Yini I-Phase Change Materials?

Izinto zokushintsha izigaba (ama-PCM) yizinto ezimunca futhi zikhiphe amanani amakhulu wamandla ashisayo phakathi noshintsho lwesigaba, ngokuvamile phakathi kwezimo eziqinile neziwuketshezi. Lezi zinto zigcina ukushisa njengamandla acashile kunokumane zikhuphule izinga lokushisa, okuzivumela ukuthi zigcine amazinga okushisa acishe abe njalo ngenkathi zigcina noma zikhipha amanani abalulekile wamandla.

Zisebenza kanjani Izinto Zokushintsha Isigaba

Indlela engemuva kwe-PCM igxile ekugcinweni kokushisa okucashile. Uma ushisisa iqhwa, limunca amandla ukuze lishintshe lisuke kokuqinile liye oketshezini ngo-0℃ngaphandle kokukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa{2}}lesi isimiso soshintsho lwesigaba ama-PCM asisebenzisela ukuphathwa kokushisa.

Phakathi noshintsho lwesigaba, ama-PCM amunca amandla okushisa (inqubo ye-endothermic) lapho encibilika futhi ewakhulula (inqubo ye-exothermic) lapho eqina. Amandla agcinwe ngeyunithi yesisindo adlula kude lawo wezinto ezijwayelekile. Amanzi, isibonelo, adinga u-333.55 J/g ukuze ancibilike, kodwa kuphela u-4.18 J/g ukuze akhuphule izinga lokushisa ngedigri eyodwa. Lo mehluko ophindwe izikhathi ezingu-80 ubonisa ukuthi kungani isitoreji sokushintsha isigaba sisebenza kahle kunesitoreji sokushisa esinengqondo.

Izinga lokushisa lokushintsha kwesigaba (PCT) liyipharamitha ebalulekile. Ama-PCM ahlukene asebenza kumazinga okushisa athile-amanye aku- -5℃endaweni ebandayo, amanye angaphezu kuka-150℃ngezinqubo zezimboni. Izinto ezisetshenziswayo zihlala kulokhu kushintsha kwezinga lokushisa kuze kube yilapho lonke ushintsho lwesigaba luphela, lunikeza ukuzinza okushisayo.

I-Thermal conductivityiveza inselele enkulu. Ama-PCM ahlanzekile ngokuvamile ane-conductivity ephansi (0.2-0.5 W/m·K yamapharafini), okunciphisa ukudluliswa kokushisa. Ukuze kubhekwane nalokhu, onjiniyela bengeza izinto ezisebenzayo njengegraphite enwetshiwe, amagwebu ensimbi, noma ama-carbon nanotubes. Lawa ma-PCM ayinhlanganisela angafinyelela amanani okuqhuba adlula u-2.5 W/m·K kuyilapho egcina umthamo wokushisa ocashile ophezulu.

Izinhlobo Zezinto Zokushintsha Isigaba

Ama-PCM we-Organic

I-wax kapharafini iphethe lesi sigaba. Esuselwe ku-petroleum, upharafini unikeza amazinga okushisa okushintsha kwesigaba asukela -ku-10℃kuya ku-70℃. Abonisa ukuzinza kwamakhemikhali ezinkulungwaneni zemijikelezo yokushisisa{5}}yokupholisa, izakhiwo ezingagqwali, nokuhambisana nezinto eziningi zokuphatha.

Upharafini wezohwebo ojwayelekile onephuzu elincibilikayo elingamadigri angu-28 ugcina cishe u-200 kJ/kg wokushisa okucashile. Impahla ayipholi kakhulu futhi ikhombisa ukuhlukaniswa kwesigaba esincane. Nokho, upharafini unezihibe ezimbili: ukusebenza okuphansi kwe-thermal kanye nokuvutha, okuwenza angafaneleki{4}}ukufakwa kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu.

Ama-acids anamafutha amelela esinye isigaba sezinto eziphilayo. Izinto ezifana ne-lauric acid (iphuzu elincibilikayo 44 degree) kanye ne-stearic acid (i-69 degree) i-biodegradable futhi itholakala emithonjeni yezitshalo noma yezilwane. Banikeza ukushisa okucashile phakathi kuka-150-180 kJ/kg kanye ne-thermal conductivity engcono kunamapharafini. Ucwaningo lukhombisa ama-fatty acids agcina u-95% womthamo wawo wokugcina ukushisa ngemuva kwemijikelezo eyi-1,000 ye-thermal.

