Iyini i-Organic Electrolyte?

I-organic electrolyte iyisisombululo sokuqhuba lapho ama-organic compounds esebenza njenge-solvent yamasawoti ancibilikisiwe. Lawa ma-electrolyte anika amandla ukuthuthwa kwe-ion phakathi kwama-electrode kumabhethri ngokusebenzisa izincibilikisi ezisekelwe kukhabhoni{1}njenge-ethylene carbonate noma i-dimethyl carbonate, esikhundleni samanzi noma izinto ezingaphili.

Uma uke wazibuzayini ibhethri ye-lithiumeyenziwe, i-electrolyte ihlala enhliziyweni yomsebenzi wayo. Amabhethri e-lithium-e-ion ancike kuma-electrolyte e-organic ukuze avale ama-ion e-lithium phakathi kwe-cathode ne-anode phakathi nemijikelezo yokushaja nokukhipha. Ngaphandle kwalesi sisetshenziswa esiwuketshezi, ibhethri belingeke lisebenze.

Ukwakheka okujwayelekile kubandakanya usawoti we-lithium-ngokuvamile i-lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF₆)-encibilikiswe kungxube yezinyibilikisi zemvelo. Lokhu kudala isixazululo esine-ionic conductivity ephezulu evumela ukuthi ama-ion e-lithium ashajwe kahle ukuthi ahambe ngokukhululeka kuyilapho kuvimbela ukugeleza kwe-electron, okungadala amasekhethi amafushane.

Amabhethri e-lithium-ezentengiso asebenzisa ama-electrolyte e-organic kunama-aqueous (-asekelwe emanzini) ngesizathu esibalulekile: izinyibilikisi zemvelo zihlala zizinzile kuma-voltage angaphezu kwama-volts angu-4.5, kuyilapho amanzi ebola ngaphezu kuka-1.23 volts ekamelweni lokushisa. Le nzuzo yamandla kagesi ihumusha ngokuqondile kumabhethri aphezulu wokuminyana kwamandla.

Ukwakheka kwama-electrolyte e-organic kuyehluka ngokuya ngezidingo zohlelo, kepha kubusa izinyibilikisi ezimbalwa:

I-cyclic carbonates:

I-Ethylene carbonate (EC) ihlinzeka nge-dielectric ephezulu engaguquki kanye nokuncibilika kukasawoti okuhle kakhulu, nakuba iqinile ekamelweni lokushisa.

I-Propylene carbonate (PC) ihlala iwuketshezi kodwa ingabangela ukukhishwa kwe-graphite kwezinye izinto ze-anode

I-Vinylene carbonate (VC) ivame ukubonakala njengesengezo sokuthuthukisa ukuzinza kwe-electrode

I-Linear Carbonates:

I-Dimethyl carbonate (DMC) inikeza i-viscosity ephansi yokuthutha i-ion engcono

I-Diethyl carbonate (DEC) ibhalansisa ukuhamba nokuphepha

I-Ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) ihlanganisa izakhiwo zazo zombili i-DMC ne-DEC

Ukwakhiwa okuningi kwezentengiso kuhlanganisa i-cyclic kanye ne-linear carbonates. Ingxube evamile ingase iqukathe u-30% EC no-70% DEC, okudala uketshezi olunakho kokubili ukuqhutshwa okuphezulu kanye ne-viscosity efanele. Imakethe yomhlaba wonke yebhethri ye-lithium-ye-ion electrolyte solvent ifinyelele ku-$10.55 billion ngo-2024 futhi kulindeleke ukuthi ikhule iye ku-$28.12 billion ngo-2034, okubonisa ukubaluleka okubalulekile kwalezi zinto.

I-Ether{{0}Izincibilikisi Ezisekelwe:

I-1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) inikeza ukuzinza nge-lithium metal anode

I-Tetrahydrofuran (THF) inikeza i-viscosity ephansi

I-1,3-dioxolane ithuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwamabhayisikili

Abacwaningi futhi baphenya uketshezi lwe-ionic njengezinye izindlela eziphephile. Lawa masawoti ancibilikisiwe ahlala ewuketshezi ekamelweni lokushisa futhi anikeze cishe umfutho we-vapor ongu-zero, okuwenza angashi. Kodwa-ke, i-viscosity yabo ephakeme inciphisa ukuqhutshwa kwe-ionic uma kuqhathaniswa nezincibilikisi ezivamile ze-organic.

