne-ethyl acetate zivela kaningi kule mikhiqizo yabathengi.

Imisebenzi yokuhlanza okomile ngokwesiko yayithembele kuzincibilikisi zemvelo, ikakhulukazi i-perchlorethylene (tetrachlorethylene), ukuhlanza izindwangu ezintekenteke ngaphandle kwamanzi. Ukukhathazeka kwemvelo nempilo kuye kwagqugquzela ukuthuthukiswa kwezinye izinyibilikisi zalolu hlelo lokusebenza.

Organic Solvents

Izinyibilikisi ze-organic zibeka izingozi eziningi zempilo ngokuya ngokwakheka kwazo kwamakhemikhali, ukugxilisa ingqondo, ubude besikhathi sokuchayeka, kanye nomzila wokuchayeka. Izigidi zezisebenzi emhlabeni wonke zibhekene nokuchayeka okungase kube nezincibilikizo ezindaweni zazo zokusebenza.

Imiphumela yokuchayeka ebukhaliikakhulukazi zibandakanya ukucindezeleka kwesimiso sezinzwa esimaphakathi. Ukuchayeka -kwezinga eliphezulu{2}}kwesikhathi esifushane kubangela izimpawu ezisukela ekhanda, isiyezi, nokuba nekhanda elikhanyayo ukuya ekudidekeni, ukulahlekelwa ukusebenzisana, ukuquleka, ukuquleka, kanye nokufa okungenzeka. Ukucasuka kwamehlo, ikhala, nomphimbo kuvame ukwenzeka ngokuchayeka komhwamuko oncibilikayo. Le miphumela esheshayo ixazulula ngokushesha uma ukuchayeka sekuphelile, kodwa kudala izingozi zokuphepha ngokukhinyabeza ukwahlulela nesikhathi sokusabela.

Ukuchayeka okungamahlalakhonakuzincibilikisi zemvelo phakathi nezinyanga noma iminyaka kuholela emiphumeleni eyingozi kakhulu yezempilo. Ukuchayeka isikhathi eside kulimaza amasistimu wezitho eziningi:

Isistimu yezinzwa ikhombisa ukuba sengozini okuthile. I-neurotoxicity ye-solvent engapheli ibonakala njengokukhubazeka kwengqondo, izinkinga zenkumbulo, izinguquko zobuntu, nokunciphisa ukusebenzisana. Izinyibilikisi ezithile-n-i-hexane, i-toluene, ne-styrene-ziyi-neurotoxin eqinisekisiwe. Isimo singahlehla kancane ngokuyeka ukuchayeka, kodwa izimo ezinzima zidala umonakalo unomphela.

Ama-solvents amaningi e-organic aqinisekisiwe ama-carcinogens abantu. I-Benzene idala i-leukemia kanye nokuphazamiseka kwegazi. I-Formaldehyde yandisa ingozi yomdlavuza we-nasopharyngeal kanye ne-leukemia. I-Trichlorethylene ne-carbon tetrachloride nazo zinezigaba ze-carcinogenic.

Imiphumela yezempilo yokuzala ibhalwe phansi kuzinyibilikisi ezimbalwa. 2-i-ethoxyethanol kanye ne-2-methoxyethanol ilimaza inzalo kubo bobabili abesilisa nabesifazane. Abesifazane abakhulelwe abachayeke emazingeni aphezulu ezinto ezincibilikayo babhekana nezingozi ezengeziwe zokuphuphunyelwa yisisu, ukukhubazeka kokuzalwa, kanye nezingane ezizalwa zinesisindo esiphansi.

Ukulimala kwesibindi nezinso kuvela ngenxa yokuchayeka njalo ezincibilikisini eziningi. Lezi zitho zigaya izincibilikisi, zizenze zibe sengcupheni yokuncibilika{1}}okubangelwa ubuthi. Izinyibilikisi ezine-chlorine ikakhulukazi zithinta ukusebenza kwesibindi.