I-Polyethylene glycol (PEG) isebenzisa izinhlelo zokusebenza ezidinga ukuguquguquka. Ngezisindo zamangqamuzana asuka ku-400 kuye ku-6,000, okuhlukile kwe-PEG kuvala amazinga okushisa ancibilikayo ukusuka -ku-10℃kuya ku-65℃. Izinto ezibonakalayo zihlangana kahle nama-polymers ama-PCM azinzile angavuzi uma ewuketshezi.

Ama-PCM angaphili

Ama-hydrates kasawoti ahlinzeka nge-thermal conductivity ephezulu (0.5-0.8 W/m·K) kanye namandla okushisa acashile kunezinto eziphilayo. I-sodium sulfate decahydrate (usawoti we-Glauber), encibilika ku-32 degree, igcina i-254 kJ/kg-cishe i-25% ngaphezu kwama-PCM aphilayo afaniswayo.

Inselele eyinhloko i-supercooling. Ama-hydrates kasawoti angahlala ewuketshezi 10-15℃ngaphansi kwendawo yawo yokuqandisa ngaphandle uma kunezelwa ama-nucleating agents. I-Calcium chloride hexahydrate ibonisa ukupholisa okukhulu okungama-degree angu-40 ngaphandle kokwelashwa. Abacwaningi bangeza i-borax noma amanye ama-nucleators ukuze aqalise ukucwebezela ekushiseni okufanele.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwesigaba kwenzeka lapho izingxenye zikasawoti namanzi zihlukana phakathi nemijikelezo ephindaphindiwe, ukusebenza okwehlisa isithunzi. Ucwaningo lwango-2024 olwenziwa nguZhang luthole ukuthi ukungeza izinto ezijiya njenge-carboxymethyl cellulose kunciphisa ukuhlukaniswa kwesigaba ku-calcium chloride hexahydrate ngo-73% ngaphezu kwemijikelezo engama-500.

Ama-metal alloys asebenzisa{0}}izinga lokushisa eliphezulu. I-aluminium-ama-silicon alloys (melting ~577℃) nenhlanganisela ye-bismuth{4}}lead isebenza ezitshalweni zamandla elanga agxilile. Lezi zinsimbi zinikeza i-thermal conductivity ehlukile (20-80 W/m·K) kodwa zibiza izikhathi eziphindwe ka-5-10 kunezinye izinto eziphilayo.

Izingxube ze-Eutectic

Ukuhlanganisa ama-PCM amabili noma ngaphezulu kudala ukuqanjwa kwe-eutectic okunezici ezithuthukisiwe. I-sodium nitrate-inhlanganisela ye-potassium nitrate (60:40 ratio) incibilika ngo-220℃-ngaphansi kwanoma iyiphi ingxenye emsulwa-ngenkathi igcina ukushisa okucashile okungu-100 kJ/kg. Le ngxube "kasawoti welanga" isetshenziswa kakhulu ekukhiqizeni amandla ashisayo.

I-Bio-esekelwe eutectics iyavela. Izingxube ze-caric ne-lauric acid zifinyelela amaphuzu okuncibilika phakathi kuka-15-no-25 degrees , ilungele ukwakha ukulawula izinga lokushisa. Idatha yemakethe ka-2025 ikhombisa ukuthuthukiswa kwe-PCM okusekelwe ku-bio ekhula ngo-20% ngonyaka njengoba ukukhathazeka kokusimama kukhuphuka.

Izicelo Kuzo zonke Izimboni

Ukwakha Nokwakha

Izakhiwo zisebenzisa u-40% wawo wonke amandla emazweni athuthukile, ngokusho koMnyango Wezamandla wase-US. Ukuhlanganisa ama-PCM ezintweni zokwakha kunciphisa lokhu kusetshenziswa ngo-15-30% ngokusebenzisa ukulawulwa kokushisa okungenzi lutho.

I-PCM-i-wallboard ethuthukisiwe igcina amazinga okushisa angaphakathi endlini ephakathi kuka-20-26℃ngokumunca ukushisa kwasemini okwedlulele futhi ikukhulule ebusuku. Ucwaningo lwezimo zezulu zase-Europe luthole ukuthi ukufaka i-PCM kubhodi le-gypsum kwehlisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla e-HVAC ngo-28% ngonyaka. Izinto ezisetshenziswayo zigcina ukushisa lapho izinga lokushisa legumbi lidlula amadigri angu-23 futhi likukhulula lapho izinga lokushisa lehla ngaphansi kwamadigri angu-21, kwakheka isigcinalwazi esishisayo esizilawulayo.