Indlela yokusebenza iqondile kodwa inhle. Ngesikhathi sokukhishwa, ama-ion e-lithium ku-anode adedela ku-electrolyte futhi athuthele ku-cathode. Ama-electron, angakwazi ukudlula ku-electrolyte, ahamba kumjikelezo wangaphandle-lokhu kugeleza kwe-electron amandla kagesi anika amandla amadivayisi.

I-electrolyte kufanele yanelise izimfuneko eziningana ezincintisanayo. Idinga i-viscosity ephansi yokunyakaza kwe-ion esheshayo, i-dielectric engaguquki ephezulu ukuze ihlukanise usawoti we-lithium, iwindi elibanzi lokuzinza kwe-electrochemical ukuvimbela ukubola, nokuzinza kwamakhemikhali ngawo womabili ama-electrode. Ukuthola izinto ezilinganisa zonke lezi zakhiwo kuhlala kuyinselele.

Into eyodwa ebalulekile yenzeka ezindaweni zama-electrode: ukwakheka kwe-solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). Lapho ibhethri lishajwa okokuqala, i-electrolyte ibola kancane endaweni ye-anode, yakhe ungqimba oluncane oluvikelayo. Le SEI ivumela i-lithium ion ukuthi idlule ngenkathi ivimba ama-electron futhi ivimbela ukubola okwengeziwe kwe-electrolyte. Ikhwalithi nokusimama kwalesi sendlalelo kuthinta kakhulu impilo yebhethri nokuphepha.

Organic Electrolyte

Ukukhetha phakathi kwama-electrolyte e-organic kanye nama-aqueous kuhilela ukuhweba okuyisisekelo. Amasistimu anamanzi ahlinzeka nge-ionic conductivity ephezulu{1}}ama-molecule wamanzi anyakazisa ama-ion ngokuphumelelayo kunezincibilikisi zemvelo. Aphephile futhi, ashibhile, futhi kulula ukuwaphatha njengoba amanzi awashi futhi awasheshi.

Kodwa lelo windi lokuzinza elingu-1.23{2}}lokubulala amasistimu anamanzi ezinsizeni eziningi. Amabhethri e-lithium-ion asebenza phakathi kuka-3.7 no-4.2 volts, ngaphezu kwalokho okungamelana namanzi. Abanye abacwaningi baye baphusha izinhlelo zamanzi ku-2.0-2.5 volts besebenzisa izixazululo zikasawoti ezigxile kakhulu, kodwa lokhu kudela inzuzo yezindleko futhi kwethula izinkinga ezintsha.

Ama-electrolyte emvelo abusa imakethe hhayi ngoba elungile, kodwa ngoba eyinketho engcono kakhulu etholakalayo-yezinhlelo zokusebenza zamandla kagesi aphezulu. Inzuzo yokuminyana kwamandla ibaluleke kakhulu-ngumehluko phakathi kwemoto kagesi enobubanzi obungamamayela angu-100 uma iqhathaniswa nebanga lamamayela angu-300.

I-drawback enkulu ye-organic electrolyte ukuvutha. Izinyibilikisi zekhabhoni zivutha kalula, futhi imililo yebhethri ye-lithium-ion ikhiqiza ukushisa okukhulu. I-Thermal Runaway{3}lapho ukushisa kwangaphakathi kusheshisa ukusebenza kwamakhemikhali okwenza ukushisa okwengeziwe{4}}kungaholela emililo noma ukuqhuma.

Amasu amaningana abhekana nale ngozi:

I-Flame-Izithasiselo Ezingahoxisi:Ukwengeza izinhlanganisela ezifana ne-trimethyl phosphate noma izinyibilikisi ezine-fluorinated kunciphisa ukuvutha. Ucwaningo olushicilelwe ngo-2020 lwabonisa i-EC-ama-electrolyte angashi asekelwe ku-EC esebenzisa i-methyl(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)carbonate. Amaseli asebenzisa lokhu kwakheka asebenze imijikelezo engu-100 kuzimo zokunqanyulwa kweshaji engu-4.5V ngokuvamile ebezingabangela ama-electrolyte avamile ukuthi anciphe.