Imiphumela ye-dermatological ivela kaningi phakathi kwezisebenzi eziphatha izincibilikisi. Ama-solvents asusa amafutha emvelo esikhumbeni, okubangela ukoma, ukuqhekeka, kanye ne-dermatitis. Ezinye izincibilikisi zingena esikhunjeni esingaguquki futhi zingene egazini, zidale indlela yokuchayeka ngale kokuhogela.

Imizila yokuchayekanquma ubunzima kanye nohlobo lwemiphumela yezempilo. Ukuhogela kumelela indlela eyinhloko yokuchayeka yezinyibilikisi zemvelo eziguquguqukayo. Umhwamuko oncibilikayo ungena emaphashini futhi usabalale ngokushesha kuwo wonke umzimba ngohlelo lwegazi. Ukumuncwa kwesikhumba kwenzeka lapho izincibilikisi eziwuketshezi zithinta isikhumba noma lapho abasebenzi becwilisa izandla zabo emabhavini ancibilikayo. Ukungeniswa, nakuba kungavamile, kwenzeka ngezandla ezingcolile ukuthinta ukudla noma izitsha zokuphuza.

Izingozi zomlilo neziqhumaneziletha izingozi ezisheshayo. Izinyibilikisi eziningi eziphilayo zivutha kakhulu ngama-flashpoints aphansi. Izingxube zomhwamuko{2}eziphakathi kwebanga elivutha umlilo zingavutha kugesi omile, izinhlansi, amalangabi avulekile, noma izindawo ezishisayo. Isitoreji esifanele sidinga iziqukathi eziphansi ukuze kuvikelwe ukukhishwa okumile. Izinto ezisebenza ngogesi ezindaweni ezisetshenziswa kakhulu yi-solvent kufanele ziphephe ngaphakathi. Izimvume zokusebenza kanye nokungena komoya kahle kuyisibopho ngaphambi kwanoma yimuphi "umsebenzi oshisayo" ezindaweni{6}}zokusebenzisa izincibilikisi.

Imikhawulo yokuchayeka elawulayoukusiza ukuvikela abasebenzi. I-Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) isungula i-Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs) yezincibilikisi eziningi. I-National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) ishicilela Imikhawulo Enconyiwe Yokuchayeka (RELs). I-American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) ithuthukisa i-Threshold Limit Values (TLVs). Le mikhawulo icacisa ubuningi bokugxilisa emoyeni obuphakathi kwamashifu-amahora ayisishiyagalombili.

Izinyathelo zokuzivikelaKufanele isetshenziswe nomaphi lapho kusetshenziswa khona izinyibilikisi zemvelo:

Izilawuli zobunjiniyela zinikeza umugqa wokuqala wokuzivikela. Ukungena komoya okwanele kususa umhwamuko oncibilikayo emthonjeni wawo. Amasistimu we-exhaust endawo, ama-fume hoods, nezindawo zokugcina ezinomoya omncane kunciphisa ukugxila emoyeni. Amasistimu avaliwe anciphisa ukukhululwa kwe-solvent.

I-Personal protective equipment (PPE) ihlanganisa-amagilavu angazweli amakhemikhali akhethelwe izinyibilikisi ezithile, izibuko zokuphepha noma izibuko, ama-respirators lapho umoya wokungenisa umoya ubonakala unganele, nezingubo zokuzivikela. Ukukhetha amagilavu kudinga ukunakwa okucophelelayo{2}}imindeni eyahlukene yezincibilikizi ingena ezintweni ezihlukene zamagilavu.

Izilawuli zokuphatha zibandakanya izinqubo zokusebenza ezifanele. Izisebenzi kufanele zisebenzise amanani amancane ancibilikayo, zigcine iziqukathi zimboziwe lapho zingasetshenziswa, zigweme ukugeza izandla ngezincibilikizo, zishintshe ngokushesha izingubo ezincibilikisiwe{1}}, futhi zithole ukuqeqeshwa njalo ngezinqubo zokuphatha ngokuphephile.