Izinhlelo zokusebenza ezibonakalayo zibonisa imiphumela emangalisayo. Ucwaningo lwase-Shanghai University lubonise ukuthi i-PCM{1}}ukhonkolo uthuthukise umthamo wesitoreji esishisayo ngo-50% uma kuqhathaniswa nokhonkolo ojwayelekile. Ezimweni ezishisayo, ukhonkolo we-PCM uvimbela ukuqhekeka okushisayo ngokunciphisa ukuhluka kwezinga lokushisa kuzo zonke izici zesakhiwo esiwugqinsi.

Imakethe yomhlaba wonke yokwakha-ama-PCM ahlanganisiwe ifinyelele cishe ku-$420 wezigidi ngo-2024, imele u-35% wesamba semakethe ye-PCM. Le ngxenye kulindeleke ukuthi ikhule ku-16.7% CAGR ngo-2030 njengoba amakhodi okwakha aluhlaza eba namandla kakhulu.

Ukulawulwa Kokushisa Kwebhethri

Amabhethri e-Lithium-ion akhiqiza ukushisa okukhulu ngesikhathi sokushaja{1}}imijikelezo yokukhipha, edala izinselele zokulawula ukushisa. Ibanga lokusebenza elilungile lamabhethri amaningi e-lithium{3}}ngu-25-40 degree; amazinga okushisa angaphezu kuka-50℃asheshisa ukuwohloka ngenkathi engaphansi kuka-0 degree, ukumelana kwangaphakathi kukhula kakhulu.

I-PCM-based battery thermal management systems (BTMS) ibhekana nalokhu ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa kwamandla kwangaphandle. Iphakethe lebhethri licwiliswa ku-PCM noma lizungezwe amabhantshi e-PCM. Phakathi{3}nokusebenza kwamandla aphezulu, i-PCM idonsa ukushisa ngokuncibilika, igcine izinga lokushisa lebhethri lingaphansi kwemikhawulo ebalulekile.

Ukuhlolwa kwakamuva ngeibhethri ye-lithium iron phosphateamaphekhi abonisa ukusebenza kwe-PCM. Ucwaningo lwango-2025 luhlole amabhethri e-500 Ah pouch ngaphansi kwamazinga okukhipha angu-3C. I-PCM-isistimu ye-metal foam hybrid igcine izinga lokushisa eliphakeme lingaphansi kuka-40.3℃ngokuhluka kwezinga lokushisa elingu-2.8℃kuphela kumaseli. Uma kuqhathaniswa, amasistimu omoya-apholile afinyelele ku-48℃ngokuhluka okungu-17.2 degree.

Ama-PCM ahlanganisiwe athuthukisa ukusebenza. Upharafini oxutshwe negraphite enwetshiwe (10% ngesisindo) ufinyelela izinga lokushisa elingu-2.56 W/m·K-okungcono okuphindwe ka-10-kunopharafini omsulwa. Lezi zinhlanganisela zehlise izinga lokushisa lephekhi yebhethri ngo-25.77% kumazinga okukhipha angu-4C kuyilapho zilawula ukuhlukahluka kwezinga lokushisa kweseli-kuya kumaseli ngaphakathi kuka-5℃.

Imakethe yezimoto zikagesi ishayela i-BTMS emisha. Njengoba ukuthengiswa kwe-EV kulindeleke ukuthi kukhule ngo-18% minyaka yonke ngo-2030, izixazululo ze-PCM{3}ezisekelwe ku-thermal zinikeza ezinye izindlela ezingenzi lutho, ezingasindi kumasistimu okupholisa uketshezi asebenzayo. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi izinhlelo ze-PCM zengeza kuphela i-3-5% kusisindo sephakethe lebhethri ngenkathi ziqeda amaphampu namapayipi ayinkimbinkimbi.

I-Electronics Thermal Management

{0}Ama-electronics anamandla aphezulu abhekana nokuminyana kokushisa okudlula u-100 W/cm². Izindlela zokupholisa zendabuko zidonsa kanzima namathrendi e-miniaturization kanye nenani eliphakeme lokushisa. Ama-PCM ahlinzeka ngokubhafa okushisayo ngesikhathi sokukhuphuka kokusetshenziswa.