Ama-Solid-State Electrolytes:Ukushintsha ama-electrolyte anguketshezi ngezinto eziqinile (ama-polymer noma izitsha zobumba) kuqeda ukuvutha ngokuphelele. Kodwa-ke, ama-electrolyte aqinile abhekana nezinselele: ukwehla kwe-ionic conductivity ekamelweni lokushisa, ukuthintana kabi nama-electrode, kanye nokuqina. Ubuchwepheshe bubonisa isithembiso kodwa abukafani nokusebenza kwamasistimu oketshezi.

Ama-Electrolyte Aphezulu{{0}Aphezulu:Ukusebenzisa usawoti we-molar we-3-5 esikhundleni se-standard 1 molar kushintsha isakhiwo se-electrolyte. Ezinhlelweni ezigxile kakhulu, ama-molecule e-solvent ambalwa ahlala engaboshiwe, anciphisa ukuvutha nokuthuthukisa ukuzinza. I-LiFSI (lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide) ekucushweni okunjalo ibonise ukuphepha okuthuthukisiwe ngenkathi igcina ukusebenza kahle.

Imakethe ye-electrolyte ibhekene nokukhula okusheshayo. Imakethe ye-lithium battery electrolyte imi ku-$5.8 billion ngo-2025 futhi kulindeleke ukuthi ifinyelele ku-$18.3 billion ngo-2035, ikhombisa izinga lokukhula elihlanganisiwe lonyaka lika-12.2%. Lokhu kukhula kusuka ngokuyinhloko ekuthathweni kwemoto kagesi kanye -nokusetshenziswa kwesikali sesitoreji samandla.

I-Asia Pacific ibusa ukukhiqizwa nokusetshenziswa, ibalwa cishe ngama-35% emakethe yomhlaba. I-China, ikakhulukazi, yakhe umthamo omkhulu wokukhiqiza i-electrolyte ukusekela imboni yayo yasekhaya yamabhethri. Izinkampani ezifana ne-Guangzhou Tinci Materials Technology kanye ne-Shenzhen Capchem Technology zihola ngokuhlinzekwa komhlaba wonke.

Ingxenye yezimoto idinga{{0}izimoto zikagesi manje zisebenzisa amabhethri amaningi kunezogesi zabathengi, ukuguqulwa kweminyaka emihlanu edlule. Iphakethe ngalinye lebhethri le-EV liqukethe amalitha ambalwa e-electrolyte, futhi ukuthengiswa kwe-EV emhlabeni wonke kudlule amayunithi ayizigidi ezingu-14 ngo-2023. Lokhu kugxilwa kwezimoto kusunduzela ucwaningo kuma-electrolyte alungiselelwe ukuphila komjikelezo omude nokusebenza okubanzi kwezinga lokushisa kunobuningi bamandla.

Izikhombisi-ndlela zocwaningo lwakamuva zibonisa ukuthi umkhakha uphokophelephi. Indawo eyodwa ethembisayo iyindawo ephezulu{1}}ye-concentration electrolyte (LHCEs). Lezi zinhlelo zisebenzisa inani elincane lesinyibilikisi esibizayo esine-fluorinated ukudala indawo yendawo egxile kakhulu ezungeze usawoti we-lithium, bese zihlanza lokhu nge-cosolvent eshibhile, engasebenzi. Umphumela uhlanganisa izinzuzo zesistimu{4}}yokugxilisa ingqondo ephezulu nezindleko ezizwakalayo kanye ne-viscosity.

Omunye umkhuba uhlanganisa ukuhlanganisa ungqimba lwe-SEI ngokusebenzisa izithasiselo ze-electrolyte. Amanani amancane (1-5%) wezinhlanganisela ezithile angathonya ngendlela ephawulekayo ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo endaweni ye-electrode. I-Vinylene carbonate, isibonelo, ibola ngokukhethayo ukuze idale ifilimu ye-SEI ezinzile. Abacwaningi basemalebhu ebhethri ahamba phambili manje bahlola ngokuvamile amakhulukhulu ezithasiselo ezingaba khona besebenzisa ikhemikhali yekhompyutha ngaphambi kokuhlanganisa amakhandidethi athembisa kakhulu.