Izincibilikisi zemvelo ezisekelwe ku-petroleum{0}ezisekelwe ku-organic zifaka isandla kakhulu ezinkingeni zemvelo. Ukuguquguquka kwawo okuphezulu kuholela ekukhiqizweni okukhulu komkhathi. I-Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) ekhishwe kuzincibilikisi ibamba iqhaza ekwakhekeni kwentuthu ye-photochemical futhi inomthelela ekungcoleni komhlaba{3}}kwezinga le-ozone. Ngo-2017, izinyibilikisi zemvelo zazibalwa phakathi kwenani eliphakeme kakhulu lamakhemikhali akhishwa emoyeni alandelwa yi-US Environmental Protection Agency.

Ukulahlwa ngendlela engafanele kungcolisa inhlabathi namanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Izinyibilikisi eziningi eziphilayo zimelana nokuwohloka kwemvelo, ziqhubeka endaweni ezungezile isikhathi eside. I-ecosystem yasemanzini ibhekana nokulimala okuthile lapho i-solvent{2}}amanzi angcolile engena emifudlaneni, emifuleni, noma emachibini. Imvelaphi ye-petroleum{4}esekelwe ezincibilikisini ezivamile iphinda idale ukukhathazeka kokusimama uma kubhekwa izinsiza zikaphethiloli ezinomkhawulo.

Ingcindezi yokulawula iye yaqina eminyakeni yamuva. I-European Union's I-VOC Directive ikhawulela ukukhishwa kwe-atmospheric. I-Ejensi Yokuvikela Imvelo yase-US ibeka izindinganiso eziqinile zokusetshenziswa kwe-solvent, ukugcinwa, nokulahlwa kwe-solvent. Izifunda eziningi zivalela noma zikhawulela kakhulu izincibilikisi eziyingozi njenge-carbon tetrachloride nezinhlanganisela ezithile ezine-chlorine.

Izimiso zamakhemikhali aluhlaza ziye zagqugquzela ukuthuthukiswa kwezinye izinyibilikisi ezinemithelela encishisiwe yemvelo nempilo. Izincibilikisi ezisekelwe ku-Bio- ezitholakala ezinkondlweni ezivuselelekayo zinikeza isiqondiso esisodwa esithembisayo.

I-Ethanolkusuka kummbila, umoba, noma eminye imithombo yezitshalo imelela i-solvent esekelwe ku-bio esetshenziswa kakhulu-. Ingqalasizinda yayo ekhona, ukujwayela, kanye nephrofayili engalungile iyenza ihehe ezinhlelweni eziningi zokusebenza. I-Bio-i-ethanol ifana ngamakhemikhali ne-petroleum-i-ethanol etholakala kodwa ivela ezinsizeni ezivuselelekayo.

I-Ethyl lactate, ekhiqizwa ngokucubungula ummbila, isebenza njengenye indlela ephephile ku-ethyl acetate ne-acetone. Le bio{{1}i-ester esekelwe ku-bio isebenza ngempumelelo ekuhlanzeni insimbi, ukukhumula upende, nanjenge-solvent yokumboza. Ukuwohloka kwayo kanye nobuthi obuncane buhambisana nezinhlelo zokusebenza lapho ukuphikelela kwemvelo kubangela ukukhathazeka.

I-2-Methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MeTHF), etholakala kuma-corncobs ne-moba bagasse, inikeza enye indlela eluhlaza ku-dichloromethane kanye ne-tetrahydrofuran evamile. Le cyclic ether ithole izinhlelo zokusebenza ekuhlanganiseni kwemithi nokukhiqizwa kwe-polymer.

I-Cyrene (dihydrolevoglucosenone)imele ukuqanjwa kwakamuva kwezincibilikisi eziluhlaza. Ihlanganiswe kusuka kudoti we-cellulose ngenqubo ecishe ibe namandla-engathathi hlangothi, i-Cyrene inikeza ubuthi obuphansi futhi ingangena esikhundleni se-dimethylformamide (DMF) kanye ne-N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) ezinhlelweni eziningi. Kubonakale kusebenza ngempumelelo ekukhiqizweni kwe-graphene kanye nokusabela kwe-carbon cross-coupling. I-Cyrene yathola ukuqashelwa ngemiklomelo eminingana ngokusungula kwayo kanye nokuqinisekisa ukusimama.