Amaphrosesa ama-smartphone akhiqiza u-8-12W ngesikhathi somsebenzi onzima. Amafilimu e-PCM (0.5-ugqinsi olu-1mm) ahlanganiswe ngemuva kwesibonisi amunca lokhu kushisa, avimbele izinga lokushisa elingaphezulu ukuthi lidlulele kuma-degree angu-42 -umkhawulo wokungakhululeki komsebenzisi. I-PCM iyancibilika ngezikhathi zokulayisha okuphezulu futhi iphinde iqinise ngezikhathi zokungenzi lutho.

Izikhungo zedatha zimelela indawo enkulu yesicelo. Amaseva ahlangabezana nokulayisha okushisayo okuguquguqukayo ngokusekelwe esidingweni sekhompyutha. Amasistimu wokupholisa we-PCM anciphisa izinga lokushisa eliphakeme ngo-15-20℃ngenkathi ehlisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla omoya ngama-30%. Isikhungo esise-Frankfurt sihlanganise i-PCM kumadizayini we-server rack, sizuze u-$280,000 wokonga unyaka nonyaka.

Izindwangu kanye Nezicelo Ezigqokekayo

Ama-PCM afakwe ama-Microencapsulated ezindwangu adala izinga lokushisa-izingubo ezilawulayo. Ama-microcapsules ayindilinga (2-30 micrometer) aqukethe upharafini onamaphuzu okuncibilika angama-28-32 degree. Lapho elukwa abe yindwangu, lawa makhepsuli amunca ukushisa komzimba ngaphezu kwezinga lokushisa lokushintsha, anikeze umuzwa wokupholisa.

Izingubo zokugijima ezihlanganisa i-PCM zinciphisa ukukhiqizwa komjuluko kuze kufike ku-48% ngokokuhlolwa kwaselabhorethri. Ubuchwepheshe budlulela nasezinsizeni zezokwelapha-Amavesti e-PCM asiza ukulawula izinga lokushisa lomzimba ezigulini ezinokuphazamiseka kokusebenza kwe-thermoregulation.

Izicelo zezempi zisebenzisa izingubo ze-PCM zamasosha ezindaweni eziyingozi kakhulu. Ibutho Lezempi Lase-US lahlola amabhantshi e-PCM agcina izinga lokushisa elikhululekile le-torso amahora angu-4-6 ezimeni ezizungezile ukusuka ku--10℃kuya ku-45℃ngaphandle kokushisisa okusebenzayo noma ukupholisa.

Isitoreji Samandla Elanga

Izitshalo zamandla elanga agxilile (CSP) zisebenzisa ama-PCM ukugcina amandla ashisayo. Phakathi namahora okukhanya kwasemini, izibuko zigxilisa ukukhanya kwelanga ukushisa amathangi okugcina e-PCM. Ukushisa okugciniwe kukhiqiza isitimu sokusebenza kwe-turbine ngemva kokushona kwelanga.

Ama-PCM asekelwe kusawoti-asebenza kahle ku-200-400℃edingekayo ekuphehleni ugesi. Isikhungo se-CSP eSpain sisebenzisa amathani angu-1,000 engxube ye-sodium nitrate-potassium nitrate eutectic, igcina ukushisa okwanele ukuze kuphehle ugesi amahora angu-7.5 ngemva kokushona kwelanga. Lokhu kunweba iwindi lokusebenza kwesitshalo ukusuka emahoreni ayi-6 kuye kwayi-13.5 nsuku zonke.

Amasistimu e-Photovoltaic-thermal (PV/T) ahlanganisa ama-PCM ngemuva kwamaphaneli elanga. Ukusebenza kwephaneli kwehla ngo-0.5% ngedigri Celsius ngaphezu kuka-25 degree. Izendlalelo ze-PCM zimunca ukushisa okweqile, zigcina izinga lokushisa lephaneli i-10-15℃epholile futhi zithuthukisa ukuphuma kukagesi ngo-8-12%. Ukushisa okugciniwe kungabuyiswa ukuze kukhiqizwe amanzi ashisayo, kukhuphule ukusebenza kahle kohlelo lonke kuye ku-65% uma kuqhathaniswa no-20% we-PV evamile.