Wonke-amabhethri esifunda{1}}aqinile amele ukusuka kubuchwepheshe bamanje. I-Toyota, i-Samsung, ne-QuantumScape ziphakathi kwezinkampani ezitshala imali eningi kuma-electrolyte aqinile. Uma kuphumelele, lawa masistimu anganikeza ukuminyana kwamandla okungu-50% ngaphezulu kwamabhethri e-lithium-ayo manje kuyilapho esusa ubungozi bomlilo. Kodwa-ke, izinselelo zobuchwepheshe mayelana nokuzinza kwe-interface kanye nokukhiqizwa ngezinga eliphezulu kusalokhu kungaxazululiwe.

Impumelelo ye-lithium inabacwaningi abasebenzisa izindlela ezifanayo kumabhethri-eionion ye-sodium. I-sodium iningi kakhulu futhi ishibhile kune-lithium, okwenza amasistimu e-sodium{2}}e-ion athandeke endaweni emile lapho isisindo sibaluleke kancane. Izindaba ezinhle: ama-electrolyte amaningi e-organic enzelwe izinhlelo ze-lithium asebenza ngokwanele nge-sodium.

Izinselele zihluka kancane. I-sodium ions inkulu kune-lithium ion, ethinta izakhiwo zokuthutha kanye nokwakheka kwe-SEI. Ama-Electrolyte adinga ukulungiswa ukuze abhekane nalo mehluko. I-Ester-izinyibilikisi ezisekelwe ku-Ester (njenge-ethyl acetate noma i-methyl propionate) ngezinye izikhathi zisebenza kangcono nge-sodium kune-carbonate{4}ezisekelwe kuyo.

Amabhethri e-ion ye-sodium-yezentengiselwano avela ezinkampanini ezifana ne-CATL manje asebenzisa i-organic electrolyte efana ne-lithium-izinhlelo ze-ion, ngokuvamile i-sodium hexafluorophosphate (NaPF₆) kuzingxube ze-carbonate. Ubuchwepheshe abukafani nokusebenza kwe-lithium{3}}ion kuze kube manje, kodwa ezinsizeni ezifana nendawo yokuhlala yelanga, "okwanele" ngezindleko eziphansi kungase kube "ngcono."

Ama-electrolyte e-organic ayazabalaza emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. Ngaphansi kokuthi -20℃, i-viscosity iyakhula futhi ezokuthutha ze-lithium-ion zihamba kancane kakhulu. Ngaphezulu kwamadigri angu-60, ukusabela kokubola kuyashesha futhi ukuphila kwebhethri kuhlupheka.

I-Ether{{0}ama-electrolyte asekelwe ngokuvamile aphatha ukubanda kangcono-asekelwe e-carbonate, nakuba edela ukuqina kwe-voltage. Ucwaningo olushicilelwe ngo-2024 lwabonisa amabhethri e-sodium-ensimbi asebenza -ku-40℃esebenzisa ama-electrolyte e-ether akhiwe ngokucophelela. Ukhiye wawuhilela ukulinganisa kwesakhiwo sokuxazululeka{8}}indlela ama-molecule e-solvent ahlela ngayo eduze kwama-ion-ukugcina ukuhamba kwe-ion ngisho nalapho kubanda.

Ngezinhlelo zokusebenza-zezinga lokushisa eliphezulu, ama-ether e-fluorinated nama-phosphate ester anikeza ukuzinza okungcono kunama-carbonates ajwayelekile. Izinhlelo zokusebenza zezempi nezasemoyeni ngezinye izikhathi zithethelela izindleko eziphakeme zalawa ma-electrolyte akhethekile.

Ama-electrolyte emvelo avela kumakhemikhali ebhethri ngale kwe-lithium-ion. Amabhethri e-lithium-esibabule, anikeza ngokusobala amandla aphezulu kakhulu, adinga ama-electrolyte avimbela ukuncibilika kwe-polysulfide. Abacwaningi benze i-ether ekhethekile-ama-electrolyte asekelwe ngezithako ezifana ne-lithium nitrate ukuze kubhekwane nalokhu.