I-Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADESs)zakha isigaba esisafufusa sezincibilikisi eziluhlaza ezakhiwe ngokuhlanganisa izinhlanganisela zemvelo njenge-choline chloride, urea, glycerol, nama-organic acid. Lezi zingxube ze-eutectic zihlala ziwuketshezi ekamelweni lokushisa naphezu kwezingxenye zazo eziqinile. Ama-NADES anikeza ubuthi obuphansi, ukubola kwezinto eziphilayo, kanye nekhono lokuncibilikisa izinto ezihlukahlukene. Izicelo zabo zihlanganisa ukukhishwa kwezinhlanganisela ze-bioactive ezitshalweni, ukuhlanganiswa kwemithi, kanye namakhemikhali okuhlaziya.

Imakethe{{0}esekelwe ku-bio) ikhule kakhulu, nokuqagela okubonisa ukukhula okuqhubekayo. I-Allied Market Research ilinganisela ukuthi imakethe yezinyibiliki ezisekelwe ku-green and bio{2}izobhalisa izinga lokukhula elihlanganisiwe lonyaka elingu-4.3% phakathi kuka-2014 no-2020. Isidingo sabathengi semikhiqizo ebophezelekile kwimvelo, kanye nezimfuneko zokulawula, ziqhuba lokhu kukhula.

Nokho, izincibilikisi eziluhlaza zibhekana nezinselele. Abakwazi okwamanje ukufaka esikhundleni sezincibilikisi ezivamile kuzo zonke izinhlelo zokusebenza ngenxa yemikhawulo yokusebenza noma izindleko eziphezulu. Okunye ukudla{2}okusekelwe ku-bio{2}kuncintisana nokukhiqizwa kokudla, kuphakamisa imibuzo yokusimama. Ukuhlolwa komjikelezo wempilo-kokuncibilikisa okuluhlaza kufanele kucabangele lonke uchungechunge lwazo lokukhiqiza, okuhlanganisa okokufaka kwezolimo, amandla okucubungula, nezokuthutha.

Asikho i-solvent "eluhlaza" ngokuphelele kuzo zonke izimo. Ngayinye kufanele ihlolwe ngaphakathi kwesicelo sayo esithile, kucatshangelwa izindlela zokukhiqiza, amathuba okugaywa kabusha, ukuphela-kokulahlwa kwempilo, kanye nokusebenza kahle kwenqubo iyonke. Umgomo awukona okokunyibilikisa okuluhlaza okusemhlabeni wonke kodwa ikhithi yamathuluzi ehlukahlukene yezinye izindlela eziphephile ezifaniswa nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlukile.

Ukukhetha i-solvent efanele ye-organic yohlelo oluthile kudinga ukulinganisa izici eziningi. Imihlahlandlela yokukhetha i-solvent yenziwe ukuze isize osokhemisi nonjiniyela benze izinqumo ezinolwazi.

Imingcele ye-Solubilityukubikezela ukuthi i-solvent izoncibilikisa into ethile. Umgomo othi "njengokuncibilika njengokufana" uhlinzeka ngendawo yokuqala-izincibilikisi ze-polar zincibilikisa izincibiliki ze-polar, kuyilapho{2}}izincibilikisi ezingezona ezincibilika ezincibilika{3}}ezingezona ezimhlophe. Amapharamitha we-Hansen we-solubility anikeza-indlela yobukhulu obuthathu{5}}eyinkimbinkimbi, ehlukanisa i-polarity ibe amandla okuhlakazeka, ukusebenzisana kwe-polar, kanye nezingxenye ze-hydrogen bonding.