Cold Chain kanye Ukupakisha

Iziqandisi ze-PCM zigcina izinga lokushisa-impahla ezwelayo ngesikhathi sokuthutha. Izinkampani ezenza imithi zisebenzisa amaphakethe e-PCM anamazinga okushisa esigaba esingu-2-8℃ukuze athunyelwe umgomo. Izinto ezisetshenziswayo zinikeza amahora angama-24-72 wokulawula izinga lokushisa ngaphandle kokufaka amandla.

Ubambiswano lwango-2024 phakathi kwe-Cold Chain Technologies ne-VPL Rx luthuthukise ukupakishwa kwe-PCM okuhlakaniphile ngokuqapha okuhlanganisiwe kwezinga lokushisa. Uhlelo lunqamule ukonakala komuthi wokugoma ngesikhathi sokuthutha ngo-40% uma kuqhathaniswa nokupholisa okusekelwe eqhweni. Indlela ye-PCM iphinde yehlisa isisindo somkhumbi ngama-35%, yehlisa izindleko zokuhamba kanye nokukhishwa kwekhabhoni.

Izinhlelo zokusebenza zemboni yokudla zihlanganisa amaphaneli e-PCM emalolini aqandisiwe. Lawa maphaneli amunca ukushisa ngesikhathi sokuvuleka kweminyango nokubambezeleka kwezinto zokuhamba, avimbele ukukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa. Izivivinyo zenkundla zibonise ukwehla ngo-60% ekuguquguqukeni kwezinga lokushisa kanye no-20% ophansi wokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli kumayunithi esiqandisi.

Izinselele Zezobuchwepheshe Nezixazululo

I-Low Thermal Conductivity

Ama-PCM emvelo ahlanzekile awakuphathi kahle-upharafini ku-0.2 W/m·K kuthatha amahora ukuncibilika ngokuphelele ezingxenyeni eziwugqinsi. Izindlela ezintathu zokuthuthukisa eziyinhloko zibhekana nalokhu:

I-graphite enwetshiwe (EG)idala i-matrix conductive. Lapho i-PCM ingena e-EG pores, i-thermal conductivity ye-composite yanda izikhathi ezingu-5-15. Ukulayisha okungu-10% kwe-EG kuphakamisa ukusebenza kukapharafini ukusuka ku-0.2 kuye ku-2.5 W/m·K kuyilapho kugcinwa u-85% wokushisa okucashile kwasekuqaleni.

Amagwebu ensimbi(i-aluminium, ithusi, i-nickel) inikeza-izindlela zokudlulisa ukushisa ezinobukhulu obuthathu. Igwebu lethusi kuma-5 pores iyintshi ngayinye (PPI) likhuphula ukusebenza kahle ukuya ku-8-12 W/m·K. Isakhiwo se-open-cell sivumela ukungena kwe-PCM ngenkathi kwakhiwa amanethiwekhi ensimbi aqhubekayo wokugeleza kokushisa.

Izithasiselo ze-Nanoparticlehlakaza nge-PCM. Ama-nanotubes ekhabhoni ku-3% wengxenye yesisindo athuthukisa ukusebenza ngo-300-400%. Kodwa-ke, ama-nanomaterials akhulisa i-viscosity futhi enze inkimbinkimbi yokukhiqiza.

Supercooling Prevention

Ama-PCM angaphili ngokuvamile ahlala ewuketshezi 5-20℃ngaphansi kwendawo yawo yokuqandisa. Lokhu kubambezela ukukhishwa kokushisa futhi kunciphisa ukuphendula kwesistimu. Izixazululo zifaka:

Ama-nucleating agentshlinzeka ngezindawo ze-crystallization. Ukwengeza i-2-5% ye-borax ku-sodium sulfate decahydrate kunciphisa ukupholisa okukhulu kusuka ku-12℃kuya ku-2 degree. I-Titanium dioxide nanoparticles isebenza njengama-nucleators ama-hydrates kasawoti ku-0.5-1% yokulayisha.

Ubulukhuni bobusoezitsheni ikhuthaza nucleation heterogeneous. Iziqukathi ze-aluminiyamu eziqhunyiswe isihlabathi zibonisa ukupholisa okukhulu okungaphansi ngo-65% kunezindawo ezibushelelezi.