Amabhethri okugeleza kwe-organic asebenzisa izinhlanganisela eziphilayo ezincibilikisiwe njengento esebenzayo esikhundleni sama-electrode aqinile. Lawa masistimu azungeza i-electrolyte ngebhethri, okuvumela umthamo wamandla ukuthi ukhule ngokuzimela ngaphandle kokuphuma kwamandla. Ama-Quinones, ama-viologen, nokuphuma kokuphuma kwe-TEMPO okuncibilikisiwe kuma-electrolyte anamanzi noma aphilayo abonisa ukuthembisa{2}}kwegridi yesikali sokulondoloza.

Amabhethri e-Zinc{0}}ngesinye isikhathi asebenzisa i-organic electrolyte ukuvimbela ukwakheka kwe-zinc dendrite. Amabhethri e-Magnesium{2}}asesezigabeni zocwaningo kakhulu-adinga ama-electrolyte akhethekile ngoba i-magnesium ayakhi isendlalelo esidlulayo njengoba kwenza i-lithium.

Organic Electrolyte

Amanzi abola nge-electrolysis kuma-voltage angaphezu kuka-1.23V, akhiqize i-hydrogen namagesi omoya-mpilo. Amabhethri e-Lithium-ion asebenza ku-3.7-4.2V, ngaphezu kwebanga lokuzinza lamanzi. Izinyibilikisi ze-organic zihlala zizinzile kulawa ma-voltage aphezulu, okuvumela isitoreji samandla esikhulu ngesisindo seyunithi ngayinye.

Izinyibilikisi eziningi eziphilayo ezisetshenziswa kumabhethri{{0}ama-carbonate, ama-ether, ama-ester{1}}aqukethe i-carbon{2}}amabhondi e-hydrogen akhipha i-oxidi kalula lapho kukhona umoya-mpilo nokushisa. Lapho ibhethri ingena ekubalekeni okushisayo, amazinga okushisa angaphakathi angadlula ama-degree angu-150, ngaleso sikhathi lezi zincibilikisi zivutha. Ukuba khona kosawoti we-lithium nezinto ezisebenzayo ze-electrode kusheshisa ukusha uma sekuqalile.

Ukuwohloka kwe-Electrolyte kukhawulela ubude bebhethri bufinyelele cishe kumjikelezo wokushaja ongu-1000-2000 kuzinhlelo zokusebenza zabathengi, noma iminyaka engu-8-10 ezimotweni zikagesi. Ukusabela kokubola kwenzeka ngokuqhubekayo ezindaweni zama-electrode, kudla i-electrolyte futhi kwakha izendlalelo ezivikelayo. Izinga lokushisa, izilinganiso zokushaja, kanye nobubanzi be-voltage konke kuthinta ukuwohloka kwesivinini sokusetshenziswa kwenweba ukuphila.

Izinqubo zamanje zokugaywa kabusha zigxile kakhulu ekubuyiseni izinsimbi ezibalulekile njenge-lithium, i-cobalt, ne-nickel kuma-electrode. I-electrolyte ivamise ukushiswa noma yonakaliswe amakhemikhali ngesikhathi sokugaywa kabusha kwe-hydrometallurgical. Ezinye izindlela ezintsha zizama ukubuyisela nokuhlanza izingxenye ze-electrolyte, kodwa lokhu akukakancintisani ngokwezomnotho ngokukhiqiza i-electrolyte entsha kusuka ku-petroleum feedstocks.

I-organic electrolyte imele obunye balabo buchwepheshe obusebenza kahle ngokwanele ukuthi ezinye izindlela zidonsa kanzima ukubususa, noma kunemikhawulo eyaziwayo. Amasistimu ezwe-aqinile athembisa ukuphepha okungcono, futhi amasistimu anamanzi anikeza izindleko eziphansi, kodwa ama-electrolyte angama-organic liquid okwamanje anikeza ibhalansi engcono kakhulu yokusebenza, ukuminyana kwamandla, kanye nokwenziwa. Ngokuzayo, wonke amabhethri e-lithium{3}i-ion anika amandla amafoni ethu, amakhompyutha aphathekayo, nezimoto zizoqukatha amamililitha amaningana alawa makhondaktha asuselwa kukhabhoni{4}enza umsebenzi wawo othulile, obalulekile.