Ukucatshangelwa kokusabelaekuhlanganiseni kwamakhemikhali kuhlanganisa imiphumela ye-solvent ngezinga lokusabela, ukukhetha, kanye nesivuno. I-solvent polarity ithonya izindlela zokusabela. Izinyibilikisi ze-Protic (lezo ezinekhono lokubopha i-hydrogen) ziziphatha ngendlela ehlukile kunezincibilikisi ze-aprotic (lezo ezingenazo) ekuphenduleni okuningi. Izimfuneko zethempelesha zingase zinqume ukukhetha kwezincibilikisi{3}}ukusabela emazingeni okushisa aphakeme kudinga{4}}izincibilikisi ezibilayo eziphezulu, kuyilapho ukusabela{5}}kwezinga lokushisa eliphansi kudinga izincibilikisi ezihlala ziwuketshezi kulawo mazinga okushisa.

Ukucubungula komfulakuthinta ukukhetha kwe-solvent. Uma umkhiqizo kufanele uhlukaniswe ne-solvent, ukukhululeka kokuhlukana kuyindaba. Izinyibilikisi eziguquguqukayo zivumela ukuhwamuka okulula. Izinyibilikisi ezingenakunyakaziswa zinika amandla-ukukhishwa koketshezi. Ezinye izinqubo zigaya kabusha futhi ziphinde zisebenzise izincibilikisi, zenze ukuzinza nokubalula kokucwengwa kubalulekile.

Iphrofayili yezemvelo, impilo, kanye nokuphepha (EHS).inesisindo esikhulu ekukhetheni kwezincibilikizi zesimanje. Amathuluzi afana nomhlahlandlela wokukhetha izincibilikisi ze-CHEM21 asiza ukukhomba ezinye izindlela eziphephile. Le mihlahlandlela ilinganisa izincibilikisi ezigabeni eziningi: ukuphepha (ukuvutha, ukuphinda usebenze), impilo (ubuthi obuyingozi, imiphumela engapheli), indawo ezungezile (ukuphikelela, ubuthi basemanzini), nobunzima bokwelapha imfucuza.

Izici zomnothozihlanganisa izindleko ze-solvent, ezihluka kakhulu, kanye nezidingo zengqalasizinda. Izinyibilikisi eziyisipesheli zingadinga okokusebenza ezibizayo ukuze kuvinjwe noma kutholakale kabusha. Izindleko zokuthobela imithetho{2}}izimvume, ukugada, ukubika{3}}zengeza ezindleko eziphelele zokusebenzisa izincibilikisi ezithile.

Amasistimu we-solvent exubilengokuvamile inikeza ukusebenza okungcono kunezincibilikisi ezingabodwa. Izingxube kanambambili noma ze-ternary zingahlanganisa izinzuzo zezincibilikisi ezihlukene kuyilapho zinciphisa ukubi. Ama-electrolyte ebhethri ye-lithium ayisibonelo sale ndlela, exuba izincibilikisi ukuze kuzuzwe kokubili i-dielectric ephezulu engaguquki kanye ne-viscosity ephansi.

Ubuchwepheshe be-solvent ye-Organic buyaqhubeka nokuvela ngenxa yezidingo zobuchwepheshe kanye nezidingo zokusimama.

Izinqubo zamahhala ze-solvent{0}zimelela umgomo ofanelekile kumakhemikhali aluhlaza. Lapho kungenzeka khona, ukususa izincibilikisi kuzisusa ngokuphelele izingozi nezindleko ezihambisana nazo. Ukusabela okuqinile-kwesimo, ukusabela okuhle (ama-reactants axutshwe ngaphandle kwe-solvent), nezinqubo ze-mechanochemical ziqhubekisela phambili le nhloso. Kodwa-ke, izinhlelo eziningi zisadinga izincibilikisi ukuze zisetshenziswe ngendlela engokoqobo.

I-Supercritical fluids, ikakhulukazi i-supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO₂), inikeza enye indlela yezincibilikisi zemvelo ezivamile. Ngaphezulu kwezinga layo lokushisa elibucayi nokucindezela, i-CO₂ iba uketshezi olunoketshezi-olufana nokuminyana kodwa igesi{2}}efana ne-diffusivity. I-ScCO₂ incibilikisa izinto eziningi{4}}ezingezona ezipholile, ayikhiqizi zinsalela ezinobuthi, futhi ihlukaniswa kalula ngokunciphisa ukucindezela. Imboni yekhofi isebenzisa i-scCO₂ ekwenzeni i-caffeine. Ukukhishwa kwemithi kanye nokucubungula kwe-polymer nakho kusebenzisa uketshezi olunamandla kakhulu. Izimfuneko{8}eziphezulu zemishini yokucindezela kanye ne-polarity elinganiselwe zikhawulela ukutholwa okubanzi.