Ukuhlukaniswa Kwesigaba

Amanzi kasawoti ahlukana abe usawoti-ocebile namanzi{1}izigaba ezicebile ngemva kwemijikelezo ephindaphindiwe. Usawoti uhlezi, udala ama-gradients wokuqamba alulaza ukusebenza.

I-Thickening agentsnjenge-hydroxyethyl cellulose igcina ukumiswa. Ekugxiliseni okungu-1-2%, lawa ma-polymer agcina izinhlayiya zikasawoti zisabalalisiwe, zinweba ukusebenza okuzinzile kuye kumjikelezo ongu-1,{3}} uma kuqhathaniswa no-50-100 ngaphandle kokwelashwa.

Amanzi engeziweinxephezela ukulahleka kwe-stoichiometric. Ukwengeza u-5-10% wamanzi engeziwe ku-calcium chloride hexahydrate kuvimbela ukuqina okuphelele, ukugcina ingxenyena yamanzi eyenza ukuxubana.

Ukuqukethwe kanye Ukuvuza

Ama-PCM ama-Liquid adinga ukuqukatha ukuvimbela ukuvuza. Izindlela ezintathu ze-encapsulation zibhekana nalokhu:

I-Microencapsulation(1-ama-micrometer angu-1000) igqoka i-PCM kumagobolondo e-polymer. Amaphilisi ahlala eqinile lapho umgogodla uncibilika, okuvumela ukuhlanganiswa kwe-PCM ezintweni zokwakha, izindwangu, noma izinhlanganisela. Izinto zegobolondo zifaka i-melamine-formaldehyde, i-polyurethane, noma ama-polymers e-acrylic.

I-Macroencapsulation uses larger containers (>1 cm). Izikhwama zepulasitiki, amathini ensimbi, noma amashubhu engilazi abamba amavolumu e-PCM ukusuka ku-50 mL kuya kumalitha amaningana. Le ndlela ifanele isitoreji esiphakathi nendawo kodwa yengeza isisindo sokuqukethwe.

Yakha-ama-PCM azinzilesusa iziqukathi ngokuphelele. I-PCM idonswa ezintweni ezinama-porous njenge-graphite enwetshiwe, umhlaba we-diatomaceous, noma amagwebu e-polymer. Amandla e-capillary kanye nokungezwani kwendawo kugcina i-PCM ewuketshezi ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo sembotshana, ivimbela ukuvuza noma kuncibilike ngokuphelele.

Ukukhula Kwemakethe Nezikhombisi-ndlela

Isimo Semakethe Yamanje

Imakethe yomhlaba wonke ye-PCM ifinyelele ku-$1.6-3.0 billion ngo-2024 kuya ngencazelo yemakethe. Izilinganiso zokukhula zisuka ku-11.5% ziye ku-18% CAGR, ezingase zifinyelele ku-$4-10 billion ngo-2032-2033.

INyakatho Melika ihola ngezigidi ezingu-854.6 zamaRandi ekuthengisweni kwe-PCM ngo-2024, okulindeleke ukuthi ikhule ibe ngu-$3.1 billion ngo-2033. I-Europe ilandela eduze cishe ku-40% wesabelo semakethe yomhlaba wonke. I-Asia{{6}I-Pacific ibonisa izinga lokukhula elishesha kakhulu-eliqhutshwa i-China, Japan, ne-India-lapho ukuthuthela emadolobheni nokutholwa kwamandla avuselelekayo kudala isidingo sezisombululo zokuphatha okushisayo.

Abakhiqizi abakhulu bahlanganisa i-BASF, i-Honeywell, i-Rubitherm Technologies, i-Phase Change Energy Solutions, ne-Dow. Isimo sokuncintisana sihlala sihlukene; akekho umdlali oyedwa olawula isabelo semakethe esingaphezu kuka-15%. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kubonisa imvelo ekhethekile yezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-PCM-izimboni ezihlukene zidinga ukwakheka okuhlukile nezindlela zokuhlanganisa.

Izicelo Ezisafufusa

Ukuphathwa kokushisa kwezokwelaphaimele imakethe engasetshenzisiwe. Amavesti e-PCM alawula izinga lokushisa lomzimba ezigulini ezine-multiple sclerosis, okuzwela kwazo ukushisa kuthinta ukuhamba. Izivivinyo zomtholampilo zibonisa izingubo ze-PCM zandisa isikhathi somsebenzi wangaphandle ngamahora angu-3-4 ezimweni zasehlobo.

Izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-Aerospacesebenzisa i-PCM's passive operation. Amasathelayithi athola ukushintsha kwezinga lokushisa ukusuka ku--150℃ukuya ku-+150℃njengoba ezungeza phakathi kokukhanya kwelanga nethunzi. Amasistimu e-PCM agcina amazinga okushisa emishini ngaphakathi kwe-±5℃ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa kwamandla. I-International Space Station isebenzisa amaphaneli e-PCM ngokulawula okushisayo kumamojula okuhlola.

Ingqalasizinda ye-5Gamakheli okupholisa akhiqiza ukushisa okuvela-ku-electronics frequency frequency. Imibhoshongo yamaseli amancane ipakisha amandla amakhulu ekhompiyutha ezivalekile ezihlangene. Izixazululo zokupholisa ze-PCM zehlisa izidingo zesimo somoya ezisebenzayo ngo-40-50%, zehlise izindleko zokusebenza futhi zithuthukise ukwethembeka ezindaweni ezikhawulelwe amandla.

I-Material Innovation

Ama-PCM{0}asekelwe ku-Bio abhekana nokukhathazeka kokusimama. Izinto ezitholakala kumafutha ezitshalo noma ukudla-ama-wax ebanga aqeda ukuncika kwe-petroleum futhi athuthukisa ukuphela{{3}ko{4}}kokuphila kabusha. Isabelo semakethe se-Bio{{6}PCM sikhula ngo-20% ngonyaka, nakuba izindleko zokukhiqiza zihlala ziphezulu ngo-30-50% kunezinye izindlela zokwenziwa.

Ama-PCM aqinile-aqeda izinselele zokuphatha uketshezi. Lezi zinto zishintsha ukwakheka kwe-crystalline ngaphandle kokuncibilika. I-Polyethylene glycol-based solid-ama-PCM aqinile asebenza ukusuka ku--50℃ukuya ku-+175℃ngokushisa okucashile okungu-100-150 kJ/kg. Bathola izinhlelo zokusebenza ezindwangu ezihlakaniphile nezinto zokwakha eziguquguqukayo lapho ukuvuza kungenakubekezelelwa ngokuphelele.

Ama-PCM{0}athuthukisiwe e-Nano ayaqhubeka nokuthuthuka. Umsebenzi wakamuva onezithasiselo ze-graphene kanye ne-MXene ubonisa ukuthuthuka kokusebenza kwe-thermal okudlula u-15-ukuphindaphinda ngo-2-3% kuphela wokulayisha. Ama-nanomaterials futhi anika amandla ukuqhutshwa kukagesi, okuvula amathuba ezinhlelo ze-PCM ezicushwe ngogesi.

Imizamo Yokumisa

Imboni ayinawo amazinga okuhlola ahlanganisiwe okusebenza nokuqina kwe-PCM. I-International Energy Agency's Task 42 isungule imihlahlandlela yokulinganisa indawo eshisayo, kodwa ukutholwa kuhlala kuwukuzithandela. Ukumiswa kuzosheshisa ukukhula kwemakethe ngokuhlinzeka ngamamethrikhi okusebenza athembekile kubaklami kanye{3}}nabasebenzisi bokugcina.

I-ISO ithuthukisa amazinga ezinto zokwakha ezithuthukisiwe ze-PCM-, okulindeleke ukuthi zishicilelwe ngo-2025-2026. Lawa mazinga azocacisa ubuncane bemibandela yokusebenza, izimiso zokuhlola, kanye nezimfuneko zokuphepha-okubaluleke kakhulu uma kucatshangelwa ukukhathazeka kokuphepha komlilo nama-PCM aphilayo.

imibuzo ejwayelekile ukubuzwa

Uyini umehluko phakathi kwe-PCM ye-organic kanye ne-inorganic?

Ama-PCM e-Organic (amapharafini, ama-fatty acids) anikeza ukusebenza kwebhayisikili okuzinzile kanye nokupholisa okukhulu okuncane kodwa anomoya ophansi wokushisa. Ama-PCM angaphili (ama-hydrates kasawoti, izinsimbi) ahlinzeka ngokusebenza okuphezulu nokushisa okucashile kodwa angase abe nokuphola okukhulu nokuhlukaniswa kwesigaba. Izindleko-ezihlakaniphile, i-organics isukela ku-$2-8/kg kuyilapho izinto ezingaphili ziba ngu-$1-15/kg kuye ngezimfuneko zokuhlanzeka. Inketho incike kuzinga lokushisa lohlelo lokusebenza, imvamisa yokuhamba ngebhayisikili, kanye nezidingo zesikhathi sokuphendula ezishisayo.

Izinto zokushintsha isigaba zihlala isikhathi esingakanani?

PCM longevity varies by type and operating conditions. High-quality paraffins maintain >Ukusebenza okungu-90% ngemva kwemijikelezo engu-10,000. Ama-hydrates kasawoti ngokuvamile afinyelela imijikelezo ethembekile engu-1,000-3,000 ngaphambi kokudinga ukushintshwa. Ekwakheni izinhlelo zokusebenza ngomjikelezo ongu-1 ngosuku, lokhu kuhumusha iminyaka engu-3-27 yempilo yesevisi. Ukuwohloka kwenzeka ngokuwohloka kwamakhemikhali, ukugqwala kweziqukathi, noma ukushintsha kancane kancane kwempahla. Ukukhetha okufanele kwezinhlanganisela ze-PCM-container kwandisa impilo yesevisi kakhulu.

Ingabe ama-PCM angasebenza emazingeni okushisa aphezulu?

Ama-PCM ayatholakala kumabanga wezinga lokushisa ukusuka ku--50℃ukuya ku-+800℃. Izinga lokushisa eliphansi-lisebenzisa amanzi{6}}ingxube ye-glycol noma i-organics ekhethekile. Amasistimu okushisa{8} aphezulu asebenzisa usawoti oncibilikisiwe noma ama-alloys ensimbi. Ukhiye ukufanisa indawo yokuncibilika ye-PCM nezimfuneko zohlelo lokusebenza-ngokuvamile ukukhetha i-PCT ngaphakathi kwamadigri angu-2-5 wezinga lokushisa eliqondiwe. Ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza zisebenzisa ama-PCM amaningi ochungechungeni ukumboza ububanzi obubanzi bezinga lokushisa noma ukunikeza impendulo yesiteji yokushisa.

Ingabe izinto zokushintsha isigaba ziphephile?

Ukuphepha kuncike ohlotsheni lwe-PCM kanye nohlelo lokusebenza. Ama-PCM-ebanga lokudla (amanye ama-fatty acids, i-polyethylene glycol) awawona-ubuthi. Opharafini bayakwazi ukuvutha-izinqamuleli zomlilo noma i-encapsulation inciphisa le ngozi. Ama-hydrates kasawoti ngokuvamile aphephile kodwa amanye ayizithukuthezi zesikhumba. Ukubamba okufanele kuvimbela ukuvuza nokuxhumana okuqondile. Ukugunyazwa kokulawula kuyehluka ngokwesifunda; isibonelo, ukugunyazwa kwe-FDA kuyadingeka ezicelweni zokuxhumana zokudla e-United States. Imikhiqizo eminingi ye-PCM yezentengiso ihlanganisa amashidi edatha yokuphepha anemihlahlandlela yokuphatha.

Ukuvela kwezinto ezishintshayo zesigaba ukusuka kuzinto zaselabhorethri ze-niche kuya ezixazululweni zokuphatha ezishisayo ezithengiswayo kukhombisa ukuqashelwa okukhulayo kwezinzuzo zokulawula ukufudumala. Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-PCM kuyaqhubeka nokukhula kuzo zonke izimboni lapho ukuqina kwezinga lokushisa nokusebenza kahle kwamandla kuyizinto eziza kuqala. Nakuba izinselele ezifana nezindleko nokuqina zidinga ukunakwa okuqhubekayo, i-physics eyisisekelo yokugcina ukushisa okucashile iqinisekisa ukuthi ama-PCM azohlala efanelekile njengoba izinhlelo zamandla zishintsha. Ubuchwepheshe bunikeza inani elinamandla ikakhulukazi ezinhlelweni zokusebenza lapho amasistimu avamile asebenzayo engasebenzi ngenxa yesisindo, amandla, noma izingqinamba zokwethembeka-ukwenza ama-PCM hhayi nje enye indlela yokupholisa, kodwa ngokuvamile okuyisixazululo esisebenzayo sezinselele ezithile zokulawula ukushisa.