Uketshezi lwe-Ioniciqukethe ama-ion ahlala ewuketshezi ekamelweni lokushisa. Lezi zinyibilikisi zomklami zingalungiselelwa izinhlelo zokusebenza ezithile ngokukhetha izinhlanganisela ezifanele ze-cation{1}}anion. Umfutho wabo womhwamuko onganakwa uvimbela ukukhishwa komkhathi. Kodwa-ke, uketshezi oluningi lwe-ionic lune-toxicology engaziwa, ukuhlanganiswa kwazo kungabiza, futhi ukuphinda kusetshenziswe kabusha kudinga ukuhlolwa ngakunye.

Ukuhlolwa kwe-solvent yekhompyuthakusheshisa ukukhethwa kwe-solvent ngokusebenzisa imodeli yamangqamuzana nokufunda ngomshini. Ukubikezela izici zokuncibilikisa, imiphumela yokusabela, kanye nomthelela wemvelo kunciphisa uhlolo lokuhlola{1}}kanye{2}}nephutha. Lawa mathuluzi asiza ukukhomba abantu abathembisayo abavela ezindaweni eziningi zamakhemikhali.

Izinyibilikisi ezine-fluorinated zamabhethri athuthukilethola ukunakwa kocwaningo olunzulu. -Amabhethri e-lithium esizukulwane esilandelayo anama-voltage aphezulu kanye nokuminyana kwamandla adinga izihlanzi ezizinzile ngaphezu kuka-4.8V. Ingxenye yama-carbonates ane-fluorinated kanye nama-ether abonisa isithembiso. I-Trifluoroethyl methyl carbonate nezinye izinhlanganisela ze-fluorinated zinika amandla i-lithium ephezulu-ye-voltage-ecebile ama-cathodes kanye ne-lithium metal anode.

Ukugaywa kabusha kwe-solvent nokubuyiselwaubuchwepheshe buthuthukisa ukusimama. I-distillation ihlukanisa ama-solvents axubile ngokusekelwe ekuhlukeni kwamaphuzu abilayo. Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-Membrane, i-adsorption, nezinqubo ze-oxidation ezithuthukisiwe ziyalulama futhi zihlanze izincibilikisi ezisetshenzisiwe. Amasistimu{3}}avaliwe anciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-solvent entsha kanye nokukhiqizwa kukadoti.

Imboni ye-organic solvent ibhekene nokungezwani okuqhubekayo phakathi kwezidingo zokusebenza nezinjongo zokusimama. Ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza zingase zingalokothi zithole ezinye izindlela eziluhlaza ezanele, ezidinga ukusetshenziswa okuqhubekayo kwezinyibilikisi zendabuko ngaphansi kokulawula okuqinile. Ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza zizoshintshela ezindleleni{2}ezisekelwe ku-bio, ezingenabungozi kangako, noma ezincibilikayo ngokuphelele{3}. I-trajectory ikhomba entweni ehlukahlukene, -yekhithi yamathuluzi encibilikisiwe ethize ebeka phambili ukuphepha nokuzibophezela kwemvelo.

Ucwaningo ngokwakheka-kubudlelwane bezakhiwo luyaqhubeka luveza ukuthi ukwakheka kwamangqamuzana kunquma kanjani izici zokuncibilika. Lolu lwazi luvumela ukuklama okunengqondo kwezincibilikisi ezintsha ezilungiselelwe izinjongo ezithile. Inhlanganisela yezimiso zamakhemikhali aluhlaza, amasu okuhlukanisa abalingiswa athuthukile, namathuluzi okubala ilungisa kabusha ubuchwepheshe be-organic solvent yekhulu lama-21.

Organic Solvents

I-solvent ephilayo iqukethe ama-athomu ekhabhoni njengengxenye yesakhiwo sayo samangqamuzana, ngokuvamile ahlanganiswe ne-hydrogen, umoya-mpilo, i-nitrogen, noma ama-athomu e-halogen. Lokhu kwehlukanisa izincibilikisi zemvelo kuzincibilikisi ezingaphili njengamanzi (H₂O) noma i-ammonia ewuketshezi engenayo ikhabhoni. Isakhiwo esisekelwe kukhabhoni- sinikeza izinyibilikisi zemvelo ikhono lazo lokuncibilikisa ezinye izinhlanganisela eziphilayo.

Akuwona wonke ama-organic solvents anezinga elifanayo lobuthi. Ubuthi buhluka kakhulu ngokusekelwe ekwakhekeni kwamakhemikhali. I-Ethanol ikhombisa ubuthi obuphansi futhi ivela eziphuzweni nasemithini. Ngokuphambene, i-benzene inobuthi kakhulu futhi i-carcinogenic. I-Carbon tetrachloride idala ukulimala okukhulu kwesibindi. I-solvent ngayinye idinga ukuhlolwa komuntu ngamunye kwezingozi zayo zezempilo ngokusebenzisa amashidi edatha yokuphepha nemihlahlandlela yokulawula.

Yebo, izinyibilikisi eziningi eziphilayo zingagaywa kabusha ngokusebenzisa i-distillation, ehlukanisa izingxenye ngokusekelwe kumaphuzu ahlukene abilayo. Izimboni zamakhemikhali zijwayele ukululama futhi zisebenzisa kabusha izincibilikisi ukuze zinciphise izindleko nomthelela emvelweni. Ukuba nokwenzeka kokugaywa kabusha kuncike ohlotsheni lwe-solvent, izidingo zokuhlanzeka, nezinga lokungcoliswa. Ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza zidinga izincibilikisi ezimsulwa kuyilapho ezinye zamukela izinto ezigaywe kabusha.

Amabhethri e-lithium adinga izinyibilikisi zemvelo ngoba i-lithium isabela ngobudlova emanzini, okwenza ama-electrolyte anamanzi angenzeki. Izinyibilikisi ze-carbonate ze-organic zincibilikisa usawoti we-lithium kuyilapho ezinzile ngokwe-electrochemical kulo lonke ibanga lebhethri. Futhi bakha amafilimu angaphezulu okuzivikela kuma-electrode avimbela ukubola okuqhubekayo. Inhlanganisela ethize ye-ethylene carbonate ne-linear carbonates inikeza ibhalansi efanele ye-ionic conductivity nokuvikelwa kwe-electrode.

Izinyibilikisi zemvelo ziwuketshezi olusekelwe kukhabhoni-olubalulekile ezimbonini zonkana kusukela kwezemithi kuya kwezobuchwepheshe, nezinhlanganisela ezihlukene ezingaphezu kuka-200 ezinikezela ngezinhlelo ezikhethekile.

Izingozi zempilo nokuphepha ziyahlukahluka kakhulu phakathi kwezinyibilikisi zemvelo, kusukela ku-ethanol kuqhathaniswa ne-benzene ye-carcinogenic, okudinga izilawuli zokuchayeka eziqinile kanye nezinto zokuzivikela ezifanele.

Ubuchwepheshe bebhethri ye-lithium buncike kakhulu kuzincibilikisi ze-organic carbonate ezincibilikisa usawoti we-lithium, ziqhube ama-ion phakathi kwama-electrode, futhi zakhe amafilimu avikelayo anika amandla impilo yebhethri ende.

Ezinye izindlela eziluhlaza okuhlanganisa{0}izinyibilikisi ezisekelwe ku-bio, izinyibilikisi zemvelo ezijulile eutectic, nezinhlanganisela ezinamanzi zithatha indawo ka-petroleum eyingozi{1}kancane kancane.

Ukukhetha isincibilikisi kudinga ukulinganisa izinto eziningi ezihlanganisa amandla okuncibilika, iphrofayela yokuphepha, umthelela wendawo, izindleko, kanye nezidingo zokusebenza{0}}ezithize